Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• independent of each other. In addition, their size distribution was plotted as a function of the area (0.288 nm2) occupied by individual molecules in the β-phase (Figure 3e). It is evident that the size of most spots lies within 1–5 molecules, but large spots can contain up to 43 molecules. The areal number

• via random dimerization (Figure S6 in Supporting Information File 1). The size distribution of reacted molecules within a cell of 29700 nm2 is plotted in comparison to that of the dark spots determined from STM (Figure 3e). The cross-linked areas, for the same area fraction of 3% of the STM data

• and almost no voids are found in the brighter regions. This is consistent with Figure 4a, where regions with remaining molecular order appear brighter than cross-linked regions. The equivalent size distribution of the voids shows an average diameter of 0.5 ± 0.2 nm (Figure 4f, bottom panel). These

The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG

• Yiru Wang,
• Xin Zhao,
• Yang Liu and
• Wenjun Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25

• ). After the size screening, the proportion of each particle size was calculated. The particle size distribution plays a vital role in improving the output performance. The nanocrystals can be divided into pyramids, spheroids and strips. The shape of the metal nanocrystals determines the distribution of

• . Larger size distribution gaps lead to weaker output performance. The charge density of the metal surface is inversely proportional to the curvature radius of the metal surface, that is, the sharper the metal surface, the greater the surface charge density in the sharp part. In sample 4 (0.25 mol/L, 500 A

• obvious in experiment 15. The particle size distribution of experiment 15 is relatively concentrated, and its improvement on the output performance reaches 34%, almost twice that of experiments 4 and 5 (Figure 9). We measured the nanoparticle size and its variance and studied the relationship between the

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• that the average size and size distribution did not change over time (Figure 1e,f). The results indicate that MZG nanoparticles are stable in water and culture medium. Although noncovalent interactions are relatively weak compared to covalent interactions, the metal coordination interaction is the

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• function for the scattering intensity to deduce a size distribution spectrum based on signal intensity (or a calculated size distribution based on volume or number of particles). While SEM analysis can provide key insights into the “as manufactured” state, DLS provides insights into the in situ state of

• nSEM diameter (d = 59 nm) that is smaller than that of both HSA (d = 77 nm) and TF (d = 81 nm) with a narrower size distribution, as confirmed by a lower SEM PDISEM (0.16). The iSEM data indicates the same trend; TF/HSA is smaller (d = 92 nm) than TF (d = 109 nm) and HSA SPNPs (d = 116 nm) (Supporting

• process. Dynamic light scattering DLS measurements were performed on particles in their hydrated state using a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical). The solution in which the particles were suspended was DPBS. DLS was employed to measure the particle size distribution after particle collection and

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• synthesized Fe3O4 NPCs was confirmed by the conserved DLS pattern of size distribution after five heating/cooling cycles with a NIR laser (Figure 1e). Altogether, our data confirmed the successful fabrication of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 NPCs that are spherical, uniformly sized and highly absorptive in the NIR

• morphology of the as-synthesized nanoparticle clusters was characterized with a JEOL JEM-2100 transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) The synthesized Fe3O4 NPCs were diluted in RPMI 1640 medium to a final concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. The particle size distribution was

• quadratic fit of the correlation function. The particle size distribution was measured using the inbuilt DTS (nano) software. Samples were equilibrated for 1 min before measurement. All measurements were performed in triplicates. Hyperthermia effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters in solution The Fe3O4

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• composition, porosity, average size, distribution, individual nanofiber orientation, interaction between nanofibers, and arrangement and entanglement of the nanofibers [27][28][29]. When the mechanical properties of PLA nanofibers containing different amounts of drug were examined, the increase in the amount

Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles

• Mikkel Juelsholt,
• Jonathan Quinson,
• Emil T. S. Kjær,
• Baiyu Wang,
• Rebecca Pittkowski,
• Susan R. Cooper,
• Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh,
• Søren B. Simonsen,
• Luise Theil Kuhn,
• María Escudero-Escribano and
• Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 230–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.17

• reaction at 85 °C in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tubes (volume approx. 0.2 mL). The size analysis suggests that the NPs are (a) 1.6 ± 0.4 nm and (b) 1.7 ± 0.3 nm. The size distribution is presented in (c) from the analysis of 103 and 106 NPs, respectively. PDFs obtained from three different syntheses

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• fibers with plenty of exciting properties. The distinctive, exciting properties such as a high surface area to volume ratio, high porosity, interconnected pores, narrow pore size distribution, excellent mechanical, electrical and chemical properties and the tunability of the properties by precise

• limitations of the conventional membranes have been overcome by electrospun membranes due to their high porosity, interconnected pores, high surface area, narrow pore size distribution, and due to membrane modification possibilities. The solvent evaporation during spinning also prevents the contamination of

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• of the salt template by adding ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) results in submicrometer hemoglobin particles. The resulting particles have an advantageous oxygen affinity and show a narrow size distribution of approx. 700 nm. In the first pre-clinical investigations it was shown that HbMP meet

• CCD method produces nearly uniform, peanut-shaped particles. The size distribution determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 759 ± 25 nm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images confirmed this size range (Figure 1C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of particles produced with

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• . Because of the size effects, NPs have unique properties that allow them to be used as components of advanced materials for a wide range of applications such as optics, catalysis, or biomedicine [1][2][3]. Since the properties of NPs strongly depend on their size, size distribution, shape, composition, and

• reproducibility of the colloidal synthesis, especially during the synthesis of NPs with non-spherical morphology [4]. Dust. Dust particles present in the solvent affect the size distribution of formed NPs [77]. Filtration of reagents allows for obtaining NPs with narrow size distribution [112]. Because SoL is a

• that the NP size depends on the current. At low current values (10–20 mA) the average size of NPs was between 2 and 3 nm but at a higher current value (100 mA) the size distribution of obtained particles become wider and divided in two populations with sizes around 5.5 and 8 nm [117]. In another study

Heating ability of elongated magnetic nanoparticles

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova,
• Nikolai A. Usov and
• Vladimir A. Oleinikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1404–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.104

• perfect crystal structure and narrow size distribution, which makes them potential agents for magnetic hyperthermia [27][42]. In this work, by using the stochastic Landau–Lifshitz equation [43][44][45][46], we calculate low-frequency hysteresis loops and SAR of assemblies of elongated spheroidal magnetite

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• by iron, nickel, and zinc ferrite. Furthermore, PMA-coated nanoparticles exhibit a small change in saturation magnetization, which is still enough to manipulate NPs using an external magnetic field [28]. The uniform size distribution of MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Zn, Ni) NPs was confirmed by agarose gel

• ZS (Malvern Instruments, 69 UK) and the uniform size distribution by gel electrophoresis (GE BIORAD). Drug attachment and drug release analyses were performed by using UV–vis spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific Evo 220). Phase transfer, polymer coating, and purification of MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) NPs

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• . Characterization of NOR-coated iron oxide nanoparticle coated at pH 10 NOR@IONP coated at pH 10 (NOR@IONPpH10), had a size distribution ranging from 25 to 120 nm, as examined through DLS (Figure 4a). TEM further confirmed these to be aggregates of 10–13 nm sized individual nanoparticles (Figure 4b). The FWHM was

• also observed to be 46.97 nm exhibiting a narrower size distribution in comparison to UIONPs but a slightly broader in comparison to NOR@IONPpH10. Thus, coating at pH 10 also promoted a reduction in the nanoparticle aggregate size. A slight shoulder in the hydrodynamic size distribution at 32–40 nm is

• zeta potential of these particles was indeed found to be −16.5 mV, supporting this. Comparing the different nanoparticles synthesized, i.e., UIONPs, NOR@IONPpH5 and NOR@IONPpH10, we observed that the drug coated IONPs have a much lower aggregate size with a reduced hydrodynamic size distribution (Table

Criteria ruling particle agglomeration

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1093–1100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.81

• teach that, in case of any energetic interaction of the particles, the influence of the entropy is minor or even negligible. Complementary to the simulations, the extremum of the entropy was determined using the Lagrange method. Both approaches yielded identical result for the particle size distribution

• size distribution. Taking a fixed value of collisions one can display the probability distribution for the particle sizes. An example is shown in Figure 2. This distribution is displayed on a logarithmic scale for 4.7 × 106 collisions for a starting ensemble consisting of 107 particles. Additionally

• Table 1. This fact confirms the correctness of the procedure reported in the previous sections. Furthermore, the selection of an exponential function for the particle size distribution is justified. Results of enthalpy simulations As already mentioned in the section “Basic considerations”, particle

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• distribution of the spherical, amorphous particles in the samples obtained after 12 and 16 h, respectively. A decreasing diameter with progressing reaction time is visible and likely due to Ostwald ripening. The size distribution curves were calculated assuming a Gaussian distribution. Nanoparticles obtained

• nanoparticles after different reaction times: (a) TEM, 2 min, (b) TEM, 5 min, (c) TEM, 30 min, (d) SEM, 12 h, (e) SEM, 16 h, and (f) SEM, 30 h. X-ray diffractograms of a sample after a reaction time of (a) 30 min and (b) 18 h (the red lines correspond to stibnite, COD 9003460). Histograms showing the size

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• Relationships in Electrocatalysis”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., with permission from John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Carrageenan as capping and reducing agent for gold nanoparticle synthesis. (A) Histogram for the size

• distribution of nanoparticles. (B), (C) and (D) show TEM micrographs of the nanoparticles at different magnifications. (E) and (F) show the antitumor activity against MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116. Adapted from [32], © 2018 X. Chen et al., distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• an SEM image of the NPs as well as the corresponding size distribution histogram. A similar TEM image (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1) shows fewer nanoparticles and is therefore less reliable. Both methods give NP diameters in the interval of 30–35 nm. According to the SEM image, the NPs

• are mostly spherical with an average diameter of 33 nm. SEM and TEM images demonstrate a similar size distribution. Hence, we conclude that no NP size selection occurs during their adsorptive immobilization. The absorption spectrum of the Ag NPs (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1) is in good

• surface was rather uniform, that is, the deviation between different point was less than 10% for each sample. An average representative graph has been chosen for demonstration in Figures 5, 7, and 8). SEM image of Ag NPs and the corresponding size distribution histogram. For SEM imaging Ag NPs were

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• size distribution is more disperse for Ag/HNT-8 compared to Ag/HNT-0 and Ag/HNT-4. Expectedly, the main size difference among the samples is not so large, because the three samples were synthesized under the same conditions, which results in similar nucleation parameters. The small size difference is

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• laboratory unit, which is approved by the Iranian Nanotechnology Initiative Council (Figure 9A). Also, the size distribution and zeta potential distribution was provided by the commercial supplier as (Figure 9B,C). BM-MSCs isolation BM-MSCs were isolated for a previous study by Fathi and co-workers [41

• real-time PCR (D and E); (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001), respectively. Ag-NPs structure. (A) SEM image of Ag-NPs, (B) size distribution by intensity, and (C) zeta potential distribution. Ag-NPs characterization. Primer sequences used for the aTL measurement. Primer sequences used for the

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• was studied in the presence of the most relevant biothiols: cysteine (CYS) and glutathione (GSH). Data on the size distribution of different AgNPs in the tested media are given in Figure 5 and in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1, while observed ζ potentials are presented in Figure 6 and in

• , Perkin Elmer, Shelton, USA). The silver standard solution (1000 mg/L in 5% HNO3) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) was used for calibration. All prepared AgNPs were characterized by means of shape, primary size, size distribution, and surface charge in UPW. The particle visualization was performed by TEM

• ) equipped with a green laser (532 nm) at an angle of 173°. The values of dH were obtained as the value of the maximum peak of the size distribution by volume and reported as an average of ten measurements. The ζ potential values were determined by ELS using the same Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument. The values

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• . Keywords: durability; electrocatalysts; morphology control; oxygen reduction reaction; platinum nanoparticles; size distribution; spatial distribution; Introduction Nowadays, low-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are gaining a wider application. This is due to their environmental

• min. A drop of the resulting suspension was applied to a standard copper mesh with a diameter of 3.05 mm, covered with a 5–6 nm thick layer of amorphous carbon. Next, the sample was dried in air at room temperature for 60 min. The histograms of platinum nanoparticle size distribution in the catalysts

• micrographs. The composition of the commercial catalysts JM20 and JM40 is similar to that of G20 and G40: the average crystallite size is 2.5 and 3.7 nm, and the average NP size is 2.7 and 3.7 nm, respectively. The comparison of the NP size distribution histograms indicates that in the synthesized Pt/C

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• capabilities of the SERS substrates due to size and nanolensing effects [26][27]. However, this complicates the quantitative analysis of the nanoparticle sizes. In this study, we analyzed the averaged particle size distribution by evaluating the projected area of the particles to determine the particle

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• in the Supporting Information section of [35]). The calculated EF is equal to (4.8 ± 0.8) × 106, taking into account the size distribution of the nanoparticles in the AgNPs blue sample. This result assumes that all water molecules located on the Ag surface participate in the resonance effect. Of

• account the size distribution of nanoparticles in the AgNPs blue sample. The temperature analysis showed that the observed enhancement increases with the increase of the temperature. The calculated activation energy for a AgNPs sample is larger than that for pure water, which is an effect of water