Dynamic nanoindentation by instrumented nanoindentation and force microscopy: a comparative review

• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Estelle Kalfon-Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 815–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.93

• estimation of the elastic modulus from force–deformation curves alone was determined for the Hertzian case by Doerner and Nix who presumed a flat punch geometry to estimate the contact area [22]. The theory was subsequently refined to account for the changing contact area at different points in the unloading

• curve by Oliver and Pharr (O&P) [23]. The latter developed a nanoindentation model and measurement protocol to quantitatively deduce the elastic modulus and the hardness of materials by loading an axisymmetric indenter into a sample while recording the applied force and displacement. The indenter “area

• function” is determined by performing this experiment on a well-known material, typically fused quartz. The principle quantities derived from a nanoindentation experiment are elastic modulus and hardness. The former is a fundamental property of the material, which, in principle, can be calculated from bond

High-resolution nanomechanical analysis of suspended electrospun silk fibers with the torsional harmonic atomic force microscope

• Mark Cronin-Golomb and
• Ozgur Sahin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 243–248, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.25

• -resolution compositional mapping of heterogeneous samples [1]. Recent developments in dynamic AFM methods offer the possibility of relating the measured vibration signals to the particular physical properties of the samples, such as elastic modulus, viscosity, adhesion, and chemical affinity [2][3][4][5][6

• various physical models to obtain parameters describing the mechanical response of the sample. In the case of electrospun silk fibers, we have calculated both the local elastic modulus and the local spring constant values. The elastic modulus is calculated according to the Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT

• unloading portion of the force distance-curve is the region between the peak force and the point where the force drops to 20% of the peak value. Initially, we calculated both the elastic modulus and spring constant values regardless of their appropriateness for describing local mechanical response. We

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• tensile strength [9] and elastic modulus [10], CNTs form the strongest and stiffest material that humans have created. These properties offer a wide range of potential applications [11][12], for electronic devices, energy storage and transport, nanocomposite materials, and nanomedicine. The as-synthesized

Characterization of the mechanical properties of qPlus sensors

• Jan Berger,
• Martin Švec,
• Martin Müller,
• Martin Ledinský,
• Antonín Fejfar,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Zsolt Majzik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.1

• : where E is Young’s elastic modulus (for quartz E = 78.7 GPa), t is the thickness (0.214 mm), w is the width (0.126 mm), l is the length of the prong, and k is the stiffness of the tuning fork. In order to determine the stiffness in this work, the length, which is the only variable, needs to be known

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• . Therefore, scanning- or colloidal-probe atomic force microscopy have been widely used for studying the topography and the mechanical properties of PEMs [3][4][5][7][8]. One of the first measurements of elastic modulus with atomic force microscopy (AFM) on biological films was performed on lung-cancer cells

• , back in 1993 [9]. Further measurements include different strains of E. coli with a colloidal probe [10], elastic modulus of human platelet cells [11], human bone cell or skeletal muscle cells [12], breast cancer cells [13][14], hydrogel films [15][16][17], or nanoribbons [18], as well as single

Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy

• Bharat Bhushan,
• Si Chen and
• Shirong Ge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 731–746, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.83

• , the maximum indentation displacement was controlled to be 1000 nm [6]. The method for the hardness (H) and the elastic modulus (E) determination was based on established methods [37][38]. Briefly, H was calculated from where Pmax is the maximum imposed load, and A is the projected contact area. The

• relationship between the contact area and the contact depth was obtained from calibrating the tip with a standard material of known mechanical properties such that A is readily obtained from the load–displacement data. E was analyzed according to the following equations: where Et and νt are the elastic modulus

• . The load–displacement curves for rat and pig skin are presented in Figure 2a. Under the same displacement control, the load required for a given displacement for pig skin is larger than that for the rat skin, which means the pig skin is harder than rat skin. The nanohardness and elastic modulus data

Mapping mechanical properties of organic thin films by force-modulation microscopy in aqueous media

• Jianming Zhang,
• Zehra Parlak,
• Carleen M. Bowers,
• Terrence Oas and
• Stefan Zauscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 464–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.53

• atomic force microscopy; biomolecules; elastic modulus mapping; nanomechanical characterization; self-assembled monolayers; Introduction Mapping the mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus, friction, and adhesion of surfaces and thin films in aqueous (or liquid) environments with nanoscale

Theoretical study of the frequency shift in bimodal FM-AFM by fractional calculus

• Elena T. Herruzo and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 198–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.22

• microscopy (SPAM) [8][28], or by making use of higher harmonics of the oscillation in order to relate the force with the observable quantity through its transfer function [11]. In particular, the torsional-harmonic cantilevers introduced by Sahin et al. allowed the reconstruction of the effective elastic

• modulus of samples in air [14] and liquids [29][30][31]. Bimodal AFM [32][33] is a force-microscopy method that allows quantitative mapping of the sample properties (Figure 1). Bimodal AFM operates by exciting simultaneously the cantilever at its first and second flexural resonances. The technique

Direct monitoring of opto-mechanical switching of self-assembled monolayer films containing the azobenzene group

• Einat Tirosh,
• Enrico Benassi,
• Silvio Pipolo,
• Marcel Mayor,
• Michal Valášek,
• Veronica Frydman,
• Stefano Corni and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 834–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.93

• isomerization of the azo group in such molecules have been examined macroscopically by a number of techniques, modulations of the elastic modulus upon isomerization in self-assembled films were not yet measured directly. Here, we examine the mechanical response upon optical switching of bis[(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl

• ]diazene organized in a self-assembled film on Au islands, using atomic force microscopy. Analysis of higher harmonics by means of a torsional harmonic cantilever allowed real-time extraction of mechanical data. Quantitative analysis of elastic modulus maps obtained simultaneously with topographic images

• bonds and from intermolecular interactions in the film. These results demonstrate the power and insights gained from cutting-edge AFM technologies, and advanced computational methods. Keywords: AFM; azobenzene; elastic modulus; molecular dynamics; nanomechanics; photoswitch; quantum mechanics

Effect of large mechanical stress on the magnetic properties of embedded Fe nanoparticles

• Srinivasa Saranu,
• Sören Selve,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Luyang Han,
• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Paul Ziemann and
• Ulrich Herr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 268–275, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.31

• elastic modulus of the film with the nanoparticles was practically identical to the modulus of Cu, ECu = 110 GPa. The samples were loaded under a hydrogen pressure of 2 bar at a temperature of 100 °C for durations of up to several hours. After each loading cycle, the lattice parameters of the Ta and the

Single-pass Kelvin force microscopy and dC/dZ measurements in the intermittent contact: applications to polymer materials

• Sergei Magonov and
• John Alexander

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 15–27, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.2

• nanomechanical studies is their sensitivity to materials with an elastic modulus below 10 GPa (polymers, biological specimen, etc.) that leaves rigid materials (metals, semiconductors, ceramics, etc.) out of reach. In this situation AFM compositional imaging can be expanded by local electrical techniques that