Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• Ga–In–Sn liquid alloy is smaller than its free surface energy by a factor of two (for SiOx) to eight (for PtSi). Any significant oxide growth upon heating studied was not detected here, and the measured interfacial energies strongly depend on the chemistry of the asperities. We also observe a weak

• -/nanotechnology. The surface chemical composition of the liquid alloy was measured by X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy before and after heating to 100 °C for 3 h. Furthermore, we imaged the nanoscopic asperities after measurements on the metallic liquid alloy by SEM to evidence possible liquid residues. For all

• asperities used in this work, we find that the interfacial tension of the eutectic Ga–In–Sn liquid alloy is smaller than its free surface energy by a factor of two (for SiOx) to eight (for PtSi). While we did not observe any significant oxide growth upon heating, the measured interfacial energies strongly

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• assembled vaccine particles showed improved immunogenicity. Moreover, the activity of the encapsulated OVA and CpG was maintained under enzyme incubation, heating treatment (60 °C for 12 h), or long-term storage (longer than six months) at 25 °C. The efficiency of this strategy encourages large-scale

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• deposited onto cellulose nanofiber templates by the surface sol−gel method according to a previous report (Figure 1a, Figure 1b) [31]. The as-prepared TiO2-gel/cellulose-fiber composite was calcined in air at 450 °C (heating rate: 1 °C/min) for 6 h to give the hierarchical structure of TiO2 nanotubes

• solvothermal reaction was conducted at 160 °C (heating rate: 5 °C/min) for 12 h, and the obtained powder sample was washed several times with ethanol and then dried at 37 °C in vacuum, yielding the 70%−Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposite (Figure 1f). Preparation of control materials In order to further investigate

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• poured into a 200 mL Teflon-lined autoclave for heating at 90 °C for 6 h. After the temperature naturally dropped down to room temperature, the ZnxCoy/CNT precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with methanol, and then dried at 80 °C. After carbonization at 900 °C for 6 h under Ar

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• prepared by heating at 70 °C while stirring the solution with a magnetic stirrer (IKA-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany). Microneedles were prepared via a two-layer centrifugation method, as shown in Figure 1. Briefly, 10 mg CIP and 9 g of aqueous 20% w/w PVA/60% w/w PVP (9:1 weight ratio) or 9 g of 20

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• electrode systems was manufactured as a flexible printed circuit board (DuPont Pyralux AP8535 with 75 µm thickness, double-sided, copper-clad laminate in an all-polyimide composite of polyimide film bonded to copper foil). It contains the heating elements and the temperature sensors for the temperature

• controlling of individual sensing layers. The heating element can also be used for the desorption of measured gases or heating slightly above the ambient temperature in order to reduce temperature fluctuation. The 18 µm thick Cu interdigitated electrodes were covered with a 12 µm thick gold layer to improve

• the corrosion resistance. The width and spacing of interdigitated electrodes are 100 µm. The heating element (surface-mounted device SMD0402 resistor with an electric resistance of 50 Ω) and a platinum temperature sensor (SMD0603 Pt1000) are placed on the bottom side of each sensor by soldering with

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• increasing the electrode gap [54]. Due to the high voltage and the rapid local heating caused by the electrostatic discharge, the burning and melting electrode material will also affect the life cycles of the switch. Using AC voltage can reduce the need for high-temperature resistance of the electrodes. The

• can generate voltages with the help of a single-chip microcomputer containing heating and cooling functions. When the voltage exceeds the PZT cantilever switch pull-in voltage, the switch will be closed to complete the actuator task. In 2020, the authors [100] prepared a high-voltage source with 1.03

Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure

• Damian Wojcieszak,
• Jarosław Domaradzki,
• Michał Mazur,
• Tomasz Kotwica and
• Danuta Kaczmarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21

• vs the substrate. The target–substrate distance was 14 cm. The unbalanced magnetic configuration system was applied. Before the deposition process, the working chamber was pumped to a base pressure of 10−3 Pa. Thin films were sputtered without additional intentional heating of the substrates during

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• and lower hyperthermia efficiency [11]. Indeed, other researchers find that the temperature increase by magnetic hyperthermia is much lower than that of NIR-induced heating, presumably due to the coating layers needed for biological dispersion [12]. Yu et al. first discovered strong photothermal

• synthesized Fe3O4 NPCs was confirmed by the conserved DLS pattern of size distribution after five heating/cooling cycles with a NIR laser (Figure 1e). Altogether, our data confirmed the successful fabrication of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 NPCs that are spherical, uniformly sized and highly absorptive in the NIR

• ) Magnetic hysteresis curves of individual Fe3O4 nanoparticles as well as NPCs. The insert shows aggregation of NPCs dispersed in aqueous solution by a magnet. (d) DLS characterization of NPCs dispersed in cell culture medium. (e) DLS results of NPCs suspension after five heating/cooling cycles. Photothermal

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• attributed to thermally activated domain-wall motion. In another study, it has been demonstrated that ultrafast laser pulses can indeed move magnetic domain walls, which however could not simply be explained by thermal activation due to the transient heating by the laser pulse alone, but had to be attributed

Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene

• Robin Vacher and
• Astrid S. de Wijn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 63–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.4

• into the substrate a bit more than without sliding. We speculate that this may be due to frictional heating, which slightly softens the surface. The indentation depth depends strongly on the load, as expected (Figure 6). At low normal force, the tip with a higher radius penetrates deeper due to

• local frictional heating leading to a change in mechanical properties of the polymer below the tip. In the case of the crumpled graphene sheet (Figure 12), the frictional curve is subject to more fluctuations. The calculation of the average frictional force taken between support displacements of 50 and

• the surface into a layered structure, indicating that the chains tend to align parallel to the surface. During sliding, the tip sinks slowly into the material. We speculate that this is related to frictional heating in the substrate. For the tip of 100 Å, the sliding delivers about 6 kBT/ps of power

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• from the plasma to the film during growth through heating of the substrate and/or via bombardment by energetic particles or post-deposition annealing of the film can be envisaged. More information on thin film deposition (onto solid substrates) by sputtering-based processes can be found in books such

• experimental data regarding the heating of the host liquid when the latter is submitted to a MS plasma [48]. The temperature of 4 mL of castor oil was recorded by inserting two thermocouples at two different positions inside the cup (3 cm in height and 1.25 cm in radius) containing the liquid, during the

• to sputter a 5 cm in diameter copper target. The liquid is placed 10 cm away from the target. The red arrow on the thermograms highlights the presence of a cross-over point when the temperature gradient is reversed during the cooling period (plasma OFF). The heating of the liquid as well as the

Heating ability of elongated magnetic nanoparticles

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova,
• Nikolai A. Usov and
• Vladimir A. Oleinikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1404–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.104

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• range 1–11 THz has been demonstrated for small Bi-2212 mesa structures [14]. The operation of Josephson emitters is limited by two primary obstacles: self-heating and impedance mismatch. Josephson devices stop operating when their temperature exceeds the superconducting critical temperature Tc. Self

• -heating in Bi-2212 mesa structures has been extensively studied [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Although Tc of Bi-2212 may be quite high, up to ≃95 K [28], self-heating is substantial due to the low heat conductance of superconductors. Self-heating limits the maximum bias voltage that

• can be reached without critical overheating of a mesa and, therefore, the maximum achievable frequency and emission power. Furthermore, as pointed out in [40], self-heating creates a general limitation for the maximal achievable emission power for any cryogenic device (not only superconducting

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• ethanol for 48 h on a roller bench with 175 rpm. After drying in ambient air at 70 °C the powder mixture was pressed with an uniaxial press in disc-shaped membranes with d = 20 mm. The discs were sintered with a heating rate of 5 K/min to 1200 °C and a dwell time of 5 h. At the sintering temperature, the

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• obtain uniform heating of substrates and homogeneous films, a rotation of sample holder equal to 1 rpm was employed. All deposition parameters are collected in Table 1. A schematic view of the prepared samples is presented in Figure 1. To analyze the morphology of the plasmonic platforms, a Zeiss

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• increase the metal content up to 80%. Energy transferred into the system by heating or via the electron–molecule interaction activates the desorption of volatile molecules from the surface and leads to rearrangement of the deposited structures. As a result, residual precursor molecules and fragments are

• the annealing includes heating of the deposited structures to high temperature and subsequent slow cooling. During annealing structural and topological changes in the deposit take place. The typical time scale for annealing in experiments varies from minutes to several hours [55][56][57]. Therefore

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• ) have shown the most significant technological progress in display applications. They are incorporated into smart phones, TVs, traffic signals, and medical devices [3]. Similarly, lighting systems employing LED have longer life times (>50000 h), much lower heating effects, ultrafast response times, and

• % since the last decade. These disadvantages can be surmounted by the addition of a current-spreading layer composed of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as GR and CNT [36]. Carbon-based nanostructures play a dual role at the anode. Light-emitting diodes are self-heating, current-sensitive, and luminously

• intensive light sources. They are also highly dependent on ambient temperatures. The lifetime of LED, in particular OLED, is on an average reduced by 30–50% for each 10 °C rise in temperature. Further, self-heating in LED causes degradation of the active region, which further affects the efficiency and the

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• range of medical applications. However, the delivery of therapeutic agents by dissolving or coated microneedles has encountered problems, such as heating of carbohydrates and polymers, which can cause drug breakdown during moulding of microneedles at raised temperatures [36]. Research to overcome these

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• water. The nanoparticles were redispersed using an ultrasonic bath (Sonorex RK512H (860 W, 35 kHz) from Bandelin). A controlled heating rate and temperature in the reaction vessel was achieved by a temperature controller (LTR 3500, Juchheim Solingen). Injections into the reaction vessel were performed

• precursor, an S-OlAm solution, was produced by dissolving 1.5 mmol elemental sulfur in 6 mL OlAm via sonification in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min. Afterward, 25 mL paraffin oil was added. The solution was heated to 150 °C with a heating rate of 3.3 K/min under magnetic stirring (800 rpm). Second, an Sb(III

• mixture was kept under magnetic stirring (800 rpm) at 150 °C for 60 s to 30 h. To stop the reaction, the heating mantle under the reaction vessel was replaced by an ice bath, and 15 mL hexane was injected into the reaction. The received product was precipitated by adding 30 mL IPA and separated by

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• physical and chemical impregnation, mechanical mixing and self-assembly. Straightforward approaches are sulfur melt and vapor impregnation of suitable matrices. These routes require heating to temperatures above the melting (115 °C) and boiling (446 °C) point of sulfur, respectively. While the former

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• CuAc2, NiAc2, CoAc2, and 1.75 mmol TOPO were mixed with 10 mL ODE in a three-neck flask under Ar atmosphere for 30 min. Then the reaction solution was placed in a heating mantle, and the temperature was set to 210 °C. Separately, the sulfur solution was prepared by mixing 0.125 mL DDT with 0.875 mL tert

• stirred for 30 min at this temperature. At the end of synthesis time, the three-neck flask was removed from the heating mantle, and the solution was allowed to cool down to 80 °C. Finally, CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals were precipitated via centrifugation by adding 35 mL toluene and 5 mL ethanol. Fabrication of

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• same time [22][23]. US can activate drug release and delivery through various mechanisms [24]. As the longitudinal pressure wave propagates in a tissue, a fraction of the energy is absorbed by the tissue or by the drug carrier, resulting in local heating [25][26]. Thermosensitive structures can release

• lesions after vaporization of microdroplets or NDs used as cavitation nuclei during HIFU treatment [120][121][122]. In addition to being a relatively time-consuming procedure, HIFU has the risk of promoting off-target heating of healthy surrounding tissue. One possible solution is the use of targeted MBs

• to improve the efficiency of HIFU by decreasing the acoustic energy required to cause heating and lesion formation. Xin et al. used pulsed-wave US and continuous-wave US heating to vaporize perfluoropentane (PFP) droplets for local thermal ablation [123]. They reported that different concentrations

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• and DSC analysis, from room temperature up to 600 °C, at constant heating of 20 °C/min. In order to observe the phases identified in the DSC/TGA measurements, four 10 g samples of HNT-8 were loaded with AgNO3 using the process described in section “Silver nanoparticle synthesis” and heated up to 65

• , 100, 120, 200, 350, 500, and 700 °C, to evaluate the colour changes during heating. Minimal inhibitory concentration test The bactericidal effect of Ag/HNT-8 and Ag/HNT-0 was evaluated by a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The first step was to obtain pure strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC

• different thermodynamic phases, characterized by different TGA/DSC behaviour. The TEM images in Figure 5 are meant to correspond to the phases described in Table 2 with structural changes of the material. The colour change during sample heating is presented in Figure 6 and also correlated to the data in

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• applied to the substrate leads to efficient surface heating and, as a consequence, the induced spatially directed drift of adatoms begins to play a significant role in the formation of surface structures during deposition [8][9][10][11]. Reorganization of the step structure of the adsorbate islands was