Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• potential interesting future studies. Keywords: fabrication methods; materials selection; nano- and micro-topography; vascular endothelial cells; vascular smooth muscle cells; Introduction Cells adhering to biomaterials are influenced by the surface topography, the surface chemistry and the mechanical

• properties of the substrate (Figure 1). In particular, the influence of the surface topography on cell behavior has been widely studied, with the motivation to understand the complex cell–substrate interactions and to transfer that knowledge to the design of implant surfaces. This review summarizes and

• -based techniques [55][56][57] and porogen-leaching methods [55]) are described. They often rely on the fabrication of a master with a designed surface topography that subsequently is replicated by a polymer. Most of these techniques have been extensively used and have allowed for novel types of

Surface roughness rather than surface chemistry essentially affects insect adhesion

• Matt W. England,
• Tomoya Sato,
• Makoto Yagihashi,
• Atsushi Hozumi,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Elena V. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1471–1479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.139

• ladybird beetles were found to be predominantly influenced by the surface topography. Experimental Materials Ethanol, 0.01 M HCl, and n-hexadecane were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS, Si(OCH3)4) and n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODS, CH3(CH2)17Si

Electric field induced structural colour tuning of a silver/titanium dioxide nanoparticle one-dimensional photonic crystal

• Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy,
• Simone Callegari,
• Diana Gisell Figueroa del Valle,
• Andrea Desii,
• Ilka Kriegel and
• Francesco Scotognella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1404–1410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.131

• nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles deposited on top of an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. A scheme of the photonic crystal is shown in Figure 1. The silver nanoparticles have a diameter of about 50 nm, while the TiO2 nanoparticles are smaller than 15 nm. The surface topography and phase atomic

Three-gradient regular solution model for simple liquids wetting complex surface topologies

• Sabine Akerboom,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Frans A. M. Leermakers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1377–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.129

• surfaces is a key feature for many applications. The wetting properties of a surface depend on both the material and the surface topography. A famous example is the surface of a lotus leaf: Although the material of the leaf is hydrophilic (contact angle on a smooth substrate θY < 90°), the structured

• of a hydrophilic material, show an increase in θ, this implies that the droplet in these systems cannot be in the Wenzel state, or that the assumption of this model, namely that the parameter r captures all features of a surface topography relevant for the final droplet shape, is too simplistic. A

Dealloying of gold–copper alloy nanowires: From hillocks to ring-shaped nanopores

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Cyril Delacôte,
• Mohammed Boujtita,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Junjun Ding,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Pierre-Yves Tessier and
• Abdel-Aziz El Mel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1361–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.127

• , the surface topography (roughness, defects, impurities) has a direct impact on the final structure and morphology of the material. As a consequence of the presence of substrate surface defects, the films deposited by a PVD process may contain undesired defects such as hillocks, pinholes, and craters

• because of a non-homogenous surface topography with hills distributed over the surface. During PVD the growth of the material occurs preferredly on the hills acting as nucleation sites [15][16]. The local self-shadowing effect at these nucleation sites is the main driving force promoting the formation of

• substrates with surface defects to grow metal nanowires with complex surface topography, which afterwards can be engineered on the nanoscale. We investigated the influence of the defects size and density on the final morphology of the nanowires. We demonstrated that the deposition time can impact the size of

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• pads on substrates depends on the ability of the pads to adapt to the surface topography. In this context, specific micro- and nanostructures can enhance the quality of the contact [97][98][99][100][101]. In the case of attachment on rough substrates, multiple contacts, being formed by some adhesive

Manufacturing and investigation of physical properties of polyacrylonitrile nanofibre composites with SiO₂, TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles

• Tomasz Tański,
• Wiktor Matysiak and
• Barbara Hajduk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1141–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.106

• dedicated database of PAN-ICSD files was used. The resulting polymer composite nanofibres were quantitatively and qualitatively analysed using EDX microanalysis and surface topography imaging using a Zeiss Supra 35 SEM, with a Trident XM4 X-ray spectrometer supplied by EDAX. Based on the SEM micrographs

• 25 nm. The microscopic study for the analysis of TEM images of particles and the analysis of SEM images of the fibrous surface topography of the composite mats allowed us to determine the influence of the diameter of the applied ceramic nanoparticles on the structure and the morphology of the

• the composite fibrous materials, surface topography imaging was applied using the scanning electron microscope. An analysis of the morphology and the structure of PAN nanofibres, obtained from a solution of PAN/DMF with a concentration of 5 wt %, with the distance between the electrodes equal to 20 cm

Characterization of spherical domains at the polystyrene thin film–water interface

• Khurshid Ahmad,
• Xuezeng Zhao,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Danish Hussain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.51

• also studied. Moreover, changes in surface topography, before and after the contact with water, have also been discussed. Experimental Materials and equipment The following materials and equipment were used in this study: deionized water purified with a Milli-Q A10 system, silicon dioxide (Lijing, LLC

• nitride cantilevers with a nominal tip radius of 20 nm and nominal stiffness of 0.05 N/m. The resonance frequency of the cantilever immersed in DI water was 35.0 kHz. Furthermore, an average scan rate of 1 Hz was used to image the surface topography and the micro/nano spherical domains. Moreover, the

Self-organization of gold nanoparticles on silanated surfaces

• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Salim H. Al-Harthi,
• Azzouz Sellai and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2345–2353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.242

• on APTES-functionalized glass substrate. Surface topography of AuNPs deposited on glass surface was characterized by AFM which revealed the different coverage of AuNPs on self-assembled APTES glass substrates. Energy shift in VBM was also observed on APTES surface as well as AuNPs deposited on APTES

Electrochemical coating of dental implants with anodic porous titania for enhanced osteointegration

• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Alberto Rebaudi,
• Pierpaolo Cortella,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Marco Salerno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2183–2192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.224

• with most metals, Ti in wet or even ambient air environment develops a thin layer of native oxide, namely TiO2 (titania). While it is generally recognized that surface topography is a major factor for osteointegration of all implants [4], the lower surface energy of titania as compared to that of

Transformations of PTCDA structures on rutile TiO₂ induced by thermal annealing and intermolecular forces

• Szymon Godlewski,
• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymoński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1498–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.155

• located in between. The overall STM appearance is much different from the surface topography. Additional bright spots recorded within dark oxygen rows are attributed to oxygen vacancies (fainter spots) or single and double surface hydroxy groups (brighter spots). The oxygen vacancies are created during

Atomic force microscopy as analytical tool to study physico-mechanical properties of intestinal cells

• Christa Schimpel,
• Oliver Werzer,
• Eleonore Fröhlich,
• Gerd Leitinger,
• Markus Absenger-Novak,
• Birgit Teubl,
• Andreas Zimmer and
• Eva Roblegg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1457–1466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.151

• ., high features on the sample cause the cantilever to deflect more) hence, a map of surface topography can be generated [21][22][24]. Moreover, quantitative analysis of the cell elasticity is possible by analyzing force-distance curves via monitoring the response of a cantilever once the tip is pushed

• surface morphologies, mechanical properties and cytoskeleton organizations, enterocytes (Caco-2 cells) and M cells were studied in an in vitro co-culture model [28]. For this, enterocytes were cultured with Raji B cells to trigger M cell formation. AFM was used as a tool to study surface topography

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• shows a typical AFM height and corresponding amplitude image (Figure 2c) of a region in the upper dermis that contains tattoo ink particles. These AFM images clearly show the dense collagen fibril network with agglomerates of tattoo ink particles. The surface topography of the dermis is quite undulating

Probing fibronectin–antibody interactions using AFM force spectroscopy and lateral force microscopy

• Andrzej J. Kulik,
• Małgorzata Lekka,
• Kyumin Lee,
• Grazyna Pyka-Fościak and
• Wieslaw Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1164–1175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.118

• , giving a ≈19% accuracy. This is also a measure of the reproducibility (33 cantilevers were calibrated in this manner). Surface topography To verify whether the functionalization of a mica surface gave an expected layer of fibronectin molecules, the surface topography was recorded using a bare (non

• monomer [22][32]. The knowledge of the surface topography of the FN molecules deposited on a mica surface enables verification of the quality of protein deposition by direct estimation of single molecule dimensions. Depending on the experimental conditions, fibronectin can be visible either in an

• cantilevers were immediately used in the measurements. Atomic force microscope All measurements were carried out using commercially available devices (PSIA XE100 and XE120, Park Systems, Korea) equipped with a “liquid cell” setup, in 10 mM PBS buffer. The surface topography of a fibronectin-coated mica

High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument

• Yves Fleming and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1091–1099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.110

• reconstructions do not consider the sample surface topography, because these protocols and the applied software assume a flat sample surface as well as a cube-like analysed volume [6]. In reality, samples exhibit a surface roughness, which is also changed during the ion bombardment, because parameters such as

• image, the combined 3D SIMS–AFM image of the PS/PVP sample and a linescan presenting the local sample surface topography of PVP as well as the corresponding CN− secondary ion signal. Because PVP contains nitrogen (in contrast to PS) its spatial distribution can be easily imaged in SIMS by tracking the

• created due to differential sputtering, are captured with an apparent pixel position outside the γ′ precipitate phase. This is a consequence of significant field inhomogeneities as a result of distortion of the local electric field arising from the surface topography. As already stated in [20], both the

Mapping of elasticity and damping in an α + β titanium alloy through atomic force acoustic microscopy

• M. Kalyan Phani,
• Anish Kumar,
• T. Jayakumar,
• Walter Arnold and
• Konrad Samwer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 767–776, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.79

• , Russia was used in the study. A stiff cantilever with a spring constant, kc, of about 30 N/m and the first free resonance frequency f0 of about 171 kHz was used in the study. The surface topography of the specimens was obtained in tapping mode to select an area with sufficient flatness for acquiring the

In situ observation of biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 and 9.5 by advanced optical microscopy

• Chiara Cappelli,
• Daniel Lamarca-Irisarri,
• Jordi Camas,
• F. Javier Huertas and
• Alexander E. S. Van Driessche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.67

• integration of a micro-Raman spectrometer to the LCM-DIM setup to provide simultaneous acquirement of the surface topography and chemistry during mineral (phyllosilicate) weathering. Experimental In situ flow-through experiments Changes of the biotite (001) cleavage surface topography were monitored in situ

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• for the APTES siloxane and of 38 nm for PDA anchor layers. While such a pronounced surface topography is considered to be an inherent characteristic of the PDA films [34][53], the presence of such surface objects on APTES layers is rarely discussed. However, even in the case when a APTES SAM was

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• applied power of the plasma was selected with respect to its effect on the structural and chemical composition of the scaffold. The untreated and plasma-treated nanofibrous scaffolds were evaluated in terms of surface topography, hydrophilicity, and surface chemistry in order to find the conditions that

• . These findings, which are in correlation with the morphological changes observed by SEM and AFM imaging, underline the positive effect of the mild power plasma conditions on the nanofibrous scaffolds in terms of surface topography. Chemical characterization of the plasma-treated scaffolds As can be

• : Atomic force microscopy, AFM (AFM Solver, NT-MDT) was used to determine surface topography and roughness of the plasma-treated samples. Chemical characterization Contact angle: Static contact angle measurements using water (Contact angle-surface tensionmeter CAM200, KSV Instruments Ltd) for the untreated

Increasing throughput of AFM-based single cell adhesion measurements through multisubstrate surfaces

• Miao Yu,
• Nico Strohmeyer,
• Jinghe Wang,
• Daniel J. Müller and
• Jonne Helenius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 157–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.15

• type can be chosen to minimize the background adhesion of the cell line. The production process as well as the handling of the PDMS mask is described in the next sections. In addition, the characterization of surface topography, protein coating and microscopy utility of both types of PDMS masks is

• adhesive substrates to be measured. The masks were cast in aluminum molds, which can be made in most mechanical workshops. We characterized the masks with regard to surface topography, protein coating ability and applicability for light microscopy. While the PDMS surface was very rough compared to the

Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference

• Petra Ditsche and
• Adam P. Summers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2424–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.252

• change the surface topography [26]. Moreover, microorganisms can change the wettability of the substrates surface, which is probably the reason for a different response of some larvae to these surfaces [28]. Some examples of attachment forces for different animals and attachment devices are given in

Dynamic calibration of higher eigenmode parameters of a cantilever in atomic force microscopy by using tip–surface interactions

• Stanislav S. Borysov,
• Daniel Forchheimer and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1899–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.200

• by using a microcantilever with a sharp tip at the free end. Measuring cantilever deflections allows not only for the reconstruction of the surface topography but also provides insight into various material properties [2][3]. If deflection is measured near one of the cantilevers resonance frequencies

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

• transition allows to map the local work function as well as the variations in the surface topography. The effect of the work function is clear in the inset of Figure 2, in which the adsorption of oxygen on W(110) results in a work function more than 1.2 eV higher than that of the clean surface, with a

Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their burrowing into Si due to synergistic effects of ion beam energy losses

• Pravin Kumar,
• Udai Bhan Singh,
• Kedar Mal,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Indra Sulania,
• Dinakar Kanjilal,
• Dinesh Singh and
• Vidya Nand Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1864–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.197

• substrate or due to the reduction in the size of the particles. SEM gives elemental information on the surface while AFM provides surface topography. Therefore, the features in the SEM and the AFM images cannot be compared quantitatively. Moreover, it is not possible to pinpoint the exact surface area by

• changes in surface topography, shift and intensity loss in Pt peaks), we believe that the nuclear sputtering of the Pt film takes place during ion irradiation resulting in Pt islands on the Si surface. Transient thermal spikes generated by the ion beams are sufficient enough to melt the Pt islands. The

Restructuring of an Ir(210) electrode surface by potential cycling

• Khaled A. Soliman,
• Dieter M. Kolb,
• Ludwig A. Kibler and
• Timo Jacob

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1349–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.148

• , however less pronounced or less well-defined. Electrochemical treatment including potential cycling of Ir(210) in 0.1 M HCl did not lead to comparable changes, probably because adsorbed chloride hinders oxygen adsorption. In situ STM of Ir(210) after repetitive fast potential cycles The change in surface

• topography of Ir(210) by repetitive oxidation–reduction potential cycles has been investigated by using in situ STM. Figure 6 shows the corresponding images of Ir(210) in 0.1 M H2SO4 after cycling for 1 min, 20 min, 60 min and 240 min. The series of STM images indicates that the surface morphology is