Enhanced model for determining the number of graphene layers and their distribution from X-ray diffraction data

• Beti Andonovic,
• Abdulakim Ademi,
• Anita Grozdanov,
• Perica Paunović and
• Aleksandar T. Dimitrov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2113–2122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.216

• solution using a nonstationary current regime (reverse potential, from 1 to 5 V, in molten salt electrolysis, and from 10 to 15 V, in aqueous solution, controlled by a molybdenum quasi-reference electrode and a calomel reference electrode). The study was done at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C in

Nanostructured superhydrophobic films synthesized by electrodeposition of fluorinated polyindoles

• Gabriela Ramos Chagas,
• Thierry Darmanin and
• Frédéric Guittard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2078–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.212

• -electrode while saturated calomel (SCE) was taken as reference electrode. The electrolyte used was a 0.1 mol solution of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (Bu4NClO4) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Before the electrodeposition, the solution was degassed under argon and 0.01 mol of monomer was introduced. After the

Electrochemical behavior of polypyrrol/AuNP composites deposited by different electrochemical methods: sensing properties towards catechol

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Cristina Medina-Plaza,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• Yolanda Blanco,
• José Antonio de Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2052–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.209

• electrode surfaces. Electropolymerization methods The auxiliary electrode was a conventional Pt electrode. The reference electrode was an Ag/AgCl electrode in a 3 mol/L KCl solution. Pt and stainless steel 316L (SS) disks (1 mm diameter) were used as working electrodes. The disks were polished with 0.3 µm

• electrochemical experiments. The reference electrode was Ag/AgCl/KCl 3 mol/L and the counter electrode was a platinum wire. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out at room temperature with a scan rate of 0.1 V/s in the potential range between −1.0 V and 0.8 V (vs Ag/AgCl) except otherwise indicated. Calibration curves

Comprehensive characterization and understanding of micro-fuel cells operating at high methanol concentrations

• Aldo S. Gago,
• Juan-Pablo Esquivel,
• Neus Sabaté,
• Joaquín Santander and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2000–2006, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.203

• .6.203 Abstract We report on the analysis of the performance of each electrode of an air-breathing passive micro-direct methanol fuel cell (µDMFC) during polarization, stabilization and discharge, with CH3OH (2–20 M). A reference electrode with a microcapillary was used for separately measuring the anode

• analyses reported in this work become relevant for improving the design and performance of passive micro-fuel cells. Without the use of a reference electrode, the conclusions previously discussed could only be speculated. Conclusion The electrode performance of an air-breathing passive micro-direct

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• employed to perform the electrochemical experiments. Each SPCE comprises of a 3 mm disk used as a carbon working electrode, a printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a carbon counter-electrode. SEM micrographs and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were recorded using a FEI Quanta 650 FEG

Surface engineering of nanoporous substrate for solid oxide fuel cells with atomic layer-deposited electrolyte

• Sanghoon Ji,
• Waqas Hassan Tanveer,
• Wonjong Yu,
• Sungmin Kang,
• Gu Young Cho,
• Sung Han Kim,
• Jihwan An and
• Suk Won Cha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1805–1810, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.184

• (597A, Aremco Products, Inc., USA) and a 0.5 mm-thick silver wire, while the cathode was contacted using a hardened-steel tip with a radius of 0.19 mm probe moved by a XYZ stage. Electrochemical characterization was performed in the two-electrode configuration without a reference electrode. EIS analysis

Formation of substrate-based gold nanocage chains through dealloying with nitric acid

• Ziren Yan,
• Ying Wu and
• Junwei Di

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.140

• calomel electrode (SCE) as reference electrode. Prior to deposition, the glasses were cleaned using dilute NH3·H2O, ethanol, and water for 10 min sequentially in an ultrasonic bath. Then the ITO strip was put into 0.2 mM AgNO3 and 0.1 M KNO3 and the Ag nanoseeds were deposited on the ITO surface by a

Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes

• Ina Schubert,
• Loic Burr,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131

• nanowires in the pores of the template was performed in a three-electrode set-up using a potentiostat (GAMRY Instruments, Reference 600TM) and a platinum wire as counter electrode. All potentials given here are reported versus the reference electrode, being Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl). Before starting the deposition

• results and discussion section [51]. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) were recorded applying a scan rate of 30 mV/s and a step size of 5 mV. Counter electrode and reference electrode are the same as given above. The geometric area of the membrane used for deposition and the CVs was about 0.5 cm2, which

Charge carrier mobility and electronic properties of Al(Op)₃: impact of excimer formation

• Andrea Magri,
• Pascal Friederich,
• Bernhard Schäfer,
• Valeria Fattori,
• Xiangnan Sun,
• Timo Strunk,
• Velimir Meded,
• Luis E. Hueso,
• Wolfgang Wenzel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1107–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.112

• Cyclic voltammetry was performed using an Autolab PGSTAT10 potentiostat in a three-electrode single-compartment cell with a glassy carbon working electrode, an Ag/AgCl pseudo-reference electrode and a platinum wire as an auxiliary electrode, in an inert argon atmosphere. Tetrabutylammonium

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

• Nikolay Podgaynyy,
• Sabine Wezisla,
• Christoph Molls,
• Shahid Iqbal and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

• flame annealing to red heat for two minutes. The crystal was cooled in argon atmosphere and brought into contact with the deaerated solution at room temperature. All potentials were measured and are quoted with respect to a Cu/Cu2+ reference electrode. Cleanliness was controlled by cyclic voltammetry in

Applications of three-dimensional carbon nanotube networks

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Francesco De Nicola,
• Ilaria Cacciotti,
• Francesca Nanni,
• Emanuela Gatto,
• Mariano Venanzi and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 792–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.82

• measurements: Photo-electrochemical measurements were carried out at room temperature with a standard three-arm photo-electrochemical cell, using a platinum (Pt) wire as the counter electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode and the sample as working electrode. Measurements have

Simple approach for the fabrication of PEDOT-coated Si nanowires

• Mingxuan Zhu,
• Marielle Eyraud,
• Judikael Le Rouzo,
• Nadia Ait Ahmed,
• Florence Boulc’h,
• Claude Alfonso,
• Philippe Knauth and
• François Flory

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 640–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.65

• and 50 s. The addition of IPA was used to reduce the tapering rate [29]. Core–shell structure realization The PEDOT deposition was conducted in an electrochemical cell with a three-electrode configuration. The reference electrode was Ag/AgCl and the counter electrode was a platinum plate. All the

• potentials were indicated versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode (EAg/AgCl = 0.192 V/SHE). A disc of vitreous carbon or the n-type SiNW array was set as the working electrode. For the latter, an illumination source consisting of a 150 W halogen lamp was used during the PEDOT polymerization to render the n

A scanning probe microscope for magnetoresistive cantilevers utilizing a nested scanner design for large-area scans

• Tobias Meier,
• Alexander Förste,
• Ali Tavassolizadeh,
• Karsten Rott,
• Dirk Meyners,
• Roland Gröger,
• Günter Reiss,
• Eckhard Quandt,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 451–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.46

• magnetization of the other electrode should remain in its initial orientation. Therefore, the MTJ has to be integrated into a TMR stack, which includes contact electrodes and a pinning mechanism to fix the magnetization of one reference electrode while the second sense electrode is free to rotate. To fix the

Electrical properties of single CdTe nanowires

• Elena Matei,
• Camelia Florica,
• Andreea Costas,
• María Eugenia Toimil-Molares and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 444–450, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.45

• uncovered side facing the electrolyte. A potentiostat (Parstat 2272) was employed for controlling the deposition process in a three-electrode setup. The reference electrode was a commercial, saturated calomel electrode and the counter electrode was a 4 cm2 platinum foil. A double-walled glass beaker was

Kelvin probe force microscopy in liquid using electrochemical force microscopy

• Liam Collins,
• Stephen Jesse,
• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Alexander Tselev,
• M. Baris Okatan,
• Sergei V. Kalinin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 201–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.19

• (isopropanol) (≥99.7%, Sigma-Aldrich) and deionized water (milli-Q, Gradient A10, resistance of 18.2 MΩ∙cm) was used for measurements reported in polar solvents. CV traces were collected using a potentiostat (Biologic, SP300) and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Aω recorded in air (red) and milli-Q water (blue

Characterization of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers and their use in metal–insulator–metal tunnel devices

• Saumya Sharma,
• Mohamad Khawaja,
• Manoj K. Ram,
• D. Yogi Goswami and
• Elias Stefanakos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2240–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.233

• the counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode in a 0.01 M HCl electrolyte solution. The electrochemical measurements were made using a Voltalab PGZ301 system. MIM diode: In this experiment, 50 nm of Ni was sputtered onto a silicon wafer with a passivating surface layer of silicon

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

•  1. Usually, the photoelectrochemical measurements of graphene-based hybrid materials with photoactive organic electron donors are carried out in a three-compartment cell using a potentiostat, employing a saturated calomel reference electrode, a working electrode and a Pt wire gauze counter electrode

Nanocavity crossbar arrays for parallel electrochemical sensing on a chip

• Enno Kätelhön,
• Dirk Mayer,
• Marko Banzet,
• Andreas Offenhäusser and
• Bernhard Wolfrum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1137–1143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.124

• either −200 mV or 600 mV. All measurements are performed after a equilibration time of 10 s, while the potential of the solution is controlled through an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Illustration of the two modes of operation: a) Sequential data acquisition: Each intersection is read out sequentially. b

Pyrite nanoparticles as a Fenton-like reagent for in situ remediation of organic pollutants

• Carolina Gil-Lozano,
• Elisabeth Losa-Adams,
• Alfonso F.-Dávila and
• Luis Gago-Duport

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 855–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.97

• powder was deposited onto silicone strips as a thin film of particles, and the strips were then adhered to the inner reactor walls. The pH was monitored by a glass pH-meter (Vernier FPH-BTA) with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The temporal change in the H2O2 concentration in solution was monitored by an

• : 0.1 μM) with a response time of less than 5 s. The signal was amplified with a picoamperemeter (Apollo 4000 Free Radical Analyzer, World Precision Instruments). Measurements were taken by using a polarization voltage of 0.4 V versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Simultaneous to H2O2 generation, the

Enhancement of photocatalytic H₂ evolution of eosin Y-sensitized reduced graphene oxide through a simple photoreaction

• Weiying Zhang,
• Yuexiang Li,
• Shaoqin Peng and
• Xiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 801–811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.92

• with a glassy carbon electrode (diameter 2 mm) as the working electrode, a platinum wire as the counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode. The electrolyte was a solution of 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7), 0.1 M KCl, 10 mM K3Fe(CN)6 and 10 mM K4Fe(CN)6

Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of carbon nitride and sulfur-doped carbon nitride heterojunction nanosheets: An efficient heterojunction photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical applications

• Hua Bing Tao,
• Hong Bin Yang,
• Jiazang Chen,
• Jianwei Miao and
• Bin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 770–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.89

• , CH Instrument Inc., USA) in a standard three-electrode setup with a Pt plate as the counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. In all cases, 0.2 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution (pH 6.8) was used as the electrolyte. Prior to each measurement, the electrolyte was deaerated by continuously

Shape-selected nanocrystals for in situ spectro-electrochemistry studies on structurally well defined surfaces under controlled electrolyte transport: A combined in situ ATR-FTIR/online DEMS investigation of CO electrooxidation on Pt

• Sylvain Brimaud,
• Zenonas Jusys and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 735–746, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.86

• conducted in O2-free 0.5 M H2SO4 supporting electrolyte, and freshly prepared from ultrapure water (MilliQ®, 18 MΩ cm) and conc. H2SO4 (Suprapur, Merk). A home-made hydrogen reference electrode (RHE) served as reference electrode, and all potentials given in the paper are referenced versus RHE, a gold foil

Analytical development and optimization of a graphene–solution interface capacitance model

• Hediyeh Karimi,
• Rasoul Rahmani,
• Reza Mashayekhi,
• Leyla Ranjbari,
• Amir H. Shirdel,
• Niloofar Haghighian,
• Parisa Movahedi,
• Moein Hadiyan and
• Razali Ismail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 603–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.71

• layer as a conducting channel can be seen in Figure 1. A 300 nm SiO2 layer as a back-gate dielectric has been deposited above the doped silicon substrate. The graphene layer, the gate, and a quasi-reference electrode were covered by a small droplet of ionic liquid [21]. The standard three-electrode

• electrochemical cell using a potentiostat has measured the interfacial capacitance of the graphene [22]. VG is the voltage applied at the Pt gate electrode, and Vref is the voltage measured on the quasi-reference electrode. Ye et al. have discussed the distinguished properties and high carrier-density transport

Nanoscale patterning of a self-assembled monolayer by modification of the molecule–substrate bond

• Cai Shen and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 258–267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.28

• holder from the STM after Cu-UPD, then replace the Cu electrolyte by the AdSH containing electrolyte and swap the Cu reference electrode for Pt. To find the submicrometer patterns again after remounting the sample in the STM, a custom-made base plate was used with indentations that allow for a

Constant-distance mode SECM as a tool to visualize local electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction catalysts

• Michaela Nebel,
• Thomas Erichsen and
• Wolfgang Schuhmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 141–151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.14

• ) reference electrode was used. Sample Preparation Catalyst spots Spots of ORR catalyst powders were prepared by using a catalyst suspension applied by means of a piezoceramic spotter (model SciFA DW with tip PDC 80 from Scienion; Dortmund, Germany) onto polished (0.3 µm alumina paste) glassy carbon plates

• glass body of the used reference electrode is visible in the front. 4D SF/CD-SECM experiment at a partly filled microcavity. a) Optical micrograph with a scheme of the catalyst filling, b) topography and c) current image at the point of closest approach. Esample = −300 mV, Etip = −600 mV, dtip = 1.6 µm