Fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: from CF₄ plasma chemistry to surface functionalization

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Alberto Verdini,
• Luca Floreano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.173

• nanotubes [18][19][20][21]. This carbon allotrope exhibits a low-reactive surface; therefore, plasma parameters can be adjusted to promote a controlled fluorination, avoiding the chemical etching of carbon atoms from the sample. The fluorination entails the conversion of the sp2 hybridization into sp3 and

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• properties with unsaturated N-atoms for anchoring active sites [69]. Furthermore, the stacked 2D layered structure of g-C3N4 consists of single-layer nitrogen heteroatom-substituted graphite nanosheets, formed through sp2 hybridization of C and N atoms, and various layers are bound together by van der Waals

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• microplotter (Sonoplot GIX Microplotter Desktop). As a proof of concept, printed patterns were biofunctionalized with DNA oligonucleotide probes for Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) using glutaraldehyde as a linker. Confocal microscopy revealed the successful hybridization of complementary

• B streptococcus, GBS) and visualize the hybridization of fluorescently-labeled complementary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons using confocal microscopy. Results and Discussion rGO–Pt Dispersions Our ink system is composed of two components: the rGO–Pt dispersion and the polymer solution

• use in non-viral gene delivery [16]. As this is a proof-of-concept study, we utilized confocal microscopy in order to assess the hybridization of Cy3 fluorescence-labeled complementary PCR product (Figure 4). This method, while not practical for real-world biosensing applications, allowed us to

Adsorption and electronic properties of pentacene on thin dielectric decoupling layers

• Sebastian Koslowski,
• Daniel Rosenblatt,
• Alexander Kabakchiev,
• Klaus Kuhnke,
• Klaus Kern and
• Uta Schlickum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1388–1395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.140

• without [5] a chemical reaction between the metal surface and the adsorbed molecule and thus to a hybridization of the molecule with the underlying electron bath of the metal surface. To access the intrinsic electronic structure of molecules using STM, it has been shown that it is in most cases mandatory

Comprehensive Raman study of epitaxial silicene-related phases on Ag(111)

• Dmytro Solonenko,
• Ovidiu D. Gordan,
• Guy Le Lay,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Patrick Vogt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1357–1365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.137

• photoemission spectroscopy measurements of this superstructure by Wang et al. [18] showed that its electronic band structure mostly comprises bands pointing to an sp3 hybridization of its Si atoms. Moreover, there are also claims that this superstructure is stabilized by Ag atoms, found either on the top or

Adsorption characteristics of Er₃N@C₈₀on W(110) and Au(111) studied via scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy

• Sebastian Schimmel,
• Zhixiang Sun,
• Danny Baumann,
• Denis Krylov,
• Nataliya Samoylova,
• Alexey Popov,
• Bernd Büchner and
• Christian Hess

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1127–1134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.114

• unchanged [23] our observation of a modification of the reconstruction implies a molecular substrate interaction stronger than typical van der Waals interaction. A certain degree of hybridization of the molecules and Au(111) surface electronic structure is therefore conjectured. In order to investigate this

• the tunneling current is suppressed (Figure 4a) and the HDS-LDS energy gap was determined to be of about 2.6 eV wide (peak to peak). The peaks are well defined and energetically located at a distinct distance to EF. This implies that even if a significant hybridization of molecular and substrate

• extent the additional broadening is due to a distribution of HOMO/LUMO multiplets or due to hybridization effects. In order to investigate this further, we performed spectroscopy dI/dU-mapping of the Er3N@C80-monolayers. Figure 5a shows the topographic data of the investigated area: the Er3N@C80

Stable Au–C bonds to the substrate for fullerene-based nanostructures

• Taras Chutora,
• Jesús Redondo,
• Bruno de la Torre,
• Martin Švec,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1073–1079, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.109

• broadened due to hybridization with metal states. Three scenarios at the interface are compared: the C59 molecules adsorbed with the vacancy towards the Au substrate or away from it, and the case of C60 for comparison. The spectrum of C60 on Au is well known [29][44][45][46]. Fullerene has a three-fold

Triptycene-terminated thiolate and selenolate monolayers on Au(111)

• Jinxuan Liu,
• Martin Kind,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Daniel Käfer,
• Stefanie Winkler,
• Wenhua Zhang,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 892–905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.91

• corresponding odd–even effects. For SAMs of similar, biphenyl-based selenolates on Au(111), the same effect has been reported [12][49][50]. As an approach to rationalize the non-linearity of the gold–sulfur–carbon bond angle, the sulfur atom's tendency of sp3 hybridization was discussed [13][39] and also

Computing the T-matrix of a scattering object with multiple plane wave illuminations

• Martin Fruhnert,
• Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton,
• Vassilios Yannopapas and
• Carsten Rockstuhl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 614–626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.66

• electric quadrupole contributions at 620 and 710 THz, respectively. While the broad resonance is connected to the eigenmode of the single sphere, the two sharper peaks can be explained by a hybridization caused by the coupling of the two spheres and coupling of higher order multipole modes, respectively

Fundamental properties of high-quality carbon nanofoam: from low to high density

• Natalie Frese,
• Shelby Taylor Mitchell,
• Christof Neumann,
• Amanda Bowers,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Klaus Sattler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.197

• ], amorphous carbon [35], nanoporous carbon [36], activated carbon [37], or carbon black [38]. In addition, XPS is important for the analysis of chemical structure [39], in particular, for the investigation of the sp2/sp3 hybridization ratio [35]. Results Density We determined the density of the foam by

• hybridization. The structure in the core of the micropearls is based on a mostly sp2-type, three-dimensional network, whose specific property stems from the curvature and interconnection of graphitic basal planes. We assume that the low-density carbon nanofoam has the structure of such a three-dimensional

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• malignancies, especially in GC. In this study, an ultrasensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor was developed for the detection of miR-106a using a double-specific probe methodology and a gold–magnetic nanocomposite as tracing tag. The successful modification of the electrode and hybridization with the target

• . Figure 3A shows the AFM pictures obtained for a bare SPCE, as well as for an SPCE after coating with streptavidin, after immobilization of P2, and after the hybridization of the target complex (gold–magnetic nanoprobe/miR-106a), respectively. The mean height of the deposits clearly shows that the

• the SPCE reformed after the hybridization of the target complex resulting in the smoother topography of the surface. Furthermore, to ensure the accuracy of the nanobiosensor preparation procedure, CV measurements were carried out after each assembly step. Figure 3B illustrated the CV curves of

Effect of Anderson localization on light emission from gold nanoparticle aggregates

• Mohamed H. Abdellatif,
• Marco Salerno,
• Gaser N. Abdelrasoul,
• Ioannis Liakos,
• Alice Scarpellini,
• Sergio Marras and
• Alberto Diaspro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2013–2022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.192

• hybridization of the orbitals in the AuNPs. The plasmon hybridization theory [19] is used to predict the atomic orbital interactions. The hybridized plasmon produced here results in the splitting of the plasmonic resonance into a higher energy antisymmetric plasmon mode and a lower energy symmetric mode. The

• a glass substrate, the band is less broad (FWHM ≈100 nm), due to lower aggregation, as evidenced in the SEM images of Figure 2. The second peak for the glass substrate is due to the splitting in the plasmonic resonance due to the hybridization effect [19]. The absorption spectra of AuNPs in solution

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• temperature (up to 200 °C) causes the formation of polymerized species forming amorphous carbon dots with partial sp2 hybridization. Song et al. demonstrated [39] that the primary fluorophore of a carbon dot is an independent fluorescent molecule, or possibly a molecule linked to the surface or incorporated

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

• Ivan Shtepliuk,
• Jens Eriksson,
• Volodymyr Khranovskyy,
• Tihomir Iakimov,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz and
• Rositsa Yakimova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1800–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.173

• sheet. Due to the chemical nature of the interaction between the graphene and lead atom, hybridization of the molecular orbitals has occurred and thus the HOMO is shared by lead adsorbate and graphene sheet. On the other hand, the LUMO of Pb@C30H14 is delocalized over the graphene sheet. In principle

• occurred after adsorption of Pb on the graphene surface. An energy gap of 0.772 eV was calculated for the Pb@C30H14 cluster. The order of the HOMO–LUMO gap follows the sequence of Cd@C30H14 ≈ Hg@C30H14 ≈ C30H14 > Pb@C30H14. This trend is accompanied by changes in the degree of hybridization. Indeed, the

• smallest value of the HOMO–LUMO gap (ca. 0.772 eV) is observed for the Pb@C30H14 cluster because of hybridization of the HOMO orbitals. Based on the derived parameters we estimate that the Schottky barrier height in the case of pristine graphene, before and after interaction with heavy metals, is connected

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• filler. The plasma-treated CNT exhibit superior properties compared to acid- and amine-treated nanotubes [55]. Figure 11 shows a TEM image of a chemically functionalized SWNT. The uneven surface shows the functional groups [36]. The chemical functionalization causes sp3 hybridization and damages the CNTs

Photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube/cubic-phase HfO₂ nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposites

• Protima Rauwel,
• Augustinas Galeckas,
• Martin Salumaa,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Erwan Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1075–1085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.101

• components for the development of new applications in the field of nanotechnology. It is well known that by combining different classes of materials, one can obtain nanocomposites exhibiting properties of the individual materials along with new characteristics as a result of hybridization. For instance, the

• nanoparticles [26][27]. Birojou et al. have also observed that in the case of nonfunctionalized graphene decorated by gold nanoparticles via electrostatic interactions, the defect sites on the graphene are preferentially decorated by the Au nanoparticles with an increase in the sp2 hybridization of graphene in

• these regions [28]. In another approach, chemical functionalization is usually combined with ultrasonication. In fact, the latter tends to create defects on the walls of the CNT along with C dangling bonds along with a change in the carbon hybridization from sp2 to sp3 [29]. Nevertheless, studies have

Dielectrophoresis of gold nanoparticles conjugated to DNA origami structures

• Anja Henning-Knechtel,
• Matthew Wiens,
• Mathias Lakatos,
• Andreas Heerwig,
• Frieder Ostermaier,
• Nora Haufe and
• Michael Mertig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 948–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.87

• electrodes confirming that the trapping only occurs in the presence of an electrical field. We then conjugated 15 nm gold nanoparticles to oligonucleotides with a poly(T) sequence, and further attached them to the ten double-sticky-end locations along the DNA nanostructure through hybridization. Figure 4b

Hierarchical coassembly of DNA–triptycene hybrid molecular building blocks and zinc protoporphyrin IX

• Rina Kumari,
• Sumit Singh,
• Mohan Monisha,
• Sourav Bhowmick,
• Anindya Roy,
• Neeladri Das and
• Prolay Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 697–707, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.62

• desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF). The biologically relevant photosensitizer Zn PpIX was used to direct the hybridization-mediated self-assembly of DNA–TPA molecular building blocks as well as a model guest molecule within the DNA–TPA supramolecular self-assembly. The formation of fiber-like

• purified conjugates were used for subsequent characterization and further downstream experiments. Self-assembly of DNA–TPA hybrid units Equimolar ratios of S1 and S2 DNA–TPA units were hybridized after PAGE purification. The hybridization was performed by annealing S1 DNA–TPA with complementary S2 DNA-TPA

• the melting temperature (Tm) of the samples. Native PAGE to detect self-assembly and MBN activity The formation of self-assembled products from DNA–TPA conjugates were observed in native PAGE after hybridization. The hybridized products were characterized by native PAGE at 25 °C for 1 h at 200 V and

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• reaction. The resulting nanowell template was incubated with OAs-containing RNA, to allow its hybridization to ssDNA exposed on the bottom of the holes. After assembly-competent CP was applied, TMV-like rods were detected protruding in almost upright orientations (Figure 8B). Further improvements of the

• lithography, followed by a metal-organic build-up reaction. OAs-containing RNA was subjected to hybridization with DNA on the bottom of the holes, then assembly-competent CP was added to yield TMV-like rods within the pores. The AFM Image (left) shows two TMV rods (black and red arrow) protruding from the 60

Investigating organic multilayers by spectroscopic ellipsometry: specific and non-specific interactions of polyhistidine with NTA self-assembled monolayers

• Ilaria Solano,
• Pietro Parisse,
• Ornella Cavalleri,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Loredana Casalis and
• Maurizio Canepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 544–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.48

• form a solid analytical background towards the study of layered systems of greater complexity such as the interaction of NTA with His6-tag proteins, or the DNA/DNA hybridization, which is ongoing in our laboratories. Further, this paper describes a quite general method, which can be applied to other

Charge and heat transport in soft nanosystems in the presence of time-dependent perturbations

• Alberto Nocera,
• Carmine Antonio Perroni,
• Vincenzo Marigliano Ramaglia and
• Vittorio Cataudella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 439–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.39

• parameters. Therefore, the time-dependent full hybridization width matrix of the molecular orbitals is = = , with the Planck constant and the tunneling rate . In this review, we consider the generic asymmetric configuration: , where bold letters indicate matrices. The vibrational degrees of freedom in the

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• recently [38]. Aso and co-workers also recently designed and synthesized the [4-(4-pyridyl)phenyl]methyl tripodal platforms 33 and 34 (Figure 13) to realize robust single-molecule junction with a gold electrode and to achieve effective hybridization of the pyridine π orbitals with the gold electrode [35

• the gold electrode and result in a robust molecular junction via the three pyridine units, where the LUMO dominates the electron transport via π-channel hybridization (Figure 14a,b). Lindsey, Bocian and co-workers synthetized several redox-active molecules bearing a tether composed of a tripodal

Mismatch detection in DNA monolayers by atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Maryse D. Nkoua Ngavouka,
• Pietro Capaldo,
• Elena Ambrosetti,
• Giacinto Scoles,
• Loredana Casalis and
• Pietro Parisse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 220–227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.20

• University of Trieste, Via Valerio 9, Trieste, Italy Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.7.20 Abstract Background: DNA hybridization is at the basis of most current technologies for genotyping and sequencing, due to the unique properties of DNA

• differentiate devices read-out of fully and partially matching sequences. Results: We present here two platforms based on different sensing strategies, to detect mismatched and/or perfectly matched complementary DNA strands hybridization into ssDNA oligonucleotide monolayers. The first platform exploits atomic

• mismatches. The second strategy exploits the change in capacitance at the interface between an ssDNA-functionalized gold electrode and the solution due to the hybridization process in a miniaturized electrochemical cell. Through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements on extended ssDNA self

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• their unique hybridization properties and sensitivity to perturbation during synthesis, allowing for fine manipulation of the material properties. In particular, carbon can be found in several different hybridization states, each having unique properties (Figure 3). In fact, the chemical, mechanical

• , thermal and electrical properties of the different allotrope forms are directly correlated to their structure and hybridization state, opening up the possibility to use the same material for a wide range of applications [19]. Herein, the synthesis and application of fullerenes, CNTs and graphene will be

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of hybrid metallic–dielectric plasmonic nanoantennas

• Mario Hentschel,
• Bernd Metzger,
• Bastian Knabe,
• Karsten Buse and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 111–120, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.13

• ], the strong local fields enable a number of applications and phenomena: The plasmonic resonances in arrangements of multiple nanoparticles can couple together giving rise to collective modes similar to molecular physics [3], which led to the development of the so-called plasmon hybridization model [4