A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• energy to excite the sensor is very small and mechanical vibrations can dominate the excitation [19]. For low-temperature LFM, the lattice of the substrate can be used to calibrate the amplitude if the periodicity of the lateral features is known [20]. For electrically excited piezoelectric-based sensors

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• –3800 cm−1 is a combination of a few overlapping components related to symmetric and antisymmetric H–O–H stretching, bending overtone, and free OH stretching vibrations [9]. Thus, a straight interpretation of the Raman spectrum of liquid water and its deconvolution is still a subject of discussion [9

• absorbed much more strongly than in pure water or in the AgNPs yellow sample. The absorption of laser light in the AgNPs blue sample leads to the excitation of both plasmons in the AgNPs and vibrations of water molecules. Thus, one can conclude that the most probable hypothesis is that the enhancement of

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• the CE behavior is dependent on the surrounding temperature, Xu et al. [91] have further explored the operation of TENGs at high temperature values. Their results reveal that the thermionic emission of electrons is the main reason for CE and the atomic thermal vibrations strongly influence the CE at

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• Ax/Az is smaller for 0.075 mm and 0.1 mm tips. When the tip gets thinner, the vibration tends to be parallel to the X direction. When the tip gets thicker, the oscillation behaves more like the tapping mode. The value of Atip is determined through the vibrations of the tuning fork prong and the tip

• amplitude (Atfz) with respect to the tip length are not necessarily synchronous. The tip amplitude (Atip) is determined by vibrations of both the tuning fork prong and the tip. A 0.1 mm tip with a tip length smaller than 1.2 mm used in the in-phase mode can improve the spatial resolution. This research

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• as a function of the beam current for light-ion FIBs and some commercially available FIBs with heavier primary ions is shown. The best values from the literature are evaluated to compare the beam profiles of different ion and source types. Deterioration of the spot size due to vibrations or thermal

• the neglected ion beam stability, mechanical vibrations, drift, or electromagnetic fields during realistic long-term milling processes for light ions due to the small sputter yield (0.12 for 30 keV He in Au [34]). Additionally, large fluences, necessary for deep milling, often cannot be applied when

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• . Moreover, the peaks at 1064 and 875 cm−1 indicate C–O and C–H, respectively, suggesting that the surface of the nanotubes contained more carboxy groups after the acidification reaction. Bands at 1361 and 750–600 cm−1 correspond to C–N and amide bond stretching vibrations, respectively, which demonstrates

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• (CR-AFM) is to get information on the stiffness of a sample via its vibrations and, in particular, through its contact-resonance frequency (CR frequency). In the following, the cantilever is modeled as a rectangular, elastically isotropic beam of uniform cross section with length L, width w, thickness

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• are characteristic of various types of atomic vibrations in a solid. The ordinate of the point contact-spectrum characterizes the phonon concentration in a certain section of the spectrum and reflects the amplitude of the density function of the phonon states. The operation of point-contact sensors is

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on Teflon/vitamin B1 powder for self-powered humidity sensing

• Liangyi Zhang,
• Huan Li,
• Yiyuan Xie,
• Jing Guo and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1394–1401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.123

• significant impact on the advancement of wearable electronics, intelligent robots, and the IoT [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Presently, TENGs are used to harvest various forms of mechanical energy from the surrounding environment, such as acoustic energy, wind, vibrations and human motion [29][30][31][32][33

An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanoscale characterization

• Santiago H. Andany,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Stefan Hummel,
• Charlène Brillard,
• Mustafa Kangül and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1272–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.111

• makes the AFM more susceptible to vibrations present inside of the HIM chamber. The AFM and motorized coarse stages are controlled with a custom-made AFM software [23], a standalone FPGA (USB-7856R OEM, National Instruments, Austin TX, USA), a high-voltage piezo amplifier (Techproject, Vienna, Austria

• are 17.8 × 17.8 µm and 16.6 × 16.6 µm, respectively, and each is 512 × 512 pixels). An additional 2-dimensional FFT filtering was applied to correct for the main mechanical vibrations in the two original images. The AFM image in Figure 3d is obtained in ORT at 2 kHz tapping rate, 600 nm amplitude and

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• vibration (νTi–O) of BTO structure [13][14]. PTh is characterized by the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations (νC=C) of the aromatic ring at 1628 and 1385 cm−1, a sharp aromatic ring deformation (δC–S–C) at 610 cm−1, and a typical stretching vibration of the aromatic β-hydrogens (νCβ–H) at 3060 cm

• in-plane bending vibrations (ρCβ–H) of PTh, respectively [17][18]. According to Wu et al. [17], the intensity of Cβ–H transmissions would considerably decrease if PTh had Cβ–Cβ conjunction. In BTO-PTh spectrum, the out-of-plane and in-plane bending of Cβ–H shift to 1077 cm−1 and 983 cm−1

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of rubrene on clean and graphene-covered metal surfaces

• Karl Rothe,
• Alexander Mehler,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1157–1167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.100

• , which is assigned to vibronic progression induced by a single group of molecular vibrations with similar quantum energies. Another type of two-dimensional materials is represented by single layers of transition metal dichalcogenides. A single layer of MoS2 on Au(111) has recently been used to

• vibrations. In the work presented here, 5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene (rubrene, C42H28, Figure 1) was adsorbed on different surfaces, namely Pt(111), Au(111), and graphene on Pt(111), in order to demonstrate a gradual reduction of the C42H28–surface hybridization. The choice of the molecule and substrate

• direct access to the Huang–Rhys factor via For the C42H28 HOMO on Au(111) a Huang–Rhys factor of approx. 0.5 can be extracted from dI/dV data (Figure 5b) for the vibrational mode with hν ≈ 160 meV. The energy of the vibrational mode is in good agreement with one of the three C42H28 vibrations that were

Monolayers of MoS₂ on Ag(111) as decoupling layers for organic molecules: resolution of electronic and vibronic states of TCNQ

• Asieh Yousofnejad,
• Gaël Reecht,
• Nils Krane,
• Christian Lotze and
• Katharina J. Franke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1062–1071, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.91

• screening by the substrate electrons. As a result, the energy levels are significantly broadened and molecular properties, such as vibrations are hidden within the spectral line shapes. Insertion of thin decoupling layers reduces the line widths and may give access to the resolution of electronic and

• unoccupied molecular electronic level. d–f) Visualization of the vibrational modes contributing to the satellite peak. The orange arrows represent the displacement of the atoms involved in these vibrations. Acknowledgements We acknowledge discussions with S. Trishin and J. R. Simon. Funding A. Yousofnejad

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• substrates, MBA was used as it is a well-known Raman reporter, showing two intense characteristic peaks at 1080 and 1590 cm−1 from aromatic ring vibrations [30]. The structure of MBA and the grafting process (thiol–gold interaction) guarantee that the molecule will preferentially attach to gold [37][38]. The

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• Raman active modes that are dominant and show a thickness dependence for the and A1g modes. The respective atomic vibrations related to these two Raman-active modes for 1L and ML WSe2 are represented schematically in Figure 1c (right) for the in-plane mode and (d) the out-of-plane A1g mode

• . As P increased, the incoming optical radiation thermalizes the lattice vibrations in both modes. Given the asymmetric nature of the lattice potential energy plot, a larger mean spacing between atoms arises at the higher effective temperature which increases the amplitude of the phonon vibrations as

• decreased as P increased due to more damping in the phonon vibrations caused by the increased likelihood of scattering events. We define a parameter, the power-dependent phonon lifetime ratio ητP as given by Equation 4, For the 1L case ητP and ητP(A1g) was determined to be 0.954 and 0.945, respectively

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• resonance frequencies are often labeled as acoustic or ultrasonic methods due to the frequency range of the vibrations involved (from 100 kHz to 3 MHz) [1][9][12]. Among them are ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM) [13], heterodyne force microscopy [14], ultrasonic atomic force microscopy (UAFM), atomic force

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• either by ultrasonic vibrations or shearing in a liquid medium that facilitates the exfoliation. To influence the energies relevant for the exfoliation in aqueous media, additives such as surfactants and polymers are used [8]. However, their removal is quite tedious and the remnants are detrimental for

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• also an obscure peak near 1070 cm−1, which might belong to –C–C– stretching vibrations. The peak at 2250 cm−1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of –CN– in PAN and the peak at 2942 cm−1 can be assigned to the stretching vibration of –CH2–. The spectra of the CNFMs with Cu(Ac)2 and Zn(Ac)2 (Figure

•  11d,e) had peaks at 1563 and 1450 cm−1, which represent the symmetric and asymmetric vibrations of –COO–. However, the corresponding peaks of the CNFMs after heat treatment for 2 h at 140 °C (Figure 11a) are slightly weaker than with those of the CNFMs without heat treatment (Figure 11b), which

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• spectroscopy has been employed. Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectrum of the sulfonated particles. The most intense mode at 1186 cm−1 with a broad shoulder is attributed to the asymmetric stretching of S=O bonds. The symmetric stretching vibrations of SO3− groups produce the band at 1041 cm−1. The peak at 834 cm−1

• is characteristic of C–H out-of-plane vibrations in para-substituted benzene rings. On the other hand, the 756 cm−1 mode is attributable to monosubstituted benzene due to the out-of-plane bending vibration of the five CH groups in the aromatic ring. The presence of these two bands confirms therefore

• that there is both sulfonated and non-sulfonated polystyrene. The peak at 699 cm−1 assigned to the out-of-plane skeleton bending vibrations of the benzene ring is correlated to the degree of sulfonation (the larger the intensity of the band, the lower the sulfonation degree). The FTIR results clearly

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• CDs in aqueous solutions. In addition, there are –N=C=N, N=C=O stretching vibrations represented by the weak bonds at 2156 and 2023 cm−1 for the HTC-CDs and 2155 and 2063 cm−1 for the LA-CDs-10% [45]. The C–H stretching vibrations are at 2931 and 2875 cm−1, respectively [7]. The stretching bonds of

• the C=O/C=C bond are around 1706 and 1670 cm−1, respectively [46], and the CH3 bending vibrations are at 1375 and 1389 cm−1, respectively [38]. The stretching bonds of the C–N/C–O bond are at 1096 and 1117 cm−1 for the HTC-CDs and the LA-CDs-10%, respectively [38][44]. Also, there are weak bonds in

• the range of 800–600 cm−1, corresponding to the bending vibrations of C–O and C–N bonds. Note that the FTIR spectra of all the LA-CDs-x% reveal the presence of N-containing groups, as shown in Figure S3f in Supporting Information File 1, suggesting that the LAL processing of the annealed-HTC carbon

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• of magnetic NPs (e.g., iron oxide and cobalt oxide NPs) into capsules allows them to respond to magnetic stimuli and produce heat due to magnetic energy dissipation, mechanical vibrations and motion induced in the film, thus releasing the cargo [80]. The Fe2O4-PAH capsules studied with A549 cancer

Evolution of Ag nanostructures created from thin films: UV–vis absorption and its theoretical predictions

• Robert Kozioł,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Damian Koszelow,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 494–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.40

• important. The absorbance of films with a different initial thickness, annealed at 250 and 550 °C is shown in Figure 9a and Figure 9b, respectively. The 1 nm thick film exhibits a broad bump in the range 350–550 nm, which is possibly associated with the occurrence of collective vibrations of free electrons

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• presence of the azo compounds was verified using a combination of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. A characteristic vibration at 2991 cm−1, which can be associated to the N–H stretching vibrations of the ammonium headgroup (Figure 4E), vanishes completely for 3D-AzoC2

• [45]. It is well known, that vibrations of surface-bound amines are quenched through coordination. Signals at 832, 765, 727 and 685 cm−1 can be assigned to the aromatic vibrations of the phenyl rings of azobenzene. These significant vibrations can as well be found in 3D-AzoC2 (blue), which indicates a

• , 832, 765, 727 and 685 cm−1 are highlighted in grey as significant vibrations of the azobenzene. (F) Normalized UV–vis absorption spectra of 3D-AzoC2 dispersed in toluene (black) and AzoC2 in H2O (grey, dashed). (A) UV–vis absorption kinetics of 3D-AzoC2 in toluene over a time period of 600 s. (B

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• investigated by using FTIR and DSC (Figure 2). The FTIR of PVI shows vibration bands at 2950 cm−1 (imidazole C–H stretching vibrations) and at 1645, 1506 and 1411 cm−1 (imidazole C–N stretching vibrations). The N–H in-plane bending vibrations are observed at 1235 cm−1. The polyplex also shows stretching

• vibrations at 1635, 1501 and 1427 cm−1 (C–N vibrations), and at 1235 cm−1 (N–H in-plane bending vibrations). The band appearing at 573 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra of the polyplex and blank siRNA may be attributed to the phosphate groups of the oligonucleotide clearly confirming the complexation. The