Characterisation of thin films of graphene–surfactant composites produced through a novel semi-automated method

• Nik J. Walch,
• Alexei Nabok,
• Frank Davis and
• Séamus P. J. Higson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 209–219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.19

• of graphene(+)CTAB could be deposited by LS deposition. Attempts to deposit multilayers by the LS technique failed, as the deposited layers began to peel off upon consecutive depositions. Organised monolayer films obtained in this fashion were then characterised by using AFM (Nanoscope III) operating

3D solid supported inter-polyelectrolyte complexes obtained by the alternate deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

• Eduardo Guzmán,
• Armando Maestro,
• Sara Llamas,
• Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez,
• Francisco Ortega,
• Ángel Maroto-Valiente and
• Ramón G. Rubio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 197–208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.18

• -dimensional solid-supported inter-polyelectrolyte films. The growth mechanism of the multilayers, followed using a quartz crystal microbalance, evidences two different growth trends, which show a dependency on the ionic strength due to its influence onto the polymer conformation. The hydration state does not

• the polyelectrolyte multilayers. Keywords: charge compensation; hydration; polyelectrolyte multilayers; stratification; swelling; Introduction The new requirements of science and technology have created an increasing interest for the fabrication of materials with reduced dimensionality for their

• polyelectrolytes, biopolymers – such as peptides, proteins and nucleic acids – colloidal particles, carbon nanotubes, and/or microgels [8][9][10], which confers to this method an almost unlimited chemical versatility. Even though the method frequently makes use of electrostatic interactions, the multilayers can

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• mass of the multilayers. Then, hollow, spherical microcapsules were obtained by the removal of the CaCO3 sacrificial template. The chemical composition of the obtained microcapsules was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide X-ray diffraction (WXRD) analyses. The microcapsule

• [12][13][14], hydrogen bonding [15][16][17] and hydrophobic interaction [18][19][20] have been investigated, and also non-water-soluble polymers, viruses [21], proteins [22][23][24][25][26], and amphiphiles [27][28][29] have been used in LBL multilayers. Among the non-water-soluble polymers, the

• quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) were used to monitor the step-by-step assembly and to evaluate the thickness and the mass of the multilayers. The use of ellipsometry to characterize the layer growth gave us information about the thicknesses of the films compared to the previously used QCM technique

Effects of electronic coupling and electrostatic potential on charge transport in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions

• Richard L. McCreery

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.4

• and the molecular layers are often multilayers, the real system will have a range of dihedral angles between the molecular aromatic rings and those of the graphene. The important effect of this dihedral angle will be discussed below. The choice of a “corner” site rather than the more common “armchair

pH-Triggered release from surface-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles

• Manuel Häuser,
• Klaus Langer and
• Monika Schönhoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2504–2512, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.260

• the nanoparticles with high concentrations of sodium chloride shows no further release and thus demonstrates the pH-driven release to be quantitative. Keywords: layer-by-layer self-assembly; pH-triggered release; PLGA nanoparticles; polyelectrolyte multilayers; weak polyelectrolyte; Introduction The

• ultrathin polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) with well adjustable properties and architecture. Layer build-up is based on alternating adsorption of cationic and anionic compounds, such as polyelectrolytes [15], proteins [16], nucleic acids [17][18], dyes [19], and even colloids [14] onto the surface of

• they are adsorbed. In case of PAA, a shift of acidity has been reported by several research groups, comparing free polyelectrolyte chains in solution to PAA in multilayers [20], and also the growth behaviour of the layer was shown to depend strongly on the pH value [21]. In the meantime

Enhanced model for determining the number of graphene layers and their distribution from X-ray diffraction data

• Beti Andonovic,
• Abdulakim Ademi,
• Anita Grozdanov,
• Perica Paunović and
• Aleksandar T. Dimitrov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2113–2122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.216

• multilayers (3–10 monolayers) in form of flakes or flat sheets [7][8]. As the characterization protocol that usually follows after graphene production is an important activity, the ultimate aim of this study was to define a reliable model and thus provide a method for determining the number of graphene layers

Imaging of carbon nanomembranes with helium ion microscopy

• André Beyer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Robin Klett,
• Hanno Meyer zu Theenhausen,
• Polina Angelova and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1712–1720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.175

• this study. An increased thickness provides more secondary electrons. This can be seen in Figure 4b, where part of a membrane was folded back onto itself, creating regions with double, triple and multilayers. In the overview image in Figure 4a, this double-layer region expands from the top left corner

Scalable, high performance, enzymatic cathodes based on nanoimprint lithography

• Dmitry Pankratov,
• Richard Sundberg,
• Javier Sotres,
• Dmitry B. Suyatin,
• Ivan Maximov,
• Sergey Shleev and
• Lars Montelius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1377–1384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.142

• suppressed the current, suggesting the formation of enzyme multilayers. These results are in good agreement with our recent report concerning the interfacial behaviour and activity of BOx immobilised on bare polycrystalline gold surfaces [20]. Thirdly, standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants

The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Ryusuke Nakamura and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1348–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.139

• IOP Publishing. TEM micrographs of ZnO/Al2O3 core/shell oscillatory nanowires before (a) and after (b) annealing at 700 °C for 5 h. Cross-sectional TEM micrographs of ZnAl2O4 multilayers formed by a solid state reaction between ZnO and Al2O3 layers at 700 °C for 3 h in two different configurations: (c

The convenient preparation of stable aryl-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles

• Olga A. Guselnikova,
• Andrey I. Galanov,
• Anton K. Gutakovskii and
• Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1192–1198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.121

• these indications of the generation of radicals from ADTs, we hypothesize that there are multilayers of 4-nitrophenyl groups that also contain thick organic layers, as illustrated by TEM. It is worth mentioning that the characteristics of the NP surface and attached functional groups have a key role for

Electrical characterization of single molecule and Langmuir–Blodgett monomolecular films of a pyridine-terminated oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) derivative

• Henrry M. Osorio,
• Santiago Martín,
• María Carmen López,
• Santiago Marqués-González,
• Simon J. Higgins,
• Richard J. Nichols,
• Paul J. Low and
• Pilar Cea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1145–1157, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.116

• available to be studied [31][32]. Electrografted molecules form robust bonds with the underlying substrate but are typically not as well ordered as SA or LB films, and the growth of less defined multilayers is common with this method [33]. The LB technique requires a tedious fabrication process; however

High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument

• Yves Fleming and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1091–1099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.110

• could also help the user to analyse complicated structures such as multilayers comprising layers with different domains where differential sputtering occurs by simply flipping between the SIMS and AFM modes in a successive manner. Performing an analysis on such complicated structures would be very time

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• yield governed by the electronic passivation of the surface, whereas the quantum yield was decreased for a shell thickness of more than two multilayers, which was attributed to lattice imperfections within the shell (Figure 2c) [13]. Recent developments in the fields of hetero-structured quantum dots

Influence of the supramolecular architecture on the magnetic properties of a Dy^III single-molecule magnet: an ab initio investigation

• Julie Jung,
• Olivier Cador,
• Kevin Bernot,
• Fabrice Pointillart,
• Javier Luzon and
• Boris Le Guennic

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2267–2274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.236

• the grafting or deposition mode [25][31][32][33], it can show erratic hysteresis and even some depth- dependence of the magnetic behavior when multilayers are considered [34]. In order to overcome these drawbacks and to understand their origin, many studies have been undertaken on single-crystals to

Characterization of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers and their use in metal–insulator–metal tunnel devices

• Saumya Sharma,
• Mohamad Khawaja,
• Manoj K. Ram,
• D. Yogi Goswami and
• Elias Stefanakos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2240–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.233

• junctions using polyimide LB films over a range of temperatures [7]. Kaneko et al. reported the use of polydiacetylene thin films in MIM and metal–insulator–semiconductor structures. They measured the thermionic emission through MIM diodes with polydiacetylene LB multilayers [8]. Ram et al. also fabricated

In situ metalation of free base phthalocyanine covalently bonded to silicon surfaces

• Fabio Lupo,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Federico Bertani,
• Enrico Dalcanale and
• Guglielmo G. Condorelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2222–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.231

• by using different techniques including Langmuir–Blodgett deposition [9], spin-coating [10] and vapor deposition [10][11]. Well-organized monolayers and multilayers have been also obtained through self-assembly [12][13]. Among the various approaches adopted to organize phthalocyanines on surfaces

• for their potential catalytic [5] and sensing applications [4]. Various metallophthalocyanines (Zn, Fe, Co, Cu, Sn) have been deposited as monolayers and multilayers on various surfaces [13][18] and, in some cases, free base Pc have been metalated directly on the metal surface from vapor-deposited

UHV deposition and characterization of a mononuclear iron(III) β-diketonate complex on Au(111)

• Irene Cimatti,
• Silviya Ninova,
• Valeria Lanzilotto,
• Luigi Malavolti,
• Luca Rigamonti,
• Brunetto Cortigiani,
• Matteo Mannini,
• Elena Magnano,
• Federica Bondino,
• Federico Totti,
• Andrea Cornia and
• Roberta Sessoli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2139–2148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.223

• for Cu(hfac)2, adsorbed onto the TiO2(110) substrate [17], while multilayers of Pd(hfac)2 can be obtained by cooling Cu surfaces at 120 K [18]. As shown in Figure 2 (top panel), the spectrum corresponding to the saturation coverage (t7) still displays some features related to the gold substrate; in

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

• function of the thickness of graphene. A splitting of the π* resonance was observed in multilayers and ascribed to specific interlayer states [58]. The intercalation of Au below graphene on Ir(100). Recently investigated by using a wide range of microscopy methods and theory, the graphene/Ir(100) system

The influence of molecular mobility on the properties of networks of gold nanoparticles and organic ligands

• Edwin J. Devid,
• Paulo N. Martinho,
• M. Venkata Kamalakar,
• Úna Prendergast,
• Christian Kübel,
• Tibebe Lemma,
• Jean-François Dayen,
• Tia. E. Keyes,
• Bernard Doudin,
• Mario Ruben and
• Sense Jan van der Molen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1664–1674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.177

• high resistance values (more than 100 GΩ). For that reason, we decided to stamp multilayers of Au-NP–S-BPP networks (three times stamped). Note that the data shown below are obtained after full stabilization of the sample, following an initial resistance decrease as a function of time at room

Formation of Cu_xAu_1−x phases by cold homogenization of Au/Cu nanocrystalline thin films

• Alona Tynkova,
• Gabor L. Katona,
• Gabor A. Langer,
• Sergey I. Sidorenko,
• Svetlana M. Voloshko and
• Dezso L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.162

• questions about the contributions of a fast mass transport along different grain boundaries (GBs, i.e., short circuits) can be mentioned; they can have an important effect on the entire intermixing process in nanocrystalline bi- or multilayers. In addition the GB diffusion coefficients can cover a range of

Topology assisted self-organization of colloidal nanoparticles: application to 2D large-scale nanomastering

• Hind Kadiri,
• Serguei Kostcheev,
• Daniel Turover,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel,
• Komla Nomenyo,
• Anisha Gokarna and
• Gilles Lerondel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1203–1209, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.132

• particles. Direct observation shows that the main factor responsible for the ordering to occur in two dimensions is the capillary force, which is related to the evaporation rate. Therefore, the control of the evaporation rate can result in the formation of either a monolayer or multilayers [21]. The

• the center of the sample prevents the formation of multilayers. The development of self-organization of PS beads on silicon substrates allows us to obtain a large-scale ordering (of the order of a few centimeters), but the problem of the presence of dislocations in the structure still remains. In this

Towards precise defect control in layered oxide structures by using oxide molecular beam epitaxy

• Federico Baiutti,
• Georg Christiani and
• Gennady Logvenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 596–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.70

• the composition of each atomic layer, omitting or adding single layers to a given structure, stacking layers that belong to different compounds and designing artificial and metastable multilayers. A milestone in the ALL-oxide MBE technique was represented by the study of interface superconductivity

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• shows a really low coverage of structures, which even allows for the investigation of single nanostructures. A low coverage of structures is necessary for the multiple fabrications of multilayers. In fact, we prepare a first layer with a given structure, followed by two more fabrication sequences that

Surface assembly and nanofabrication of 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)heptadecane on Au(111) studied with time-lapse atomic force microscopy

• Tian Tian,
• Burapol Singhana,
• Lauren E. Englade-Franklin,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• T. Randall Lee and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 26–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.3

• . Kinetic trends for the surface-assembly of the taller phase of TMMH are plotted in Figure 3. The binding of TMMH is relatively slow at this concentration. At higher concentrations, multilayers of TMMH were formed through dithiol bonds; therefore dilute conditions were used to slow the rate of surface

• . Conclusion Using dilute ethanolic solutions, the surface self-assembly of TMMH onto Au(111) was imaged with time-lapse AFM for 6 h. With higher concentration, multilayers of TMMH were produced. Protocols of nanografting and nanoshaving were used to compare the heights of TMMH with n-alkanethiol SAMs using

STM tip-assisted engineering of molecular nanostructures: PTCDA islands on Ge(001):H surfaces

• Amir A. Ahmad Zebari,
• Marek Kolmer and
• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 927–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.104

• nanostructure formation [1][2][3]. As such, self-assembly allows for obtaining nanowires, two dimensional lattices, molecular islands, and molecular mono- and multilayers with a high yield. The resulting structures are often stable and almost perfect. The implementation of bottom-up self-assembly-based methods