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Search for "heat treatment" in Full Text gives 132 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Fabrication of CeO2–MOx (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

  • Ling Liu,
  • Jingjing Shi,
  • Hongxia Cao,
  • Ruiyu Wang and
  • Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

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  • general wet-chemical approach. It involved a non-equilibrium heat-treatment of Ce coordination polymer colloidal spheres (Ce-CPCSs) with a proper heating rate to produce CeO2 yolk–shell nanospheres, followed by a solvothermal treatment of as-synthesized CeO2 with M(CH3COO)2 in ethanol solution. During the
  • obtained material showed a high catalytic activity for CO oxidation [16][22]. In addition, porous/hollow CeO2-based composite oxides with high surface area can be prepared through heat treatment of suitable cerium-containing precursors. Typically, uniform porous Ce1−xZnxO2−δ solid-solution nanodisks were
  • heat treatment, and the resultant sample exhibited enhanced catalytic activity in the oxidation of CO [25]. Otherwise, as a special composite structure, heterogeneous core@shell structures are believed to integrate the function of individual nanocrystals and induce the unique synergetic catalytic
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Published 16 Nov 2017

In situ controlled rapid growth of novel high activity TiB2/(TiB2–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites

  • Jilin Wang,
  • Hejie Liao,
  • Yuchun Ji,
  • Fei Long,
  • Yunle Gu,
  • Zhengguang Zou,
  • Weimin Wang and
  • Zhengyi Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2116–2125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.211

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  • synthesis methods and high-energy ball milling assisted methods with heat treatment using Ti, B, BN and TiH2 as raw materials [1][2][3][11][12][13]. Based on the previous works, it is known that the high-energy ball milling assisted heat treatment method requires long milling time (30–40 h) and high energy
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Published 10 Oct 2017

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

  • Peter Krauß,
  • Jörg Engstler and
  • Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

Graphical Abstract
  • nanoparticles on graphene. After heat treatment of the graphene samples which were transferred onto TEM grids (for 24 h at 450 °C), the iron oxide nanoparticles (which are initially in the subnanometer to nanometer range and could only barely be detected) agglomerated significantly due to Ostwald ripening and
  • this process can be adjusted by increasing the ratio of copper to iron chloride etchant and by adapting the weight percent of hydrochloric acid. The concentration of iron(III) chloride and heat treatment of the samples affects the morphology of the nanoparticles. In addition, we have studied the as
  • of iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene; a,b) before and c,d) after thermal annealing at 450 °C for 24 h in a hydrogen atmosphere. The nanoparticles are highly mobile and tend to agglomerate during the heat treatment procedure. Iron oxide decorated graphene layer on a SiO2/Si wafer for CNT growth
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Published 26 Sep 2017

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

  • Dafu Wei,
  • Youwei Zhang and
  • Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

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  • and the PMMA shell was sacrificed via the subsequent heat treatment steps. The thickness of the PMMA shell can be easily adjusted by changing the feeding volume ratio (FVR) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) to acrylonitrile (AN). At an FVR of 1.6, the coarse PAN cores were completely buried in the PMMA
  • shells, and the surface of the obtained PAN–PMMA nanoparticles became smooth. The thick PMMA shell can inhibit the adhesion between carbon nanospheres caused by cyclization reactions during heat treatment. The carbon nanospheres with a diameter of 35–65 nm and a high BET specific surface area of 612.8 m2
  • , cyclization, and so on, occur during the heat treatment of PAN. As the size of the PAN nanoparticles decreased to less than 100 nm, the aggregations between PAN nanoparticles as well as the inter-particular crosslinking via cyclization reactions exacerbate during the heat treatment, resulting in serious
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Published 11 Sep 2017

Nanotribological behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic stainless steel

  • Germán Prieto,
  • Konstantinos D. Bakoglidis,
  • Walter R. Tuckart and
  • Esteban Broitman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1760–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.177

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  • cryogenically treated (DCT). The austenization, quenching and annealing of the specimens was performed in argon atmosphere in order to prevent decarburation. The selection of the heat-treatment parameters was based in the results of our previous work [10]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to
  • characterize the resulting microstructures after each heat treatment (JEOL JSM-35CF). The volume fraction of carbides was estimated from the SEM micrographs using Delesse’s principle for stereographic relationships [25]. All specimens were included in carbon-filled bakelite using a Buehler SIMPLIMET 3 hot
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Published 25 Aug 2017

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

  • İlknur Gergin,
  • Ezgi Ismar and
  • A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

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  • manufacturing processes need to be improved to obtain high-performance composite structures [8]. Oxidative stabilization is a crucial heat-treatment process to produce carbon fibers from PAN fibers. PAN chains start to cross-link during this process and the newly composed polymeric structure can endure the
  • electrospinning. Before the electrospinning process, GO was also added to the PAN/DMF solution to obtain PAN/GO nanofibers. After electrospinning of the PAN/GO nanofibers, the PAN/GO samples underwent the same heat treatment (oxidation and carbonization) as the PAN nanofibers. Rotating and fixed collectors were
  • , inhomogeneous conductivity, or even diffusion [60]. CPE is also related to the composition of the nanofibers. The proposed model is consistent with charge-transfer processes taking place at interior pores filled with electrolyte. Heat treatment was applied to Ox.PAN and Ox.PAN/GO nanofibers to produce carbon
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Published 07 Aug 2017

Formation of ferromagnetic molecular thin films from blends by annealing

  • Peter Robaschik,
  • Ye Ma,
  • Salahud Din and
  • Sandrine Heutz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1469–1475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.146

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  • -deposited MnPc:TCNQ film on silicon as well as the films that have been annealed with and without cover. The sample without any heat treatment appears entirely amorphous showing no peaks in a range up to 2θ = 30°, where phthalocyanine fingerprints usually appear [4]. Annealing at a temperature of 270 °C
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Published 14 Jul 2017

Atomic structure of Mg-based metallic glass investigated with neutron diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modeling and electron microscopy

  • Rafał Babilas,
  • Dariusz Łukowiec and
  • Laszlo Temleitner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1174–1182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.119

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  • separation in the studied glass after heat treatment. The HAADF mode allows for the observation of randomly distributed, dark contrast regions of about 4–6 nm. The interplanar spacing identified for the orthorhombic Mg2Cu crystalline phase is similar to the value of the first coordination shell radius from
  • Mg65Cu20Y10Ni5 ribbon exhibits a higher onset crystallization temperature and higher ΔTx parameter. The addition of nickel can improve the thermal stability of Mg-based metallic glasses. Moreover, the determination of the crystallization temperature is helpful to prepare nanocrystalline samples by heat treatment
  • -sized fine particles. The black and grey particles are dispersed randomly and densely in the amorphous matrix. The high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) results were used to observe phase separation in the studied glass after heat treatment. The image collected in HAADF mode allows randomly distributed
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Published 31 May 2017

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

  • Julia Patzsch,
  • Deepu J. Babu and
  • Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

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  • observed on the fibre surface of 1 (Figure 2b) [38]. After heat treatment, a silica@carbon material 3 with a hollow tube structure results (Figure 2c). During the processing at 250 °C under air, the PS melts and surrounds the silica spheres. During the final carbonization step, this polymer layer is
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Published 24 May 2017

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

  • Paul Christian and
  • Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

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  • alterations thereof. Heat treatment leaves the chemical composition of the linear PFDA polymers largely unchanged, while a more ordered crystalline structure with smoother morphology is observed. At the same time, the hydrophobicity and the integrity of the polymer deteriorate upon heating. The integrity and
  • PFDA homopolymer. For the EGDMA homopolymer, a WCA of 69 ± 1° was ultimately observed. The change in wettability stems from the (relative) increase of carbonyl groups upon addition of EGDMA, which turns the polymer more hydrophilic. Similar to the morphological changes discussed above, heat treatment
  • (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1, 50 × 50 μm2) is plotted as a function of EGDMA content, both for the as-prepared and heat-treated films. The data evidence that heat treatment predominantly affects the PFDA homopolymer, while only minor changes are noted for cross-linked alterations. Despite the
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Published 26 Apr 2017

High photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

  • Shu Chin Lee,
  • Hendrik O. Lintang and
  • Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

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  • -dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) under UV light irradiation was examined. The Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites prepared by impregnation showed lower activity than the unmodified TiO2, mainly due to lower specific surface area caused by heat treatment. On the other hand, the Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites prepared by
  • in different opinions regarding the contribution of the Fe2O3. Since the impregnation method usually involves heat treatment, the properties of TiO2 such as the ratio of anatase/rutile, particle size, as well as specific surface area may be altered during this process and could influence the
  • lanthanum species without such heat-treatment effects [20][21]. Moreover, the modification of TiO2 nanoparticles by photodeposition resulted in an improved photocatalytic activity as compared to unmodified TiO2 [20][21][22]. Therefore, it is meaningful to employ the photodeposition method to prepare Fe2O3
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Published 24 Apr 2017

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

  • Arpita Jana,
  • Elke Scheer and
  • Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

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  • lithium storage upon cycling contribute to an enhanced specific capacity [142]. N-doped MnO–graphene prepared by a simple hydrothermal method followed by a heat treatment under ammonia atmosphere, shows a higher capacity and cycle life due to the unique N-doped nanostructure and the efficient mixing with
  • life, high reversible specific capacity and excellent rate capability for LIB applications [187]. Self-assembled CoO nanorod clusters were synthesised on 3D graphene through a facile hydrothermal method followed by a heat treatment by Zhu et al. This hybrid exhibited good electromechanical performance
  • nanostructures are synthesised on this graphene layer in a tube furnace [231], by hydrothermal methods [227][232][233][234][235][236], MOVPE [237][238], or electrochemical deposition [239]. Li et al. synthesised ZnO–graphene hybrids by a facile freeze-drying treatment and a subsequent heat treatment method by
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Published 24 Mar 2017

Liquid permeation and chemical stability of anodic alumina membranes

  • Dmitrii I. Petukhov,
  • Dmitrii A. Buldakov,
  • Alexey A. Tishkin,
  • Alexey V. Lukashin and
  • Andrei A. Eliseev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 561–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.60

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  • was carried out by an annealing at 600 °C (2 h). To prevent curling or breaking of membrane during heat treatment, the heating and cooling rates were set to 1 °C/min. A protective carbon layer was deposited onto anodic alumina pore walls by CVD from 15 vol % C3H6 in He (150 mL/min) at 600 °C for two
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Published 06 Mar 2017

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

  • Ruchi Deshmukh,
  • Anurag Mehra and
  • Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

Graphical Abstract
  • because of exposure to ambient atmosphere during the sample preparation process. The samples were further subjected to a controlled heat-treatment in nitrogen environment at 50 °C and 350 °C (below the phase-transformation temperature of cobalt) [38]. Figure 6e shows an increased intensity of the
  • reflections after heat-treatment. The nanostructures discussed here are significantly different in terms of synthesis process and XRD characterization from porous cobalt hydroxides reported in [39]. Nevertheless, the subsequent discussions indicate the formation of nanorods at higher temperatures and the use
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Published 23 Feb 2017

Functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

  • Antoine R. M. Dalod,
  • Lars Henriksen,
  • Tor Grande and
  • Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

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  • , surface coverage, and hydrophobicity. Tuning the surface properties of the nanoparticles for different applications by selecting the silane coupling agent is discussed. We further report the effect of heat treatment of the nanoparticles for the formation of core–shell TiO2–SiO2 nanoparticles. Experimental
  • [38]. Heat treatment XRD patterns of heat-treated TiO2 and the in situ surface-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles are shown Figure 7a, and these patterns were also refined (Figure S2 of Supporting Information File 1). While the pure TiO2 sample exhibits crystallites growth (from 5.7 to 28.8 nm), the
  • functionalized nanoparticles with silane coupling agents showed only negligible growth of the crystallites after the heat treatment. Calculated crystallite sizes of the heat-treated samples are listed in Table 2. Additionally, in TiO2-HT, the heat treatment induced a partial phase transition from brookite and
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Published 31 Jan 2017

Nanocrystalline TiO2/SnO2 heterostructures for gas sensing

  • Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
  • Anna Kusior,
  • Mieczylaw Rekas,
  • Jan Zukrowski,
  • Marta Gajewska,
  • Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
  • Thomas Graule,
  • Marta Radecka and
  • Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

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  • (C2H2, 217 cm3·s−1; O2, 283 cm3·s−1) and the produced particles were collected on glass-fiber filters (GF/A 150, Whatman) using vacuum pumps. The nanopowders of TiO2–SnO2 did not require any post-synthesis heat treatment since the technique provides well crystallized nanostructures. The specific surface
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Published 12 Jan 2017

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

  • Anna Kosinova,
  • Ruth Schwaiger,
  • Leonid Klinger and
  • Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

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  • ), which resulted in a decrease of the maximum indent depth and in the lateral expansion of the indent. After the next heat treatment, the three lobes tend to merge into a single hillock (Figure 3c and Figure 4c). Annealing for 30 min results in the formation of near-hillock surface depressions accompanied
  • indents were transformed into single hillocks, while some indents had a slightly distinguishable three-lobe shape. The depth of the shallow depressions did not exceed 5 nm after the last heat treatment. We also examined the film morphology far from the indented area. The onset of dewetting was observed
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Published 28 Dec 2016

Effect of nanostructured carbon coatings on the electrochemical performance of Li1.4Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+x-based cathode materials

  • Konstantin A. Kurilenko,
  • Oleg A. Shlyakhtin,
  • Oleg A. Brylev,
  • Dmitry I. Petukhov and
  • Alexey V. Garshev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1960–1970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.187

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  • by the fabrication of conducting carbon coatings on the surface of Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2+x particles [19][20][21][22]. Such coatings can be obtained by the impregnation of oxide powders with the solution or the melt of organic compounds accompanied by subsequent heat treatment in the absence of oxygen or at
  • ) was employed for the electrochemical experiments and the obtained hodographs were treated using “ZView-Impedance Software”. TEM micrographs: A) pure LNM; B) LNM + carbon (linear PVA); C) LNM + carbon (cross-linked PVA); D) carbon, obtained by the isothermal heat treatment of cross-linked PVA at 350 °С
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Published 09 Dec 2016

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

  • Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
  • Anton L. Popov,
  • Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
  • Nelly R. Popova,
  • Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
  • Valeriy P. Antonovich,
  • Alla V. Yegorova,
  • Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
  • Inna I. Leonenko,
  • Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
  • Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

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  • of control cells; this concentration can be considered as Maxmet. The observed effect is consistent with the proposed mechanism of O-dot formation upon heating a mixture of precursors. The "primary fluorophores", as low molecular weight aromatic compounds, have increased toxicity. Heat treatment
  • leads to formation of polymeric structures, which are generally less toxic than the corresponding monomers. Interestingly, the enzymatic activity of the cells incubated with different concentrations of O-dots, synthesized by heat treatment at 160 °C for 45, 70, 90 and 160 min, was maintained at a stable
  • line. The cytotoxicity of the O-dots The direct toxicity of O-dot samples synthesized by heat treatment at 160 °C for 0–160 min, and their precursors, was studied using reference diploid epithelial swine testicular cell line (ST-cells), by means of two tests [58], the crystal violet staining technique
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Published 02 Dec 2016

Sb2S3 grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its application in a hybrid solar cell

  • Erki Kärber,
  • Atanas Katerski,
  • Ilona Oja Acik,
  • Arvo Mere,
  • Valdek Mikli and
  • Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1662–1673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.158

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  • post-deposition heat-treatment due to the initially amorphous yield [17]. CBD is also considered as not suitable for large-scale applications unless the conventional low-temperature method is replaced by synthesis at room temperature [18]. The solar cells that rely on the CBD-grown Sb2S3 and meso
  • CSP without the post-deposition heat treatment stage, yielding solar cell conversion efficiencies up to 1.9% when coupled with a planar TiO2 layer, also grown by spray in air. Results and Discussion Influence of the molar ratio of the precursors on phase composition and morphology of the antimony
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Published 10 Nov 2016

Development of adsorptive membranes by confinement of activated biochar into electrospun nanofibers

  • Mehrdad Taheran,
  • Mitra Naghdi,
  • Satinder K. Brar,
  • Emile Knystautas,
  • Mausam Verma,
  • Rao. Y. Surampalli and
  • Jose. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1556–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.149

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  • subjected to methanol and heat treatment. Characterization of fabricated NFMs The surface morphology of the fabricated membranes was examined using a JSM-840A (JEOL, Japan) scanning electron microscope (SEM) at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV. For this analysis, small amounts of the samples were coated
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Published 01 Nov 2016

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

  • Mengting Liu,
  • Wenhe Xie,
  • Lili Gu,
  • Tianfeng Qin,
  • Xiaoyi Hou and
  • Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

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  • the reaction parameters and difficult to repeat. At the same time, the route of electrospinning followed by heat treatment has received significant attention because of its simplicity, high efficiency and versatility for preparation of diverse one-dimensional structures [5][13][22][23]. In this work
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Published 14 Sep 2016

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

  • Rasheed Atif and
  • Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

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  • nanocomposites [2]. Oxidation of SWNTs: The oxidation of CNTs surface is possible by, for instance, heat treatment in oxygen and air, plasma treatment, chemical treatment and ozone treatment. Oxidation can also be carried out in lithium aluminum hydride solution [41]. Table 3 shows different oxidation methods
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Published 12 Aug 2016

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO2 nanotube arrays

  • Wanggang Zhang,
  • Yiming Liu,
  • Diaoyu Zhou,
  • Hui Wang,
  • Wei Liang and
  • Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.105

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  • Education, Taiyuan Shanxi 030024, China Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA 10.3762/bjnano.7.105 Abstract Using magnetron sputtering and heat treatment, Ag@TiO2 nanotubes are prepared. The effects of heat-treatment temperature and heating time
  • schematically illustrated in Figure 1. The pure TiO2 nanotubes are prepared by a simple two-step anodization process, and then a layer of Ag film is deposited on the top of the TiO2 nanotubes via sputtering magnetron. The heat treatment of the TiO2 nanotubes with Ag nanofilm leads to the formation of Ag@TiO2
  • nanotubes. Figure 2 shows typical SEM images of the pure TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by a two-step anodization process without heat treatment. It is evident that the prepared pure TiO2 nanotube arrays consist of regular tubes with a diameter of 75 ± 5 nm, a wall thickness of 7 ± 2 nm and an average length
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Published 03 Aug 2016

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO2/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

  • Martin Schilling,
  • Paul Ziemann,
  • Zaoli Zhang,
  • Johannes Biskupek,
  • Ute Kaiser and
  • Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

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  • their position. In order to analyze the morphology of the smaller FePt NPs after the above heat treatment at 650 °C, subsequent AFM measurements were performed delivering the data presented in Figure 10. The AFM image clearly proves the high degree of hexagonal order of the particle arrangement as well
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Published 21 Apr 2016
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