In situ controlled rapid growth of novel high activity TiB₂/(TiB₂–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites

• Jilin Wang,
• Hejie Liao,
• Yuchun Ji,
• Fei Long,
• Yunle Gu,
• Zhengguang Zou,
• Weimin Wang and
• Zhengyi Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2116–2125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.211

• synthesis methods and high-energy ball milling assisted methods with heat treatment using Ti, B, BN and TiH2 as raw materials [1][2][3][11][12][13]. Based on the previous works, it is known that the high-energy ball milling assisted heat treatment method requires long milling time (30–40 h) and high energy

Magnetic properties of optimized cobalt nanospheres grown by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) on cantilever tips

• Soraya Sangiao,
• César Magén,
• Darius Mofakhami,
• Grégoire de Loubens and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2106–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.210

• observation in a specific geometry. Firstly, the cantilever pyramid tip is cut by focused ion beam (FIB) milling and lifted-out by a micromanipulator. Then, the cantilever tip is welded onto a TEM copper grid by a FIB-induced Pt deposition, as illustrated in Figure 3a. Then, the FEBID cobalt nanosphere is

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• state milling), for H2 evolution by water splitting under UV irradiation. It is very interesting to note that they tune the SrTiO3 nanoparticle size depending on the synthesis parameters. The SrTiO3 nanoparticles prepared by this polymerized complex route exhibit the best photocatalytic hydrogen

Low-temperature CO oxidation over Cu/Pt co-doped ZrO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion

• Amit Singhania and
• Shipra Mital Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1546–1552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.156

• milling, precipitation, combustion, and reverse microemulsion [30][31][32][33]. Vahidshad et al. [34] synthesized sol–gel-derived Cu–ZrO2 nanoparticles. Similarly, Saha et al. [35] prepared CuO-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles via ball milling. Among the described methods, solution combustion is used frequently

Atomic structure of Mg-based metallic glass investigated with neutron diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modeling and electron microscopy

• Rafał Babilas,
• Dariusz Łukowiec and
• Laszlo Temleitner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1174–1182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.119

• diffraction (SAED) patterns and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra were collected. Samples of nanocrystalline material for HRTEM observation were prepared by gallium ion milling. Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows the conventional XRD pattern obtained for the ribbon in the as-cast state. The XRD

Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• described a ball milling process to efficiently functionalize and exfoliate pristine graphite directly into graphene phosphonic acid. In the first step, graphite is ball-milled for 48 h with red phosphorus to produce a derivative that is edge-functionalized with phosphorus. Then, upon exposure to air

• phosphonate esters requires harsh conditions. In the phosphorylated GO nanosheets reported by Bai et al. the weight percentage of P was about 0.5% [5], which is unacceptably low taking into account the multi-step approach. According to Kim et al. in phosphorous-doped graphene obtained by ball-milling the

• hazardous waste. Finally, after ball milling for two days the resultant carbonaceous material is rather high-surface-area graphite than graphene. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provided information about thermal stability of GO and GO-P and allowed for an

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• photocatalytic activity of TiO2 [16][17]. Therefore, careful considerations shall be taken before concluding whether the Fe2O3 is beneficial or not in regards to improving the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Another simple method to produce Fe2O3/TiO2 is a mechano-chemical milling approach that can be carried

Ion beam profiling from the interaction with a freestanding 2D layer

• Ivan Shorubalko,
• Kyoungjun Choi,
• Michael Stiefel and
• Hyung Gyu Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 682–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.73

• focused ion beam across the knife edge can change the edge shape because of a milling effect incurred by the ion beam irradiation itself. Increasing the scan speed over the edge in order to avert the damage, gives rise to other problems such as shot noise and statistical beam fluctuations. Another

• strategy to measure FIB profiles is to exploit the milling effect of a bulk substrate by ion beams with a controlled beam dose. This method was actually used to estimate the focus spot size of one of the first Ga-FIBs [8]. In order to extract the ion beam profiles from such experiments more precisely, one

• Graphene was grown using CVD on an Alfa Aesar 46986 Cu foil. Before the growth the foil is cleaned by Ar ion beam milling for 10 min at 250 mA and 600 V. Then, it is reduction-annealed in a H2/Ar gas flow (5 sccm/5 sccm) at 1000 °C for 60 min. The growth of graphene is initiated by introducing a CH4 gas

Diffusion and surface alloying of gradient nanostructured metals

• Zhenbo Wang and
• Ke Lu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 547–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.59

• activation enthalpy were measured in the nanostructured Cu synthesized by IGC [14][15][16]. And a comparable diffusivity with that of conventional grain boundaries (GBs) was revealed in a nanostructured γ-Fe–Ni alloy prepared by ball milling with subsequent sintering (BMS), while inter-agglomerate boundaries

• previous studies demonstrated different characteristics in nanostructured materials. For instance, Charlot et al. [59] showed that the mechanical milling process applied before the self-propagating high-temperature syntheses (SHS) process markedly decreased the ignition temperature (≈100 °C) of the

• energy in the GNS substrates produced by SMAT [38], an additional driving force will be provided for the formation of intermetallic compounds. For example, the stored energy value in the GNS Fe is estimated to be ≈2.07 kJ·mol−1 according to the value in a nanostructured Fe synthesized by ball milling [61

Anodization-based process for the fabrication of all niobium nitride Josephson junction structures

• Massimiliano Lucci,
• Ivano Ottaviani,
• Matteo Cirillo,
• Fabio De Matteis,
• Roberto Francini,
• Vittorio Merlo and
• Ivan Davoli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 539–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.58

• lithography aggressive and high-energy etching processes such as ion milling and reactive ion etching (RIE) can be avoided. The use of anodization can reduce the number of mask and photolithography steps. In particular, it is not necessary to deposit further insulators to separate different metals in

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Recent advances in crystallization processes and milling technology mark the beginning of a new area which will hopefully lead the pyroelectric industry to finally embrace nanotechnology. This work reviews the previous and current techniques used to

• extraction system (ASES), sorted among the supercritical processes for a better understanding. Melting and milling processes for producing sub-micrometer energetic materials require one or more additional liquids, therefore these techniques are classified as wet methods. Wet production methods

• micrometer-sized agglomerates. CTA is a promising primary explosive compliant with the new REACH legislation [32] forbidding the use of heavy-metal-based materials. Further investigation with surfactants might lead to smaller particles by counteracting the high viscosity of molten droplets. Milling Redner et

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• discs each of 3 mm diameter were cut from the Si(100) substrate and mechanically thinned to 100 μm, then dimpled and polished to achieve a thickness of approximately 30 μm. Finally, Ar-ion milling was performed to make them electron transparent. The Cu nanoparticles, after these procedures deposited by

Influence of hydrofluoric acid treatment on electroless deposition of Au clusters

• Rachela G. Milazzo,
• Antonio M. Mio,
• Giuseppe D’Arrigo,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Alessandra Alberti,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Corrado Spinella and
• Emanuele Rimini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 183–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.19

• keV). The other one was prepared instead with the so-called “gentle milling” procedure using low energy (0.1–1 keV) Ar+ ions (see details in the Experimental section). The results are compared in Figure 1 that shows a plan view TEM of the silicon substrate after the same gold deposition process but

• prepared following the standard (Figure 1a) and the gentle milling (Figure 1b) procedures, respectively. The morphology is drastically modified by the high energy Ar+ ion thinning, where the mean particle size is about 20% larger and the density increases by about 30% with respect to the low energy Ar

• that probably results from the heating of the sample due to the higher Ar+ ion energy. In order to avoid artifacts, we therefore adopted the gentle milling procedure for all the samples to be analyzed by TEM. We tested the reliability of the mechanical thinning procedure by repeating both the HF

Thickness-modulated tungsten–carbon superconducting nanostructures grown by focused ion beam induced deposition for vortex pinning up to high magnetic fields

• Ismael García Serrano,
• Javier Sesé,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow,
• Sebastián Vieira,
• Manuel Ricardo Ibarra and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1698–1708, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.162

• previous work has focused on the use of FIB for milling instead of deposition and the pinning has not been observed up to high magnetic fields, as it was for our case. Additionally, thickness modulation is known to produce vortex-pinning effects due to the dependence of the vortex energy with its length

• that, first, substrate FIB milling (200 nm deep and 1 μm wide) is performed in order to dig trenches to be subsequently filled with Pt contacts grown by FIBID using a (CH3)3PtCpCH3 precursor. As the surface of the Pt contacts is at the same height as the substrate’s top surface, the superconducting

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• deposit materials [67]. The resolution in milling surfaces is around 5–10 nm. One advantage of this technique over other techniques is that it can mill structures with irregular geometries and it requires few processing steps. One disadvantage is the slow milling speed of this serial technique. With

Graphene-enhanced plasmonic nanohole arrays for environmental sensing in aqueous samples

• Christa Genslein,
• Peter Hausler,
• Eva-Maria Kirchner,
• Rudolf Bierl,
• Antje J. Baeumner and
• Thomas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1564–1573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.150

• arrays have been first fabricated 1995 by Masuda and Fukuda using a replication process of an anodized alumina structure [23]. Since then, a vast number of techniques has been invented. For example, as focused ion beam (FBI) milling allows a control of the size and shape of the nanoholes with good

• reproducibility it has been applied for biosensor development and theoretical studies. With high fabrication costs and long milling times it is not adaptable to large volume manufacturing [24][25][26]. Standard lithography techniques can instead be used such as soft embossing. An imprinting mask is prepared by e

Deformation-driven catalysis of nanocrystallization in amorphous Al alloys

• Rainer J. Hebert,
• John H. Perepezko,
• Harald Rösner and
• Gerhard Wilde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1428–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.134

• ], ball milling [14][15][16][24], cold rolling [12][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], high-pressure torsion straining [18][33], nanoindentation [34], and uniaxial compression [35]. The results of intense deformation have demonstrated nanocrystals with number densities of up to 1022 m−3 and average sizes of

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• three sub-spectra, in line with findings by Chinnasamy et al. on nanoscale ZFO prepared by ball-milling [10]. They identified two octahedral B-site components (oct-1, oct-2) due to different local environments of the Fe3+ ions and one tetrahedral A-site component (tet) using Mössbauer spectroscopy with

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• thermoplastic polymers. However, it can be used to disperse the filler in liquid monomers or oligomers of thermosetting matrices, which can then be polymerized in situ to obtain nanocomposites [40]. Ball milling: High-quality ball mills can reduce the size of particles down to 100 nm. Ball milling can be used

• for the dispersion of MLG and CNT. Certain chemicals can be used for improved performance and to introduce various functional groups onto CNTs [40]. It is reported that ball milling shortens the aspect ratio of the filler [54]. Tang et al. produced highly dispersed and poorly dispersed RGO–epoxy

• nanocomposites using solution casting. The high dispersion of RGO in epoxy was achieved using ball milling [13]. The RGO dispersed in epoxy using sonication and not subjected to ball milling was termed as poorly dispersed. They studied the influence of graphene dispersion on the mechanical properties of the

Signal enhancement in cantilever magnetometry based on a co-resonantly coupled sensor

• Julia Körner,
• Christopher F. Reiche,
• Thomas Gemming,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Gerald Gerlach and
• Thomas Mühl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1033–1043, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.96

• (≈10−5 mbar). First, the cantilever was shortened via focused ion beam milling to increase its resonance frequency. This step also increased the stiffness of the cantilever to about 133.8 N/m (see Table 1) which is rather high compared to typical values in cantilever magnetometry. In a second step, an

Large-scale fabrication of achiral plasmonic metamaterials with giant chiroptical response

• Morten Slyngborg,
• Yao-Chung Tsao and
• Peter Fojan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 914–925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.83

• beam lithography or focused ion beam milling, which both are expensive and time consuming methods. Large-scale fabrication of PCMs have been attempted to some degree applying different approaches such as glancing angle deposition [28], scaffold ornamentation [29][30], individual chiral nanoparticles

• CD response at = 0° has also been observed by ECMs produced with focused ion beam milling [13]. The ECM property that allows for the measurement of the enantiomeric structures from one sample, yields several advantages over PCMs in biosensor applications: 1) PCMs require fabrication of the two

• positions over 6 mm apart. Minor differences were observed (Figure 10), indicating small structural differences. These differences are no larger than what has been reported for PCMs fabricated with e-beam lithography [10] or ECMs fabricated with ion beam milling [13] and most likely originate from

Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Joachim Gräfe,
• Kristof M. Lebecki,
• Maxim Skripnik,
• Felix Haering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Eberhard Goering and
• Ulrich Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 733–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.65

• – into thin films. Such antidots act as an inner surface of the materials leading to strong variations of optical [1][2], electrical [3][4], superconducting [5][6], or magnetic properties [7]. Nowadays, top-down approaches like e-beam lithography [8][9] or focused ion beam milling (FIB) [10] and bottom

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• preparation via cutting, mechanical grinding and polishing followed by low angle Ar+ ion milling. Structural analysis of nanoparticles and films on top of single crystalline substrates by electron diffraction in RHEED geometry In the following, we briefly discuss the RHEED experiments on (i) single crystals

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of hybrid metallic–dielectric plasmonic nanoantennas

• Mario Hentschel,
• Bernd Metzger,
• Bastian Knabe,
• Karsten Buse and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 111–120, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.13

• an artist’s impression in Figure 1. These materials can be fabricated as nanoparticles, either directly from a wet chemical process or by mechanical milling [71][72]. Another benefit afforded by the nanocrystal/nanoantenna array approach is as follows: As the nanoantenna array is inversion symmetric

Near-field visualization of plasmonic lenses: an overall analysis of characterization errors

• Jing Wang,
• Yongqi Fu,
• Zongwei Xu and
• Fengzhou Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2069–2077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.211

• structures, such as lensing structures based on elliptical slits, is presented and discussed in detail. Experimental The FIB milling and NSOM experiments were performed in a similar manner as described in [23]. To illuminate the lenses uniformly, sample scan is used in the near-field mapping. The aperture

• implantation depth, E is the bombardment energy (30 keV here), ρ is the density of the substrate material, t is the milling time, and V0 is the ion distribution volume originating from the implantation. It can be seen that τ is proportional to implantation depth, ion energy, milling time and material density