Chemoselective silicification of synthetic peptides and polyamines

• Maryna Abacilar,
• Fabian Daus and
• Armin Geyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 103–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.10

• . Biosilicification however, relies on the sharp differentiation between soluble and entrapped molecules, a sophisticated form of chemoselective silicification. Currently accepted models are the LCPA–phosphate model [4] and the silaffin-matrix hypothesis [5]. Both formulate varying concentrations of soluble

• components at the surface of the forming silica beads. Poulsen et al. investigated the mutual influence of peptides and LCPAs. Here we investigate the simplest scenario of chemoselective precipitation, which is the differentiation between two dissolved components, a cationic peptide and an oligoamine, that

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• observed. In addition, it was found that the RunX2 gene, which is the major regulator for the differentiation of the osteoblasts cells, increased the expression level with the addition of the BNNTs into the polymer. These results indicated that BNNTs plays an important role to improve mechanical properties

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• studies using macrophages. Tumor cell lines are often used as models to study nanoparticle–cell interactions. Many studies analyzing the toxicity of nanoparticles on macrophages have actually been carried out with leukemia cancer cell lines of murine or human origin at different stages of differentiation

Coating with luminal gut-constituents alters adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells

• Heike Sinnecker,
• Katrin Ramaker and
• Andreas Frey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2308–2315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.239

• are highly comparable to those of mature enterocytes of the small intestine [20][21]. Electron microscopic analysis was used to monitor the differentiation of Caco-2 cells over 21 days (Figure 1). After 14 days post-confluence the relevant structural features of enterocytes were well-developed

• sets (FITC and Cy5) z-stacks were recorded over 20 frames with 1 µm z-slices by using Live Acquisition Software. After processing the 2D image sets in ImageJ the 3D rendition was performed with Imaris x64 (version 7.4, Bitplane AG, Zurich, Switzerland). Differentiation of Caco-2 cells over 21 days post

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• . [53] also showed that triterpenoid compounds such as corosolic acid isolated from apples, which activates the glucose transporter and suppresses the rise of blood glucose levels, inhibit the signal transduction factors related to the differentiation to M2 macrophages, namely, nuclear factor-kappa B

• of metastatic cancer is beginning to be recognized strongly. Regarding the differentiation of M2 macrophages, the DDMC/PTX complex does not act it to invoke an immune response having stealth nature in the original as having a hydrophilic–hydrophobic microseparated-domain with an amphiphilic domain

• enzyme, a very small amount of proinflammatory cytokines must be released, leading to M2 macrophage differentiation. It seems that it is not very rare to receive useless inflammatory signals in an enzyme reaction model. From another point of view, it is imagined that the production of M2 macrophages by

Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

• Christina Sengstock,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Thomas A. Schildhauer and
• Manfred Köller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2058–2069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.214

• both ionic and nanoparticulate silver on the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages and on the secretion of the respective differentiation markers adiponectin, osteocalcin and aggrecan. Results: As shown through laser scanning

• treated with high silver concentrations (≥20 µg·mL−1 Ag-NP; ≥1.5 µg·mL−1 Ag+ ions) but not with low-concentration treatments (≤10 µg·mL−1 Ag-NP; ≤1.0 µg·mL−1 Ag+ ions). Subtoxic concentrations of Ag-NP and Ag+ ions impaired the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in a concentration

• -dependent manner, whereas chondrogenic differentiation was unaffected after 21 d of incubation. In contrast to aggrecan, the inhibitory effect of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation was confirmed by a decrease in the secretion of specific biomarkers, including adiponectin (adipocytes) and osteocalcin

Towards bottom-up nanopatterning of Prussian blue analogues

• Virgile Trannoy,
• Marco Faustini,
• David Grosso,
• Sandra Mazerat,
• François Brisset,
• Alexandre Dazzi and
• Anne Bleuzen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1933–1943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.204

• /Prussian blue analogue nanocomposite involves five main steps, which have been described elsewhere for the fabrication of nanometer-scale patterns of photo-switchable PBA [15]. The substrate is first covered with a gold layer through sputtering, which will allow for the chemical differentiation of the

• , Q150T ES) for use in scanning electron microscopy. This gold layer will allow for the chemical differentiation of the surfaces in the following. Layers having thicknesses of 10 nm, 20 nm and 50 nm were deposited under an electric current of 30 mA during calibrated times (30 s, 60 s and 150 s). The three

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• transformation into myofibroblasts. Their results showed an up-regulated expression of a specific differentiation marker, accompanied, however, by an increased generation of the most biologically significant free radicals, the reactive oxygen species (ROS). NDs: Among the applications of NDs, the most important

• colleagues [122]. In their study, the researchers observed that spinal neurons grown on CNTs scaffolds displayed an early developmental onset for generating APs and voltage-gated currents, as well as changes in the expression of genes involved in cell communication, growth, differentiation and in neuronal

• interpret these results in terms of a possible application for neural stimulation. Graphene-based substrates have also been investigated as scaffolds for growth and for the differentiation of stem cells [142][143]. The differentiation into neurons of human neural stem cells (hNSCs), cultured on graphene has

Influence of the PDMS substrate stiffness on the adhesion of Acanthamoeba castellanii

• Sören B. Gutekunst,
• Carsten Grabosch,
• Alexander Kovalev,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1393–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.152

• and position themselves [6]. Once grown on a substrate with defined elasticity, cells adapt their own elasticity to the elasticity of their environment [7]. But not only differentiated cells are influenced by substrate stiffness. For stem cells it has been demonstrated that their differentiation is

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• biocompatibility and differentiation of bio-response related to the particles. Results Characterization of gold and silver nanoparticles Due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the fabricated gold nanoparticles exhibited a distinct absorption peak around 525 nm wavelength, while a peak at 400 nm was observed for

• nanoparticle treated blastomeres could facilitate the first steps of differentiation, i.e., into trophoblast and inner cell mass. These findings were confirmed by the results of quantitative real-time PCR measurements. The nanoparticle-injected embryos showed no indication of changes in apoptotic activity

• (based on the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes BAX and TP53, the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2L2), of disturbances undergoing mitosis and differentiation (based on the expression of the ICM-specific genes OCT4 and NANOG) or of epigenetic aberrances (based on the expression of DNMT3A, one of the genes

Constant chemical potential approach for quantum chemical calculations in electrocatalysis

• Wolfgang B. Schneider and
• Alexander A. Auer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 668–676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.79

• calculated by using Equation 9. The approximated values of μ were obtained by numerical differentiation and are plotted with dashed lines. As can be seen, the approximation based on the recalculated Fock matrices yields a much better approximation for the exact slope than the approximation based on the Fermi

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• formation and bone degradation (reviewed in [16]). The molecular triad OPG/RANKL/RANK not only regulates the differentiation of osteoclasts, but also differentiation processes in the vascular system and in the immune system. Addition of biosilica leads to an increased expression of OPG. The consequence is

• an inhibition of the differentiation of osteoclasts from their respective precursor cells (Figure 1B). In addition, after exposure of SaOS-2 cells to biosilica these cells increase the synthesis of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), a cytokine that induces osteoblast differentiation and

• a staining procedure with alizarin red S [7]. The MAC supplement (ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone) stimulates cellular differentiation processes. Importantly, it had been measured that this process is paralleled by an enhanced expression of the CA-II gene, suggesting its

Nanoscale patterning of a self-assembled monolayer by modification of the molecule–substrate bond

• Cai Shen and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 258–267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.28

• better visual differentiation between native and UPD modified areas. Templated Cu-UPD illustrating tolerance of the process against substrate dislocations. (a) Native substrate with uniform BP2 SAM. (b) Lithographic pattern formed in air by using a tip bias of 4.2 V and a tip speed of 0.75 μm/s. (c) EC

Atomic force microscopy recognition of protein A on Staphylococcus aureus cell surfaces by labelling with IgG–Au conjugates

• Elena B. Tatlybaeva,
• Hike N. Nikiyan,
• Alexey S. Vasilchenko and
• Dmitri G. Deryabin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 743–749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.84

• selectivity of binding was not established, which reduces the efficiency of differentiation and requires further research. Discussion The use of immunogold labels as cell-surface markers for atomic force microscopy was already offered during the early stages of the development of the method [19]. Meanwhile

• positive, which allows them to be processed and investigated in the same conditions; however, they differ in form and size, sufficient for their morphological differentiation. Bacterial strains were cultured on LB agar (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at 37 °C for 24 h and then washed with distilled water. Cells were

Site-selective growth of surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks on self-assembled monolayer patterns prepared by AFM nanografting

• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Alexander Welle,
• Stefan Heißler,
• Christof Wöll and
• Hartmut Gliemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 638–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.71

• ]−, and m/z 681, [Au2SC16H31O2]−. Apart from these characteristic pseudo-molecular peaks the comparison of small fragments providing strong SIMS signals allows for differentiation between the two thiols. The results of this investigation are summarized in Figure 7a, in which the ToF-SIMS spectra of the

AFM as an analysis tool for high-capacity sulfur cathodes for Li–S batteries

• Renate Hiesgen,
• Seniz Sörgel,
• Rémi Costa,
• Linus Carlé,
• Ines Galm,
• Natalia Cañas,
• Brigitta Pascucci and
• K. Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 611–624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.68

• smaller energy dissipation and a slightly increased adhesion. It is noted, that the measured DMT modulus has values out of the recommended range for this type of tip. Therefore, the accuracy of those values is not very high. However, the large differences allowed a good differentiation from carbon. No

• . Nevertheless, a measurement was possible and delivered a value, although a higher uncertainty can be assumed. For a differentiation of sulfur from the other components it was sufficient. Comparison of the cycling performances of non-optimised Li–S batteries prepared with different binders. The batteries were

Multiple regimes of operation in bimodal AFM: understanding the energy of cantilever eigenmodes

• Daniel Kiracofe,
• Arvind Raman and
• Dalia Yablon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 385–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.45

• material are lower than on the softer material. In the right state (higher A2,free), both A2 and on the stiffer material are higher than on the softer material. In the middle state, there is not much differentiation between the materials. Note that the jumps between states happen at a slightly different

Polynomial force approximations and multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• Daniel Platz,
• Daniel Forchheimer,
• Erik A. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 352–360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.41

• drive force and a time-dependent tip–surface force where the dot denotes differentiation with respect to time, ω0, Q and kc are the mode’s resonance frequency, quality factor and spring constant respectively, and h is the static equilibrium position of the tip above the surface. One should note that the

Pulse-response measurement of frequency-resolved water dynamics on a hydrophilic surface using a Q-damped atomic force microscopy cantilever

• Masami Kageshima

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 260–266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.29

• measurement a step stress is applied to the cantilever and the response signal u(t) is converted to the corresponding frequency response function, i.e., a complex compliance , by Fourier–Laplace transformation as, Actually, the time differentiation of u(t) required prior to Fourier–Laplace transformation is

• disadvantageous with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio. In the previous report of the step-response measurement the inferior signal-to-noise ratio of the signal hindered detailed analysis. In the present report a pulse-response measurement in which differentiation of the response signal can be dispensed with

Modeling noncontact atomic force microscopy resolution on corrugated surfaces

• Kristen M. Burson,
• Mahito Yamamoto and
• William G. Cullen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 230–237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.26

• shifts Once the tip–surface interaction potential Wt–s is obtained, the interaction force Ft–s is found straightforwardly by differentiation with respect to z. We then compute the frequency shift using the following expression [28], which is exact to 1st order in classical perturbation theory: with

Theoretical study of the frequency shift in bimodal FM-AFM by fractional calculus

• Elena T. Herruzo and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 198–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.22

• frequency shift is related to the virial of the force [24][25]. Sader and Jarvis have proposed an alternative interpretation of FM-AFM in terms of fractional calculus [26][27]. They showed that the frequency shift can be interpreted as a fractional differential operator, where the order of differentiation

Terthiophene on Au(111): A scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy study

• Berndt Koslowski,
• Anna Tschetschetkin,
• Norbert Maurer,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Peter Bäuerle and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 561–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.60

• barrier height defined by Φdiff = (∂z∂VI/∂VI)2 [21] was determined. The differential barrier, Φdiff, may be thought of as similar to the commonly used apparent barrier height defined by Φapp = (∂zI/I)2, which is bias dependent. Due to differentiation, however, Φdiff is much more sensitive to changes in

Fabrication of multi-parametric platforms based on nanocone arrays for determination of cellular response

• Lindarti Purwaningsih,
• Tobias Schoen,
• Tobias Wolfram,
• Claudia Pacholski and
• Joachim P. Spatz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 545–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.58

• , multidomain, trimeric glycoprotein, on the differently structured substrates. Laminin is known to support neural cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The cell adhesion activity of human neuroblastoma cells (SHSY-5Y) was investigated on these substrates and correlated with topographical features

Defects in oxide surfaces studied by atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy

• Thomas König,
• Georg H. Simon,
• Lars Heinke,
• Leonid Lichtenstein and
• Markus Heyde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.1

• tunneling spectroscopy (STS). On magnesium oxide, different color centers, i.e., F0, F+, F2+ and divacancies, have different effects on the contact potential. These differences enabled classification and unambiguous differentiation by KPFM. True atomic resolution shows the topography at line defects in