Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

• quite analogous to the one for a mechanical pendulum with the moment of inertia (capacitance here is analogous to mass), the viscosity factor 1/ωc (resistance determines damping), and the applied torque I/Ic. This simple analogy allows to consider a superconducting digital circuit as a net of coupled

Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

• Liane S. Slaughter,
• Kevin M. Cheung,
• Sami Kaappa,
• Huan H. Cao,
• Qing Yang,
• Thomas D. Young,
• Andrew C. Serino,
• Sami Malola,
• Jana M. Olson,
• Stephan Link,
• Hannu Häkkinen,
• Anne M. Andrews and
• Paul S. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2648–2661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.265

• energy of the system damping to the energy added due to pulling. Core-level shifts were calculated for the Au atoms in the modeled structures that were removed from surfaces in the simulations. The density functional theory with the PBE functional was used again via GPAW to calculate the energies of the

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• influence of the particle size can be taken into account by a damping parameter modification [33] included in the expression of the dielectric function. Here γ is the damping parameter, and νF is the Fermi velocity. The values for γ0, and A are taken from [33]. The dielectric function and the corresponding

Material property analytical relations for the case of an AFM probe tapping a viscoelastic surface containing multiple characteristic times

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2230–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.223

• negligible, but errors are expected in high-damping environments. Finally, we have not explored in detail the success of the analytical equations in terms of dynamic parameters (such as free amplitude and amplitude setpoint) but we have found in this exploratory study that typical tapping amplitudes (ca. 100

Velocity dependence of sliding friction on a crystalline surface

• Christian Apostoli,
• Giovanni Giusti,
• Jacopo Ciccoianni,
• Gabriele Riva,
• Rosario Capozza,
• Rosalie Laure Woulaché,
• Andrea Vanossi,
• Emanuele Panizon and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2186–2199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.218

• damping term acting on the physical degrees of freedom of the model. Moreover, such damping terms, beside affecting the dynamics, are characterized by a damping rate γ whose value is left to the arbitrary choice of the researcher. Finite-temperature is often simulated in the standard Langevin scheme

• , where to the viscous term one adds suitable Gaussian-distributed random forces, whose amplitude, via the fluctuation–dissipation theorem, is also affected by the value of γ [19]. A few approaches try to get rid of the arbitrariness of damping terms, describing dissipation explicitly. Microcanonical

• conservative simulations, for example, can describe the energy transfer into internal vibrational energy omitting all unphysical damping terms altogether [20][21][22][23][24][25]. The disadvantage of this approach is that, due to the finite and relatively small number of degrees of freedom available in a

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• free cantilever resonance frequency, is directly related to stiffness (larger stiffness leads to larger frequency and vice-versa) [49], while the quality factor maps the sample damping of the cantilever tip oscillation (greater dissipation leads to lower quality factor and vice-versa) [50]. The contact

• thick samples (Figure 2a), it follows the trend of the frequency for PPSS and LAP, but not for MTM. For the measured area, the quality factor for MTM is lower than for the other samples, translating into more damping. The damping comes either from the confined viscoelastic material (the polymer) trapped

• discussed, for thinner films the properties of the thin films are expected to be dominated by the morphology of PEDOT:PSS. In the case of the nanocomposites, the damping mechanisms are also dominated by the polymer (since the clays are comparatively incompressible), and hence the quality factor is very

Adsorbate-driven cooling of carbene-based molecular junctions

• Giuseppe Foti and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2060–2068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.206

• junctions anchored to Au(100) electrodes [28]. We reported a strong dependence of transport properties on the atomistic structure of the metal/molecule interface and analyzed its implications on the current-induced damping and excitation of localized molecular vibrations [29]. We considered the case of a

• population of vibrational mode λ (excluding anharmonic coupling between vibrational modes) is [36][37][38]: where the coupling of vibrations to tunneling electrons and to bulk phonons are both taken into account. The parameter describes the damping of molecular vibrations with bulk phonons in the left (L

• –vibration couplings and the left and right spectral densities: In our analysis the damping term Jλ in Equation 1 is introduced as an external parameter. We assume a constant damping of vibrational modes into bulk phonons of Jλ/2 = JL = JR = 5 × 1010 Hz. In the following we thus omit the label λ in the

Stick–slip boundary friction mode as a second-order phase transition with an inhomogeneous distribution of elastic stress in the contact area

• Iakov A. Lyashenko,
• Vadym N. Borysiuk and
• Valentin L. Popov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1889–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.189

• to the data from Figure 2a and Figure 4a. As it can be seen from Figure 5, Fx(X) is periodical (with damping oscillations in the second case, as the amplitude of the friction force decreases in time due to the heating of the lubricant). The presented dependencies have a regular form in contrast to

Scaling law to determine peak forces in tapping-mode AFM experiments on finite elastic soft matter systems

• Horacio V. Guzman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 968–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.98

• approximations have not been designed to describe the forces for finite soft-matter systems in highly damping environments. In this article we use the term soft matter to describe polymeric surfaces and/or biological systems (isolated or packed arrays of proteins) with Young moduli in the range of 30–300 MPa [11

• these theoretical approximations have been applied to derive a parametrical equation for determining the peak force based on the addition of repulsive Hertzian and attractive van der Waals interactions in low-damping environments [21]. Here we have conceived a multivariate regression analysis to obtain

Near-field surface plasmon field enhancement induced by rippled surfaces

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Francesco Fuso,
• Ruggero Micheletto,
• Makoto Naruse,
• Francesco Tantussi and
• Maria Allegrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 956–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.97

• localized with localization centers on the nanogaps. It is well known that as a surface plasmon approaches a narrow gap, its group velocity decreases and its electric field increases. Let us treat the plasmons as damped harmonic oscillators linearly coupled and with damping rate γ(t) and ω(t) as the

• changes its parameters in space [53], while the QNM frequency is supposed to change monotonically with a decay rate . If both ξ and γ are constants, the time-dependent plasmon amplitude E(r,t) is now proportional to e(ξ−γ)t with a competition between the frequency decay rate ξ and the damping rate γ. If ξ

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• overall damping capability of the material. All tests were conducted at room temperature (25.5 °C) under ambient conditions. The measurements were performed at 20 different positions arranged in an array of 5 by 4 (see below in Figure 2b). Results and Discussion Porous PMMA films were produced via a

• thickness. The damping capability at room temperature is dominated rather by the material than the structure. Similar findings were reported for nanoporous PMMA with a relative density of 40% and pore sizes of approx. 200 nm and approx. 300 nm [21]. The mechanical properties of a foam usually depend on the

• foam, as can be seen in Figure 5a. This results in a loss factor that does not depend on the pore size, but rather reflects the damping capability of PMMA (Figure 5b). The decreasing storage modulus might also be caused by a partial damage of PMMA material and the shortening of the polymeric chains. In

Optimizing qPlus sensor assemblies for simultaneous scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy operation based on finite element method analysis

• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 657–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.70

• values used for Young’s modulus E, the density ρ, Poisson’s ratio υ, and the damping coefficient η for all materials considered in the modeling, with values for quartz, epoxy glue, and Macor chosen as in [26] while the ones for gold and tungsten were taken from the material library of the simulation

• software [27]. Also note that (i) due to the comparatively low internal damping occurring inside Macor, gold, and tungsten, we do not assign a damping coefficient to any of these materials to speed up the calculations, and that (ii) the sensor is oscillating in vacuum; for experimentation in air, we would

• have to expect considerable additional viscous damping [28]. The model setup used for the FEM calculations is illustrated in Figure 1a. As in the earlier model of [26], boundary conditions for determining spring constant, quality factor, resonance frequency, and perturbation of the ideal vertical

Multimodal cantilevers with novel piezoelectric layer topology for sensitivity enhancement

• Steven Ian Moore,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Yuen Kuan Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 358–371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.38

• was shown that these higher modes can be more sensitive to material properties such as elastic modulus and damping coefficients [17][18][19]. Additionally, stiff cantilevers have proven to provide high resolution imaging in ambient and liquid environments using quartz resonators [20][21]. Traditional

Optical and photocatalytic properties of TiO₂ nanoplumes

• Viviana Scuderi,
• Massimo Zimbone,
• Maria Miritello,
• Giuseppe Nicotra,
• Giuliana Impellizzeri and
• Vittorio Privitera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 190–195, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.20

• reflectance spectrum of the titanium layer before the chemical etching. We assumed that the functional form for the dielectric constant of the metallic film is given by the “Drude free carrier” expression [26]: where ω, ωP, γ and ε∞ are, respectively, the light frequency, the plasma frequency, the damping

• using a Forouhi–Bloomer (FB) functional form for amorphous samples [27][28][29]: where and Θ(ω − ωg) is a step function, ωg is the energy gap of the amorphous material, n∞, A, ω0, Γ are the “low-frequency” refractive index, the amplitude, the position, and the damping constant of the FB oscillator

Tunable plasmons in regular planar arrays of graphene nanoribbons with armchair and zigzag-shaped edges

• Cristian Vacacela Gomez,
• Michele Pisarra,
• Mario Gravina and
• Antonello Sindona

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 172–182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.18

• in energy, with the zeroes of the real permittivity being hidden by the Landau damping mechanism, associated to single-particle excitation processes [25][46][47][48]. In 11AGNR the same modes strongly interfere and largely dominate with respect to single-particle excitations. A similar interplay was

• ). The energy region ω ≤ 1 eV is explored at a fixed incident momentum q = 0.011 Å−1 parallel to ΓX (Figure 2g), with a negative doping level ΔEF of −0.1 eV. The black arrows mark the positions where the real permittivity has a zero value (a–c) or a minimum (d), which reflects a Landau damping mechanism

Electron energy relaxation under terahertz excitation in (Cd_1−xZn_x)₃As₂ Dirac semimetals

• Alexandra V. Galeeva,
• Ivan V. Krylov,
• Konstantin A. Drozdov,
• Anatoly F. Knjazev,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Vasily S. Zakhvalinskii,
• Sergey N. Danilov,
• Ludmila I. Ryabova and
• Dmitry R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 167–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.17

• that such behavior is attributed to a strong damping of the interelectron interaction in the Dirac semimetal phase compared to the trivial semiconductor, which may be due to the formation of surface electron states with a spin texture in Dirac semimetals. Keywords: Dirac semimetal; photo

Dynamic of cold-atom tips in anharmonic potentials

• Tobias Menold,
• Peter Federsel,
• Carola Rogulj,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• József Fortágh and
• Andreas Günther

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1543–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.148

• distribution, the dephasing will thus lead to a broadening of the distribution function, a decrease of the peak density and a damping of the center-of-mass oscillation. Finally, the atoms will be spread over the whole oscillation region, with no center-of-mass oscillation remaining. The density distribution

• are identical as before, while the anharmonic trap has been extended in the transversal direction by a harmonic confinement with frequency ωy/z = 2π × 500 Hz. For comparison, Figure 3 includes the result for noninteracting particles, showing a reduced damping. Following Equation 12, the damping time

• harmonic results (black line) are shown. The oscillation of the tip and the damping due to dephasing are clearly visible in the anharmonic data. As expected, the damping is strongest for the data including particle collisions. Experiments Our experimental setup is based on a cold-atom apparatus, the same

Localized surface plasmons in structures with linear Au nanoantennas on a SiO₂/Si surface

• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Alexander V. Latyshev and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1519–1526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.145

• frequency, and νp ≈ 72500 cm−1 and νc ≈ 216 cm−1 are the linear plasma frequency and the damping frequency, respectively [39]. In the simulations, the width b and the height t of the nanoantennas were assumed to be 50 nm with an the axial gap of a = 100 nm (see Figure 5a) as it was imposed by our

Electric field induced structural colour tuning of a silver/titanium dioxide nanoparticle one-dimensional photonic crystal

• Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy,
• Simone Callegari,
• Diana Gisell Figueroa del Valle,
• Andrea Desii,
• Ilka Kriegel and
• Francesco Scotognella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1404–1410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.131

• initial carrier density (N), such that NE > N. The Drude model can be used to predict the behaviour of the plasmonic response in the photonic crystal [19]. The frequency-dependent complex dielectric function of silver can be written as where and with Γ representing the free carrier damping [20]. The

• surrounding, however, also largely influences the position of the plasmon resonance [29]. In addition, doping occurs only in a thin layer at the nanoparticle surface. These two effects also ultimately impact on the carrier damping, which in our estimation was kept constant. Studies on the accumulation of

• charges in an ITO film by applying a constant voltage demonstrated that besides an increase in carrier density, other Drude parameters such as the damping constant and the high frequency dielectric constant are altered through the introduction of additional carriers [30]. Thus, a deeper study of the

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• resilin due to its low stiffness, high resilience, large and reversible extensibility, long fatigue time and ability of elastic energy storage and damping. One of these flight system elements is a sausage-like swollen thoracic dragonfly tendon, which consists of virtually pure resilin and connects the

• stiffness and to improve the damping properties of the vein as well as to delay Brazier ovalisation and to enhance the load-bearing capacity under large deformations [79][88]. By artificially stiffening single flexible, resilin-bearing vein joints in bumblebee wings through the application of micro-splints

• the resistance of the teeth to mechanical damages. Additional structures with large resilin proportions, located in the central and proximal parts of the gnathobases, are assumed to have a damping function that makes the whole gnathobases resilient and further reduces the risk of mechanical damage of

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• in 1994 by Ajayan et al. [140]. Tomohiro et al. modified carbon-fiber reinforced epoxy composite with length-controlled cup-stacked CNTs and determined the mechanical properties [141]. Auad et al. produced SWNT–epoxy elastomers and showed that the nanocomposites had superior damping capacity in an

• [132]. The z-axis properties of laminated nanocomposites can also be improved by CNTs through direct reinforcement of the polymer matrix, toughening effect and fiber bridging [142]. The influence of MLG and CNTs on the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and damping properties is discussed in the

Manufacturing and investigation of physical properties of polyacrylonitrile nanofibre composites with SiO₂, TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles

• Tomasz Tański,
• Wiktor Matysiak and
• Barbara Hajduk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1141–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.106

• following form [38]: where n is the concentration of the atoms in the sample, e and m are charge and mass of the electron, ε0 is the electrical transmittance of vacuum, γ is the damping coefficient, ω0 and ω are, respectively, the frequency of the electron and the electromagnetic radiation. The above

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• elimination of the radiation damping problem, have all been adapted by spectroscopists and thus have only a marginal effect on the results [60]. Relaxation acceleration is observed along with increasing temperature within the room–body temperature range [61]. However, the temperature decreases the viscosity

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1052–1054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.98

• Eva Roblegg and co-workers [20]. The local elastic stiffness and damping of individual phases in a titanium alloys was measured by using atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) and mapping of contact-resonance spectra [21]. Another alloy, namely a Pt containing metallic glass, was characterized by AFM