Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• components carbon and nitrogen was done by applying the peak-fitting procedure to the N 1s and C 1s spectra of the obtained samples and the results are shown in Figure 4 and in Table 2. The type of binding energy as well as the relative contribution of each component to the total area under the peak were

• ) valence band (VB) XPS spectra, and (d) band diagram of PCN and Cl-PCN. (a) Photocurrent response and (b) EIS spectra of PCN and Cl-PCN. C, N, O, and Cl atomic concentration in PCN and Cl-PCN. Chemical composition of PCN and Cl-PCN calculated from the peak-fitting procedure applied to the N 1s and C 1s

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• based on Figure 5. Both curves are plotted for visualization. (b) Measurement of the same CNM (thin) at different energies to determine the variation of thickness results. The best-fitting curve at 15 keV yields a thickness of 2.4 nm per layer, at 30 keV it yields 2.0 nm per layer. Alteration of a CNM

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• voltage, we obtain a parabolic function, as can be seen in Figure 4. Fitting the data with the function where VSP is the tip–sample surface potential difference due to their different work functions [21], we obtain the coefficient α. Construction of the relative permittivity map From the topographic image

• each profile as fitting parameters. The continuous profiles are discretized in layers thin enough to give the smoothest possible variation and then the transfer matrix technique [27] is used to simulate the reflectance of the structure. This is actually a similar process as that used by Vukusic and

• measures the frequency shift for each bias voltage at each position on the sample. We varied the bias voltage from −10 V to +10 V, in steps of 1 V. Plotting the frequency shift as a function of the bias voltage, we obtain a parabolic function. Fitting the data with Equation 7 we obtain the α coefficient

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• absorption spectrum of the sample εS and, therefore, to a change in AHam. Das and coworkers showed that instead of fitting the force plot F(ζ) (as shown in Supporting Information File 1) the deflection distance δJTC (= Fattr/kc) can be used to estimate AHam [33]: This is a valid approach for estimating the

• recorded with a frequency of 1 Hz. The spring constant of the cantilever was determined by a noninvasive thermal noise method. In the case of FDC experiments, the tip radius was estimated by fitting the reference measurements of glass and by applying the Hertz theory, as described in Supporting Information

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• at 77 K, using a Mössbauer spectrometer in constant-acceleration mode with 50 mC 57Co in a Rh source. Results and Discussion Free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles The XRD patterns were analyzed using the MAUD (material analysis using diffraction) fitting software based on the Rietveld method and on Fourier

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• material where it folds over itself during the exfoliation process. Our method is based on AFM measurements of the geometry and mechanical response of folded edges, and on the fitting of the experimental data by an analytical continuum model parameterized solely by α, κ, and the total thickness d of the

• layered 2D materials by fitting results of AFM force curves on naturally occurring folded edges to an expression predicted by a simple model for those edges. The obtained interlayer adhesion energy for graphene (0.25 N/m) and talc (0.62 N/m) are in good agreement with recent experimental results [28][30

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• given cantilever, the CR frequency has an upper limit. Furthermore, measurements with very large forces or tip radii or on very stiff samples can be used to estimate the parameter γ without “mode crossing”. Whereas the parameter γ determines the asymptotic value of fn, the fitting parameter Etot affects

• (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). The second fitting parameter, γ, is different for the three curves (0.982 for glass and 0.973 for PS and PMMA), although they have been acquired with the same cantilever. This contradicts the interpretation of γ as determined only by the relative position

Detecting stable adsorbates of (1S)-camphor on Cu(111) with Bayesian optimization

• Jari Järvi,
• Patrick Rinke and
• Milica Todorović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1577–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.140

• ) and (0.45, 0.42) in fractional coordinates of the unit cell. These correspond to the translational symmetry of the Cu(111) surface in the orthogonal unit cell. We conclude that our model fitting is qualitatively correct even when the landscapes are very flat, as with this choice of parameters. The

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• with 45 cycles. The Ir samples were not annealed thermally. The given scale bar is representative for all SEM images within this figure. The metal films have segregated into small particles on the Si surface. For the analysis, we approximated the particles with the best fitting ellipses. The calculated

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• scan, no other signal besides those related to carbon, oxygen and platinum was detected. In b) and c) the oxidation degree is determined by fitting. The dependence of mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation on platinum loading of the catalyst layers for samples deposited at varying

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on Teflon/vitamin B1 powder for self-powered humidity sensing

• Liangyi Zhang,
• Huan Li,
• Yiyuan Xie,
• Jing Guo and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1394–1401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.123

• % and 90%, respectively. As illustrated in Figure 5a, the output voltage as a function of RH has a linear fitting and the fitting equation for the output voltage (Y) and the relative humidity (X) can be represented as Y = 596.03 − 5.65X, with an R-squared value of 0.9741. A representative photograph of

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• resistance-vs-temperature curves under perpendicular magnetic field (inset of Figure 6b). By fitting µ0Hc2(T) to a power-law equation µ0Hc2(T) ∝ (1 –T/Tc)n, µ0Hc2(0 K) is estimated to be approx. 14.5 T for the different NWs. The coherence length, ξ, at 0 K is around 4.77 nm and the estimated magnetic field

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• ) and bare h-BN/Ni(111) are presented. The analysis of the peak positions and intensities was realized by fitting asymmetric pseudo-Voigt functions [42] in the case of the N 1s and the B 1s levels and symmetric pseudo-Voigt functions in the case of the C 1s levels in combination with an active Shirley

• lattice constants of the substrate as well as slightly different lattice parameters of the adsorbate. We used the acronyms POL and LOL (for point-on-line and line-on-line epitaxy) to characterize the type of epitaxy. The uncertainty of the numerical fitting procedure is given in parentheses behind each

• the binding energies (BE) of the N 1s, C 1s and B 1s core levels for DBP on bare Ni(111) (approx. 1.0 MLE) as well as h-BN on Ni(111) and DBP on h-BN/Ni(111) (less ordered (approx. 1.0 MLE) and highly ordered (approx. 1.6 MLE)). The uncertainty of the numerical fitting procedure is given in

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• , mainly due to a change in the c-Si Raman intensity. To quantify this tendency, the 16 × 16 spectra are processed by peak fitting and integration as described above. The intensity distribution of the a-Si Raman peak is plotted in Figure 3d and appears to be rather constant along the silicon wire. It

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• investigate different timescales of the mechanical response. This manuscript seeks to build upon our previous work and presents an approach to extracting useful linear viscoelastic information from AFM-SFS experiments. In addition, the basis for selecting and restricting the model parameters for fitting is

• necessary to describe and predict AFM tip–sample behavior accurately [9][10][11][12]. To this end, an appropriate viscoelastic model must be chosen (or derived) and subsequently specified for a geometry specific to AFM tip–sample interactions. The process of developing and fitting a viscoelastic model is

• discussion on practical applications of the methodology of Lopez and co-workers. Topics discussed here include the basis in theory, how to specify various material models for fitting, how to calculate relevant viscoelastic quantities, and importantly a discussion of where the extracted parameters are valid

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• performed on Δftopo, where all electrostatic forces are compensated, including the static contribution . So far, recovering and fitting the Kelvin parabola is known as an open-loop technique, the so-called Kelvin probe force spectroscopy [22][23][24][25]. A real-time closed-loop technique has not been

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• the bead (taken from one of the frames) and each frame of the video. The maximum in the respective correlation maps indicates the position of the bead. We find the position of the maxima with a resolution of a few nanometers by fitting a 2D parabola to the correlation maps in a limited range near the

• is the Boltzmann constant and T = 293 K is the temperature. Generally, the proportionalities kx(y) ∝ Ptrap and are found to hold (Ptrap is the power offered to the trap by the waveguides), in agreement with the above relation. By fitting 2D Gaussian functions to the 2D histograms, we obtain σΔx(Δy

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• the E0(T) data as a function of T, where A1, B1 are constants having dimension of energy, and R0 is the exponential increment rate of E0. From the fitting, the value of R0 (1L) for WSe2 was found to be ≈0.0017/K, which is almost 3× < R0 (ML) and R0 (bulk), as shown by the comparative values in Table 2

• consequently (Figure 4e) vary widely in 1L, ML, and bulk WSe2, as nanostructure differences become the more dominant scattering source at low T. These dissimilarities in the decay in 1L, ML and bulk WSe2 at low T are characterized by fitting the results of Figure 4a, i.e., τ(T) for the mode, to the

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• , the best-fit parameters for Wadh and z0 are 0.0860 J/m2 and 0.55 nm, respectively. (b) An example of a square-rooted variance map produced using a least squares fitting technique to compare the experimental F(z) curves to LJ F(z) curves. (c, d) Histograms of the best-fit Wadh and z0 values

Observation of unexpected uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃ films by a BaTiO₃ overlayer in an artificial multiferroic bilayer

• John E. Ordóñez,
• Lorena Marín,
• Luis A. Rodríguez,
• Pedro A. Algarabel,
• José A. Pardo,
• Roger Guzmán,
• Luis Morellón,
• César Magén,
• Etienne Snoeck,
• María E. Gómez and
• Manuel R. Ibarra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 651–661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.51

• uniaxial (ku) and biaxial (k1) anisotropy constants for the LSMO layer and BTO/LSMO bilayer grown on STO substrate. First, we determine the anisotropy energy ratios (ku/k1) by fitting the polar plots and determining the angles that minimize the general anisotropy energy equation. To separate ku/k1, we

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• constants of Bi. The fitting curves are included in the corresponding figures. It is evident that Equation 1 is appropriate to describe the 440 and 459 nm PL-decay behavior of the HTC-CDs and the LA-CDs-10%, respectively. Table 1 lists the lifetimes and the corresponding contributions obtained from the

• curve fitting. It is evident that the PL decays of both the HTC-CDs and LA-CDs-10% consist of three rate processes with the fastest one, τ1, attributed to the intrinsic state of the CDs, and two slower processes, τ2 and τ3, attributed to the decays of the extrinsic states associated with the surface

• ” state, as shown schematically in Figure 6. From Figure 3, we note that the strongest emssion is at 440 nm for the HTC-CDs and 459 nm for the LA-CDs-10%. From Figure 6, we note that both peaks indeed can be fitted with a two-Gassian function, respectively. The fitting results reveal that the 440 nm

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• [30][33][36][40], but the power law [29] or stretched exponential decay [41] functions are applied, too. The drawback of fits employing single exponential functions is the poor fitting quality compared to higher-order exponential functions or fitting functions with more parameters. Nevertheless, the

• additional fitting parameters increase the complexity of the interpretation and can lead to false conclusions [33][36]. Therefore, we used a single exponential decay function in form of Equation 2 for the fitting of the measurement signal with b = 1/τ. Luchkin et al. used ESM to study the changes in fresh

• voltage amplitude. However, the slope of the ESM signal is much smaller for the aged cathode, as compared to the fresh one. Fitting the ESM relaxation after the applied voltage pulse provides time constants which represent diffusion coefficients in the range of 2.5 × 10−14 m2 s−1. These values are in the

Evolution of Ag nanostructures created from thin films: UV–vis absorption and its theoretical predictions

• Robert Kozioł,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Damian Koszelow,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 494–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.40

• of 4 mm was used for analyzing the emitted photoelectrons. The binding energies were corrected using the background C 1s line (285.0 eV). XPS spectra were analyzed with the Casa-XPS software using a Shirley background subtraction and Gaussian–Lorentzian curves as fitting algorithm. The theoretical

• was taken from [15] and [16], respectively, and fitted to the Drude–Lorentz model [17] in the range of 287–1000 nm. The fitting error for Si was 1%/0.79% (real/imaginary part), and that for Ag was 0.12%/6.1%. These errors were calculated as the root mean square of the original curves and the fitted

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• exponents lower than 0.7 required for fitting of the spectroscopic curves (with the exception of the data in Figure 6f). These traps can be partially filled by applying a continuous white light background in addition to the pump pulse, which results in a significant reduction of the effective decay-time

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• . The degree of disorder in the graphene stacks can be determined by evaluating wide-angle X-ray (WAXS) and neutron (WANS) scattering data of turbostratic carbon materials. Several current evaluation methods for WAXS and WANS are based on the fitting of entire WAXS/WANS data sets using suitable

• inaccessible voids and sealed porosity hinders the penetration of the pore network, and the adsorption of DPX on the external surface leads to a larger scattering contrast, which in turn increases the overall intensity. The chord-length distributions g(r) (Figure 4B) were obtained by fitting the SANS data with