Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• of producing high-quality nanometer-scale thin films in an atomic layer-by-layer manner. Compared with other advanced gas-phase thin-film deposition techniques, ALD has several distinct advantages: The films can be deposited with a great control over the film thickness and they are not only pinhole

• was fundamentally broadened by experiments producing organic polymers in the 1990s by a variant of ALD, now commonly known as molecular layer deposition (MLD), named after the molecular layer-by-layer fashion the film grows during the deposition [5][6][7][8][9]. Then – most excitingly – in the late

Optical and structural characterization of oleic acid-stabilized CdTe nanocrystals for solution thin film processing

• Claudio Davet Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Mauricio Ortega-López,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán,
• A. Mauricio Espinoza-Rivas,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• L. Gerardo Silva-Vidaurri,
• Virginia C. Castro-Peña and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 881–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.100

• CIS films for photovoltaic applications. Jasieniak et al. [24] deposited photovoltaic cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin films by using pyridine-capped CdTe nanocrystals. In their approach, CdTe nanocrystals were deposited from solution by a layer-by-layer process with subsequent annealing per layer at 300

Nanostructure sensitization of transition metal oxides for visible-light photocatalysis

• Hongjun Chen and
• Lianzhou Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 696–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.82

• . reported a layer-by-layer self-assembly between positively charged CdS quantum dots and negatively charged exfoliated titanate nanosheets to design noble-metal free photocatalysts. The resultant composites exhibited a much higher photocatalytic H2 production activity than pristine titanate and CdS quantum

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• vascularization and tissue supply with oxygen. Much progress has been achieved in rapid prototyping/3D printing techiques in the last years. 3D printing is a computer-controlled layer-by-layer technology. Thereby a binder (binding solution) is printed into each layer of powder, a step-wise process that finally

Towards precise defect control in layered oxide structures by using oxide molecular beam epitaxy

• Federico Baiutti,
• Georg Christiani and
• Gennady Logvenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 596–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.70

• Federico Baiutti Georg Christiani Gennady Logvenov Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.70 Abstract In this paper we present the atomic-layer-by-layer oxide molecular beam epitaxy (ALL-oxide MBE) which has been recently

• that require higher temperature (typically refractory metals), but in this case the atomic fluxes are less stable. In the field of oxide MBE, a major development was represented by the layer-by-layer deposition scheme, called ALL-oxide MBE, introduced by the Varian group [14][15][16], which enables an

• Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research The oxide MBE system that has been recently acquired by our institute is addressed to the atomic layer-by-layer growth of complex oxides and is equipped with two growth chambers, which are identical in construction and can work in parallel without

Atomic layer deposition, a unique method for the preparation of energy conversion devices

• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 245–248, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.26

• achieves a thin film growth by using well-defined surface chemistry. Two (or more) complementary, quantitative surface reactions performed subsequently and repeated in an alternating manner result in the deposition of a solid in a layer-by-layer fashion [8][9][10]. The surface chemistry is ‘self-limiting

3D-nanoarchitectured Pd/Ni catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition for the electrooxidation of formic acid

• Loïc Assaud,
• Evans Monyoncho,
• Kristina Pitzschel,
• Anis Allagui,
• Matthieu Petit,
• Margrit Hanbücken,
• Elena A. Baranova and
• Lionel Santinacci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 162–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.16

• the NiO/AAO system. However they give valuable information about the nucleation process of the Pd clusters on the NiO and Ni surfaces. Since atomic layer deposition is a self-limiting layer-by-layer process, it is reasonable to assume that the deposition occurs within the AAO/NiO structures but the

Ultramicrosensors based on transition metal hexacyanoferrates for scanning electrochemical microscopy

• Maria A. Komkova,
• Angelika Holzinger,
• Andreas Hartmann,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov,
• Christine Kranz,
• Arkady A. Karyakin and
• Oleg G. Voronin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 649–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.72

• . A further increase of cycles led to a decreased stability. In spite of the good selectivity, PB-based electrodes showed low operational stability in batch measurements (see Table 1). Stabilized sensors were obtained by using a layer-by-layer deposition with mixed layers of PB and Ni–HCF. Ni2+ and Fe

Site-selective growth of surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks on self-assembled monolayer patterns prepared by AFM nanografting

• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Alexander Welle,
• Stefan Heißler,
• Christof Wöll and
• Hartmut Gliemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 638–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.71

• -epitaxial layer-by-layer method (liquid-phase epitaxy, or LPE). The chemical termination of the supporting substrate is crucial, because the most convenient method for substrate modification is the formation of a suitable self-assembled monolayer. The choice of a particular SAM also allows for control over

• recently developed that produces very smooth, homogeneous MOF-coatings. These surface anchored metal–organic frameworks (SURMOFs) exhibit a uniform layer thickness and are fabricated using a novel layer-by-layer (LBL) method [16][17][18][19][20]. This procedure is schematically shown in Figure 1b. First, a

• SURMOF deposition. Figure 5a shows the AFM topography images of a surface area, which was first patterned by grafting three squares of MPA into a DT SAM layer, followed by the layer-by-layer growth of HKUST-1 SURMOF using the spray method. The SURMOF structures in Figure 5a correspond to the elevated

Near-field effects and energy transfer in hybrid metal-oxide nanostructures

• Ulrich Herr,
• Barat Achinuq,
• Cahit Benel,
• Giorgos Papageorgiou,
• Manuel Goncalves,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Peter Marek and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 306–317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.34

• aluminium (TMA) and TTIP sources. In both cases, combination with water vapor allows to grow oxides of the respective metal in a layer by layer mode, and achieve a conformal coating of well-defined thickness in this way. The advantage of the ALD process is that this conformal coating can be achieved without

Continuous parallel ESI-MS analysis of reactions carried out in a bespoke 3D printed device

• Jennifer S. Mathieson,
• Mali H. Rosnes,
• Victor Sans,
• Philip J. Kitson and
• Leroy Cronin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 285–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.31

• conducted in a layer-by-layer fashion, and the device used was printed in polypropylene (PP) by using a 3DTouchTM printer, which deposits layers of thermopolymers through heated extruder nozzles to build the designed reactionware. PP is an attractive material for the fabrication of micro- and milliscale

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• . Chung et al. extended it to aligned MWCNTs samples [87]. The proposed solution consists of a layer-by-layer deposition method, involving alternately the deposition of a thin layer of carbon nanotubes and the exposure of its surface to a CF4 plasma. The advantage of these combined techniques is the

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• exposed to a faster initial load and gives a hint about a non-Newtonian, shear-thinning behaviour [50]. Conclusion Mechanical properties of layer-by-layer assembled PLL/HA films with varied bilayer number were studied by scanning- and colloidal-probe atomic force microscopy. Detailed measurement and data

• response of polymeric films. Experimental Preparation of polyelectrolyte films The polyelectrolyte films PEI–(HA/PLL)n–HA, where n represents the number of deposited polymer pairs, were prepared by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique [1] using a dipping robot (Riegler & Kirstein GmbH, Germany). The films

Plasmonics-based detection of H₂ and CO: discrimination between reducing gases facilitated by material control

• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam,
• Nicholas A. Joy,
• Benjamin Grisafe and
• Michael A. Carpenter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 712–721, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.81

• fabricated through layer-by-layer physical vapor deposition (PVD). The change in the peak position of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) was monitored as a function of time and gas concentration. The responses of the films were preferential towards H2, as observed from the results of exposing the

• determined by statistical algorithms that show the greatest selective detection of the target analytes. In the current work, a Au–YSZ film has been fabricated through a layer-by-layer physical vapor deposition (PVD) procedure, and the response of the film to H2, CO and NO2 at 500 °C has been monitored by

• observing the change in the position of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak. This work employs a layer-by-layer approach, meaning that the Au was first deposited and annealed to form nanoparticles and was then followed by the deposition and annealing of the YSZ capping layer. The metal-oxide

Probing three-dimensional surface force fields with atomic resolution: Measurement strategies, limitations, and artifact reduction

• Mehmet Z. Baykara,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren,
• Todd C. Schwendemann,
• Harry Mönig,
• Eric I. Altman and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 637–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.73

• -dimensional ∆f(x, y, z) array may be recorded layer-by-layer, by combining a series of topographical or constant-height NC-AFM images that contain ∆f(x, y) information for certain tip–sample distances z [9][11][20][23][24]. A subset of this method involves recording the frequency shift along a single line as

• unit cell in the time required to collect an image, are also potentially problematic and in some cases limit layer-by-layer data acquisition to low temperatures [23]. An alternative approach to x–y drift correction involves manual post-data-acquisition shifting of images acquired by the layer-by-layer

• method [11]. In this approach, consecutive images that are part of the layer-by-layer dataset are laterally shifted against each other such that individual maxima in the images are aligned on top of one another. After all images in the dataset have been aligned accordingly, the (x, y) region common to

Horizontal versus vertical charge and energy transfer in hybrid assemblies of semiconductor nanoparticles

• Gilad Gotesman,
• Rahamim Guliamov and
• Ron Naaman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 629–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.72

• [10], or TiO2 devices [11][12] as the conductive substrates, have also been reported. Long-range resonance energy transfer was shown in mixtures of donor and acceptor close-packed arrays of NPs (quantum dot solids, QDS) [13][14][15]. Furthermore, studies on multilayered NP arrays, prepared by layer-by

• -layer electrostatic assembly (LBL) or Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) techniques, showed that the NPs funnel the absorbed energy from larger bandgap NPs to smaller ones [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Buhbut et al. even used NPs as nano-antennas in dye-sensitized solar cells. The NPs transfer the absorbed light

The oriented and patterned growth of fluorescent metal–organic frameworks onto functionalized surfaces

• Jinliang Zhuang,
• Jasmin Friedel and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 570–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.66

• monolayers (SAMs) are a powerful tool due to the flexibility regarding the functional groups that they expose, which in turn permit a remarkable control over the growth of SURMOFs. In particular, by using a step-wise layer-by-layer procedure, it has been demonstrated that SAMs cannot only control the spatial

• ][30], electrochemical deposition [33], gel-layer deposition [35], spin-coating deposition from a precursor solution [17][45], Langmuir–Blodgett based layer-by-layer method [34][46], and direct step-wise layer-by-layer growth [29][31][44][47][48]. Of these, the latter method is particular suitable

• -exposed areas, significantly enhancing the exchange rate during the following immersion into the 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA) solution. These carboxyl-terminated areas then acted as nucleation sites for the growth of the SURMOF, again by the layer-by-layer method. As shown in the optical micrograph

Macromolecular shape and interactions in layer-by-layer assemblies within cylindrical nanopores

• Thomas D. Lazzara,
• K. H. Aaron Lau,
• Wolfgang Knoll,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Claudia Steinem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 475–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.54

• of Technology, Donau City Str. 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.3.54 Abstract Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyelectrolytes and proteins within the cylindrical nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes was

• . Keywords: avidin-biotin; dendrimers; nanoporous substrates; optical lightmode waveguide spectroscopy; polyelectrolytes; Introduction Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition is a versatile technique [1][2] to create functional submicrometer thin films and consists of the sequential deposition of functional

• to the experimentally observed changes of the dielectric constant, providing an average adlayer thickness on the inner pore walls (see Experimental) [22][23]. Layer-by-layer growth The influence of the geometric confinement on the LbL process was elucidated by comparing the deposition of different

Dipole-driven self-organization of zwitterionic molecules on alkali halide surfaces

• Laurent Nony,
• Franck Bocquet,
• Franck Para,
• Frédéric Chérioux,
• Eric Duverger,
• Frank Palmino,
• Vincent Luzet and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 285–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.32

• directional, as for example by H-bonding [11] or by covalent bonding [12][13], layer-by-layer growth or even one-dimensional growth [14] was observed. When the MS interaction dominates, monolayer (ML) growth can be obtained more easily. For example, a few systems have been reported in which a metastable phase

Variations in the structure and reactivity of thioester functionalized self-assembled monolayers and their use for controlled surface modification

• Inbal Aped,
• Yacov Mazuz and
• Chaim N. Sukenik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 213–220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.24

• to carboxylic acids [11][12]. All three of these functionalized surfaces could not have been deposited directly since the requisite silanes would not have been stable. Layer-by-layer [13] and modular assembly [14] of sulfonic acid surfaces with a lower degree of order and uniformity has also been

Mechanical characterization of carbon nanomembranes from self-assembled monolayers

• Xianghui Zhang,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 826–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.92

• nanodevices from freestanding nanomembranes. A variety of approaches to fabricate nanomembranes has been tested: Spin-assisted layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly [3][4]; spin-coating of organic–inorganic hybrid films with an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure [5][6]; cross-linking of ligand-stabilized

Self-assembly at solid surfaces

• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Jacob Sagiv

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 824–825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.91

• techniques. The term self-assembling monolayer was thus coined with reference to the planned layer-by-layer assembly of organized films thicker than a single monolayer [2]. These directions, which gained momentum in the 1980s and continue strongly today, are forging new avenues of development. With the

Lifetime analysis of individual-atom contacts and crossover to geometric-shell structures in unstrained silver nanowires

• Christian Obermair,
• Holger Kuhn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 740–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.81

• point contacts obtained by electrochemical deposition allowed the direct observation of the fingerprints of atom-by-atom and subsequent layer-by-layer growth of the metallic point contacts. We gave a complete quantitative description of the different stages of nanowire growth: First, individual-atomic

Recrystallization of tubules from natural lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) wax on a Au(111) surface

• Sujit Kumar Dora and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 261–267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.30

• ., 200, 220, 260, 280 and 300 nm) as observed in our experiments. Such variations in the outer diameter can also be found on a number of different substrates, e.g., glassy carbon, mica, glass, etc., as was also observed in our experiments. Figure 2a shows an initial stage of layer by layer growth of a

Electrochemical behavior of dye-linked L-proline dehydrogenase on glassy carbon electrodes modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes

• Haitao Zheng,
• Leyi Lin,
• Yosuke Okezaki,
• Ryushi Kawakami,
• Haruhiko Sakuraba,
• Toshihisa Ohshima,
• Keiichi Takagi and
• Shin-ichiro Suye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 135–141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.16

• ) from hyperthermophilic archaeon (Thermococcus profundus) was used to fabricate L-proline sensor based electrodes modified by layer-by-layer self-assembly immobilization of dye-linked L-proDH and ferrocene-labeled redox polyelectrolytes [9][28], which exhibited an amperometric current response to L