Fundamental properties of high-quality carbon nanofoam: from low to high density

• Natalie Frese,
• Shelby Taylor Mitchell,
• Christof Neumann,
• Amanda Bowers,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Klaus Sattler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.197

• sponges [17]. Carbon nanofoams have first been produced using pulsed laser ablation of glassy carbon in argon atmosphere [18] and later, as graphite in liquid nitrogen [19]. Pulsed-laser deposition has also been used for the fabrication of carbon nanofoam electrodes [20]. Carbon nanotube foam in the form

• of aligned layered carbon nanotube structures infiltrated with pyrolytic carbon is considered useful in water treatment and oil spill cleanup [21]. Carbon nanofoam paper [22] is proposed for energy storage applications. Carbon nanofoam composites may be used for electrochemical capacitor electrodes

• ], nanoporous carbons [46], carbon nanotube scaffolds [47], and carbon foams [48][49]. The densities of these carbon materials are significantly lower compared to “heavy carbons” such as pristine graphite (2.26 g·cm−3), CVD grown carbon films (2.14 g·cm−3 [50]), or carbon nanotube forests (1.6 to 0.38 g·cm−3

A dioxaborine cyanine dye as a photoluminescence probe for sensing carbon nanotubes

• Mohammed Al Araimi,
• Petro Lutsyk,
• Anatoly Verbitsky,
• Yuri Piryatinski,
• Mykola Shandura and
• Aleksey Rozhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1991–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.190

• the PL detection towards the nanotube diameters. The energy diagram shown at the right-hand side of Figure 2a represents a two-component system consisting of the anionic surfactant SDBS and the SWNTs in water, where the anionic surfactant forms micelles around the nanotubes having typical exciton

• -covalent attachment of the dye to the nanotube results in the efficient RET at the excitation wavelength in the range of 700–760 nm and a strong redshift of the E11 levels (to E*11) in the NIR range (Table 1). The excitation energy of DOB-719 in this range (EDye) is transferred to the SWNT levels (E*11

• the nanotubes is diluted [25]. In the complex of DOB-719 with SWNT, the local increase of εbg can result from (i) a better access of water to the SWNTs and/or (ii) polar groups of the dye getting in close proximity to the nanotube surface. Thus, the nanotube transitions at E11 show significant

Nanoanalytics for materials science

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1674–1675, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.159

• co-workers [6]. Finally, Mirzaei and Kiani described the vibration behavior of carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite structures highlighting the importance but also the feasibility of theoretical approaches in complex nanoanalytical studies [7]. Finally, we want to express our thanks to all authors

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• the feature geometry and size. Some studies reported that proliferation of SMCs was negatively affected by PDMS microgrooves [204][205] and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotube surfaces [31]. However, nanopits positively regulated SMC proliferation and gene expression [30]. In other studies, human SMCs from

• regulated their gene expression [197]. On titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotube surfaces, vascular SMCs expressed more SMC α-actin (a marker of differentiation) [129]. YAP/TAZ (Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) is a protein complex that induces the expression of

The effect of dry shear aligning of nanotube thin films on the photovoltaic performance of carbon nanotube–silicon solar cells

• Benedikt W. Stolz,
• Daniel D. Tune and
• Benjamin S. Flavel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1486–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.141

• South Australia, Adelaide 5042, Australia 10.3762/bjnano.7.141 Abstract Recent results in the field of carbon nanotube–silicon solar cells have suggested that the best performance is obtained when the nanotube film provides good coverage of the silicon surface and when the nanotubes in the film are

• aligned parallel to the surface. The recently developed process of dry shear aligning – in which shear force is applied to the surface of carbon nanotube thin films in the dry state, has been shown to yield nanotube films that are very flat and in which the surface nanotubes are very well aligned in the

• direction of shear. It is thus reasonable to expect that nanotube films subjected to dry shear aligning should outperform otherwise identical films formed by other processes. In this work, the fabrication and characterisation of carbon nanotube–silicon solar cells using such films is reported, and the

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

• Mengting Liu,
• Wenhe Xie,
• Lili Gu,
• Tianfeng Qin,
• Xiaoyi Hou and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

• combing pompon-like MnO nanocrystallites with carbon nanotube scaffolds [12]. Wang et al. and Zhao et al. claimed that the electrospun MnO–C composite nanofibers preformed high reversible capacities of 663 and 1082 mAh g−1, respectively, at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 [5][13]. On the whole, hybridizing

Fabrication and characterization of branched carbon nanostructures

• Sharali Malik,
• Yoshihiro Nemoto,
• Hongxuan Guo,
• Katsuhiko Ariga and
• Jonathan P. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1260–1266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.116

• electronic properties, it is well known that in carbon nanotube networks the junction resistance controls the overall performance [17]. Therefore, in addition to b-MWCNTs/composite applications, the enhanced electrical properties of networks arising within this new material has major potential benefits for

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• in the hexagonal lattice along the vectors a1 and a2, respectively [40]. If n = m, the nanotube is called “armchair”. If m = 0, it is called “zigzag”, and in all other cases it is chiral. The chirality affects the transport properties, especially electronic properties. If (2n + m) is a multiple of 3

• , the nanotube exhibits electron transport properties of a metal, while it behaves as a semiconductor if above condition is not satisfied. The semiconducting CNTs have varying bandgaps [36]. The bandgap for semi-conducting CNT is inversely proportional to the diameter of nanotube. The values of about

• (ABS) at 260 °C. Pellets were made from the extrudate and test samples were made by injection molding. TEM revealed a very good dispersion of the nanotubes [59]. The nanotube powder may adhere to walls of the mixer making shear mixing difficult. A combination of melting and solution techniques could be

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

• Wanggang Zhang,
• Yiming Liu,
• Diaoyu Zhou,
• Hui Wang,
• Wei Liang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.105

• the outmost surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Probably there are hardly any Ag nanocrystals formed inside the TiO2 nanotubes through the migration of Ag. Keywords: activation energy; fast diffusion; magnetron sputtering; silver; TiO2 nanotube; Introduction Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has gained great attention

• -dimensional structures. To increase the electric performance of TiO2, TiO2-based materials have been developed by incorporating metal nanoparticles in TiO2 nanotube arrays, using electrochemical deposition [21], irradiation of microwave [22], reduction [23], and sol–gel process [24], which involve the use of

• aqueous solutions. In addition, the technique of magnetron sputtering has been used to deposit Ag nanostructures on the surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays. It is worth mentioning that Enachi et al. [25] heat-treated the TiO2 nanotube arrays after the deposition of Ag film of 50 nm on the top surface of TiO2

Voltammetric determination of polyphenolic content in pomegranate juice using a poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

• Refat Abdel-Hamid and
• Emad F. Newair

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1104–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.103

• Refat Abdel-Hamid Emad F. Newair Unit of Electrochemistry Applications (UEA), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt 10.3762/bjnano.7.103 Abstract A simple and sensitive poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (PGA

• modified with a multiwalled carbon nanotube/o-dianisidine derivative [11] and a molecularly imprinted polypyrrole polymer-based film [12] were used for gallic acid analysis with high selectivity. A bimediator amperometric sensor for gallic acid was fabricated by surface modification of a graphite electrode

• ][25][26][27], the objective of present study is to develop a sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of the total phenolic content using poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube/glassy carbon electrode (PGA/MWCNT/GCE) electrochemical sensor. The polymer may overcome the slow mass

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• agent candidates based on the studies presented here and supported by appropriate theories. Keywords: carbon nanotube hybrids; contrast agent; molecular probe; multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); relaxation; Introduction The interdisciplinary character of

• ligand was coupled with a lipid chain, which was expected to enhance adsorption on the surface of the nanotube. The heptadentate DTPA ligand (L1), in turn, secured permanent coordination of Gd3+ in the new hybrid Gd-L1/MWCNT#Richard. Vittorio non-covalently combined pristine MWCNT with mesenchymal stem

• °C) allowed for the production of hybrids uniformly coated with metallic superparamagnets, yet an increased temperature was responsible for agglomeration of the nanoparticles on the nanotube walls. Yin, finally, presented a method of SPIO deposition by thermal decomposition of ferrocene under aerobic

Photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube/cubic-phase HfO₂ nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposites

• Protima Rauwel,
• Augustinas Galeckas,
• Martin Salumaa,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Erwan Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1075–1085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.101

• moieties [34]. Furthermore, certain defects also produce nanotube curvature, which in turn creates π-orbital mismatch and consequently creates more active sites on the CNT. In any case, the presence of these defects is known to affect the band structure of the carbon nanotubes and thus can be studied by

• atomic column resolution, even after 2 h of sonication. In Figure 1e, a defective nanotube presenting successive kinks is shown with the HfO2 nanoparticles preferentially attached around the kinked area. A HRSTEM image in one such buckled/kinked regions of the MWCNT is illustrated in Figure 1f, where the

• nanotube structure, thus optical absorption and emission spectroscopy allow identification of the CNT chirality and diameter as well as quality in terms of nontubular carbon content and structural defects. The characterization of multiwalled CNTs, however, is challenging because of the involvement of

Signal enhancement in cantilever magnetometry based on a co-resonantly coupled sensor

• Julia Körner,
• Christopher F. Reiche,
• Thomas Gemming,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Gerald Gerlach and
• Thomas Mühl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1033–1043, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.96

• interplay between the oscillations of the two cantilevers, allowing for a detection of interactions between the sensitive nanocantilever and external influences in the amplitude response curve of the microcantilever. In our magnetometry experiment we used an iron-filled carbon nanotube acting simultaneously

• of our sensor design but also its potential for very sensitive magnetometry measurements while maintaining a facile oscillation detection with a conventional microcantilever setup. Keywords: cantilever magnetometry; coupled oscillator; iron-filled carbon nanotube; magnetometry; signal enhancement

• the anisotropy field of the sample Ha, so Equation 2 reads: This equation can be used as a good approximation for the iron-filled carbon nanotube samples which are presented in this publication. However, please note that other samples might exhibit more complex magnetic configurations, as for example

Reorientation of single-wall carbon nanotubes in negative anisotropy liquid crystals by an electric field

• Amanda García-García,
• Ricardo Vergaz,
• José F. Algorri,
• Gianluigi Zito,
• Teresa Cacace,
• Antigone Marino,
• José M. Otón and
• Morten A. Geday

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 825–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.74

• of the SWCNT-doped LC cell allows for the detection of the individual nanotubes or nanotube aggregates. The Raman spectra of the SWCNTs and LC device are studied to find the peaks related to each. The peaks at 1592 cm−1 (G-band) and 2647 cm−1 (G’-band) belong to SWCNTs [22]. In order to detect the LC

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• performed for supported model membranes containing the drug delivered in the two investigated forms revealed that the surface concentration of the drug-nanotube adduct in supported monolayers is comparable to the reported surface concentration of the free DNR incorporated into DPPTE monolayers on gold

• dissolved in the subphase, on which monolayers of DPPTE were formed. In case of DNR attached to carbon nanotubes, it was impossible to dissolve the carbon nanotube adducts in the subphase due to their insufficient solubility in water. Therefore, the mixed layers composed of DPPTE and SWCNTs-DNR adduct were

• nanotube adduct was mixed with thiolipid and administered as a mixture at the air–water interface), which makes the direct comparison more difficult, some interesting and new insight into such interactions may be still provided. It can be clearly observed that in the presence of daunorubicin in a free form

Free vibration of functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite plates with cutout

• Mostafa Mirzaei and
• Yaser Kiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 511–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.45

• exceptional reinforcement for composites. For this reason, a large number of investigations have been devoted to analysis of fundamental, structural behavior of solid structures made of carbon-nanotube-reinforced composites (CNTRC). The present research, as an extension of the available works on the vibration

• -nanotube-reinforced composite; Ritz method; Introduction Plates with cutouts are extensively used in automotive and aircraft structures. Cutouts may be of rectangular, circular, elliptical, super elliptical or polygonal shape. Due to the complicated configuration of a plate with a cutout, there is

• -mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted increasing attention in the past decades. CNTs are a promising candidate for the reinforcement of the matrix phase in a composite. Kwon et al. [1] reported that using a powder metallurgy fabrication process, carbon-nanotube-reinforced composites

Charge and heat transport in soft nanosystems in the presence of time-dependent perturbations

• Alberto Nocera,
• Carmine Antonio Perroni,
• Vincenzo Marigliano Ramaglia and
• Vittorio Cataudella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 439–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.39

• results on carbon nanotube electromechanical devices working in the semiclassical regime (resonator frequencies in the megahertz range compared to an electronic hopping frequency of the order of tens of gigahertz) with extremely high quality factors. The nonlinear vibrational regime induced by the

• mechanical resonance making single-parameter adiabatic charge pumping feasible in carbon nanotube resonators. The pumping mechanism that we observe is different from that acting in the two parameter pumping and, instead, it is based on an important dynamic adjustment of the mechanical motion of the nanotube

• electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom. Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are devices similar to molecular junctions. Typically, they consist of a nanobeam resonator that is coupled to an electronic quantum dot junction. Famous examples of NEMS are suspended carbon nanotube (CNT) resonators, which

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• because it strongly affects the electronic properties of the SWNTs. For a given (n, m) nanotube, if n = m, the nanotube is metallic; in all other cases, the nanotube is semiconducting with the remarkable situation that when (n − m) is a multiple of 3, the nanotube has a very small band gap [45]. It was

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• performed using plasma treatment in a magnetron sputtering chamber with fluorine diluted in an argon atmosphere with an Ar/F2 ratio of 95:5. The effect of heavily diluted fluorine in the precursor gas mixture is investigated by evaluating the modifications in the nanotube structure and the electronic

• native SiO2, next, a 6 nm Fe layer was then added on top of the Al2O3 buffer layer to form (after annealing) nanoparticles which catalyze the nanotube growth. For the vCNTs growth, the catalyst was placed inside the reactor, heated to 750 °C at atmospheric pressure under Ar flow (120 sccm), then an

• are reported in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1). The grafting of fluorine species on the carbon nanotube surface induces modifications in the C 1s lineshape (Figure 1a). We observe that, compared to the pristine spectrum, the spectrum recorded after fluorination shows new structures at

Influence of wide band gap oxide substrates on the photoelectrochemical properties and structural disorder of CdS nanoparticles grown by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Alexander V. Mazanik,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Еugene А. Streltsov and
• Anatoly I. Kulak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2252–2262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.231

• 105 ± 12 m2/g for ZnO. The specific surface area estimated from SEM images for the TiO2 nanotube array is about 20 m2/g. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrates that In2O3, ZnO, and TiO2 crystallize in the cubic, hexagonal, and anatase modifications, respectively, after the heat treatment

• for the different WBGOs (Figure 2d). Particularly, for TiO2/CdS, the maximum is shifted towards larger N, and the IPCE values obtained are smaller as compared with the ZnO/CdS and In2O3/CdS heterostructures. This result can be attributed to the fact that the specific area of the TiO2 nanotube array is

• . The synthesis of the titanium dioxide nanotube arrays was carried out in a two-electrode electrochemical cell by anodization of metallic titanium with a graphite counter electrode in an aqueous electrolyte containing 1 mol/L (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 mol/L NH4F and 0.2 mol/L H2C2O4 with pH 2.8 (corrected with

Development of a novel nanoindentation technique by utilizing a dual-probe AFM system

• Eyup Cinar,
• Ferat Sahin and
• Dalia Yablon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2015–2027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.205

• sensor owing to the very high quality factors of tuning forks. They perform in situ nanoindentation experiments on multi-walled carbon nanotube bundles, however, the displacement data is only obtained from the SEM images limiting the high accuracy of displacement reading and the true depth sensing during

How decision analysis can further nanoinformatics

• Matthew E. Bates,
• Sabrina Larkin,
• Jeffrey M. Keisler and
• Igor Linkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1594–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.162

• , where the marginal returns to additional information diminish to less than the marginal cost of obtaining that information [19]. In a case study from Linkov et al., an MCDA framework evaluates four alternative technologies for single wall carbon nanotube synthesis and a VOI model prioritizes further

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• reduction of the resolving power. Using a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) for demonstration, a high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image acquired at 200 kV using a conventional FEI Tecnai G2 microscope is shown in Figure 2a, where the spatial resolution is about 1.5 Å. When the accelerating voltage is lowered

• anisotropy of the atomic displacement threshold [32][41][42]. The scattering geometry naturally contributes to the variation of the knock-on threshold depending on the nanotube diameter [33]. As shown in Figure 3a, CNTs invariably have a lower knock-on threshold than graphene, whereas the CNTs of smaller

• chirality (Figure 5a), a displacement map can be obtained (Figure 5c–d) at picometer precision, which further reveals the strain distribution. Strain induced by bending can be mapped in two dimensions, and further proposed to be a dominant non-uniform shear strain. The strain in the nanotube is associated

Using natural language processing techniques to inform research on nanotechnology

• Nastassja A. Lewinski and
• Bridget T. McInnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.149

• available online. TechPerceptor TechPerceptor is a text mining tool to conduct patent analysis and generate a patent map based on a subject–action–object (SAO) approach [26][27][28]. Their training corpus consisted of 136 patents and was initially analyzed for trends in carbon nanotube synthesis methods [26

Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition

• Klara Altintoprak,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alexander Welle,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Nina Stitz,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Joachim Bill,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Holger Jeske,
• Dirk Rothenstein,
• Fania Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145

• average diameters of about 29 ± 2 nm, which did not further increase upon extended incubation. At the same time, granular SiO2 deposits began to differentiate on the nanotube surfaces, rendering them less smooth than during earlier stages. The overall diameter, that is, the height of TMV–KD10-templated