On the frequency dependence of viscoelastic material characterization with intermittent-contact dynamic atomic force microscopy: avoiding mischaracterization across large frequency ranges

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1409–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.125

• ), is the retardance of the material, relating stress and strain, and R is the indenter radius. The indentation and load are available from the force–distance curve, and an expression for can be easily derived for the Generalized Voigt or Maxwell models (Figure 1), whereby the constants of springs and

• ][35]. Mechanical model diagrams representing the relationship between stress and strain in the complex plane for a linear viscoelastic material with multiple characteristic times [33]. (a) Generalized Voigt or Kelvin model, (b) Generalized Maxwell or Wiechert model, both describing arrheodictic

• transformed strain is generally regarded as the excitation and the transformed stress as the response; in (b) the opposite generally occurs. (a) Storage moduli and (b) and loss moduli as function of frequency for two hypothetical materials, the Generalized Maxwell model parameters of which are provided in

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• the second layer (model in Figure 2f-7,8) leads to the dark variation (Figure 2f). The latter has been reported to cause less lattice strain [74], matching our observation of less distortions in the STHM and nc-AFM images near the missing dimer (Figure 2f-4,5,6 compared to Figure 2g-4,5,6 and shown in

• in which the unsatisfied bonds of the back bonded Si atoms are terminated with hydrogen. As such, any lattice strain is reduced and the neighbouring dimers show minimal variation compared to the defect free profile. Conversely, the maxima of the bright missing dimer in Figure 3k,l is accompanied by

• two local minima “shoulders”. These have a less negative frequency shift, with the minima pulled spatially towards the centre of the defect. We propose that this observation is a result of the second layer Si atoms forming dimer bonds at the defect location, introducing horizontal lattice strain. This

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 8099) were obtained from the Shanghai Amoy Strain Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). The disc diffusion method was applied to check the antibacterial activity of the prepared pure TiO2 NPs

Vibration analysis and pull-in instability behavior in a multiwalled piezoelectric nanosensor with fluid flow conveyance

• Sayyid H. Hashemi Kachapi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.92

• piezoelectric doubly curved nanoshells and orthotropic piezoelectric cylindrical nanoshells [23][24]. Wang utilized surface strain gradient elasticity to study a meticulous solution to the anti-plane shear problem of a circular elastic inhomogeneity [25]. Nami et al. utilized nonlocal elasticity theory and

• trigonometric shear deformation theory to investigate the static analysis of rectangular nanoplates [26]. The Gurtin–Murdoch surface theory is presented by Sigaeva et al. to study the universal model describing plane strain bending of a multilayered sector of a cylindrical tube [27]. Karimipour et al. presented

• a modified strain gradient theory (MSGT) and Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasticity to investigate the size-dependent nonlinear pull-in instability [28]. A new size-dependent nonlinear model for the analysis of the behavior of carbon nanotube resonators was introduced by Farokhi et al. based on modified

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• photoactivation test, by exposing them to the LED array source. The samples were illuminated for 5, 10 and 15 min, and the fluorescence of the SOSG reporter was measured in each case. Photosensitizer effect of FLG-Ce6 and Ce6 in PDT against C. albicans We used the strain ATCC 90028 of C. albicans to evaluate the

Gas-sensing features of nanostructured tellurium thin films

• Dumitru Tsiulyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1010–1018, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.85

• films; Introduction Tellurium (Te) is a multifunctional chemical element used for the development of many devices, such as diodes with high (106) rectification ratios, thin-film field-effect transistors, optical recording media, infrared and UV detectors, strain-sensitive devices and others (see [1][2

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• fiber was measured in an optical microscope (SENSOFAR PLl 2300, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Thus, the stress–strain relation of each individual fiber could be determined by taking into account the gauge length of 25 mm. (A, B) Shear viscosity and shear stress of bare chitosan solutions (black lines) and

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• for a given stress or strain excitation. The mechanical-equivalent approach is simple to explain, but can require more assumptions and some additional knowledge of the Laplace transform to derive analytical stress–strain relationships. Alternatively, continuum mechanics can be used to create more

• ] recently formulated a generalized solution to the physical contact problem in AFM-SFS experiments, particularly for cases where the sample is viscoelastic. The approach is also capable of being adapted to any linear viscoelastic stress–strain model. Their method utilized a theoretical basis for

• then subsequently removed. For example, one method involves hanging weights from a material for some time, then removing the weights and allowing the material to recover. A strain gage or displacement sensor captures the deformation occurring during both phases, and the data is used for fitting. The

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• decreased interfacial defect density and built-in strain on sapphire that reduces the electron–phonon interaction in the material [30]. The value of τ obtained in our study is also comparable to what has been reported for τ in 1L CVD grown WSe2 (≈0.76 ps) [30], bilayer CVD grown WSe2 (≈2.4 ps) [29], MoS2

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• criteria for spin–photon-phonon entanglement distribution are high electron spin coherence time T2 (approaching T2 spin-lattice relaxation time) and strain and electrical control of the spin transition and optical transition resonances. The key requirements can be restrictive depending on the applications

• energy in each group (±20 meV) was attributed to variations of the strain in the h-BN matrix, as well as photo-conversion to a dark state that may be responsible for the blinking. Only 5% of the emitters were photostable. The photo-dynamics indicates the presence of a metastable state (3-level system

• . However, the PL is not sufficient to univocally identify the type of defects, while the correlation with material properties and SPEs should be performed. In [114] h-BN the quantum emission was correlated with the material’s local strain using a combination of PL, nanobeam electron diffraction, scanning

Effect of substitutional defects on resonant tunneling diodes based on armchair graphene and boron nitride nanoribbons lateral heterojunctions

• Majid Sanaeepur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 688–694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.56

• itself is highly sensitive to the type and position of substitutional defects, the intentional introduction of such defects can be utilized to design nanoscale RTDs with desired NDR characteristic and RTD-based strain or pressure sensors with improved sensitivity. (a) Schematic representation of the

Electromigration-induced directional steps towards the formation of single atomic Ag contacts

• Atasi Chatterjee,
• Christoph Tegenkamp and
• Herbert Pfnür

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 680–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.55

• materials like Ag, grain boundaries occur mostly because of the different orientation of nanocrystals. Since the elastic strain energy strongly increases with angular misfit, small-angle grain boundaries are the most likely ones. Thus, most contact areas are not far from (stepped) high-symmetry crystal

• section and its variation by EM is considered. Thus, deviations due to unknown step densities and local strain are ignored when considering only high-symmetry directions of the interface, as we do in the following. Figure 3 represents the FT of the conductance histogram in Figure 2 of bow-tie structures

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• (TMA, Q400, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). Five specimens per group with dimensions 20 × 2 × 1 mm were prepared and the average strain was calculated. During the test, the temperature was increased from 20 to 200 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min. The CTE of the PDMS/SiO2 composite template was

• ]), ρn is the density of PDMS (965 kg·m−3 [20]), and υ is the volume fraction of the SiO2 nanoparticles (65.4 vol %). The calculated weight fraction of the SiO2 nanoparticles filled via dry blending is 83.8 wt %. CTE of the PDMS/SiO2 composite template The strain–temperature curves of the PDMS/SiO2

• also shown in Figure 4. The curves for 0–20 wt % of SiO2 nanoparticles in Figure 4 are the strain–temperature curves for the PDMS/SiO2 composite template prepared via wet blending, while the curve for 83.8 wt % is the strain–temperature curve for the template prepared via dry blending. The latter curve

Observation of unexpected uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃ films by a BaTiO₃ overlayer in an artificial multiferroic bilayer

• John E. Ordóñez,
• Lorena Marín,
• Luis A. Rodríguez,
• Pedro A. Algarabel,
• José A. Pardo,
• Roger Guzmán,
• Luis Morellón,
• César Magén,
• Etienne Snoeck,
• María E. Gómez and
• Manuel R. Ibarra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 651–661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.51

• results indicate that the BaTiO3 layer induces an additional strain in the La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 layers close to their common interface. The presence of BaTiO3 on the surface of tensile-strained La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 films transforms the in-plane biaxial magnetic anisotropy present in the single layer into an in-plane

• uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. Our experimental evidence suggests that this change in the magnetic anisotropy only occurs in tensile-strained La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 film and is favored by an additional strain on the La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 layer promoted by the BaTiO3 film. These findings reveal an additional mechanism that

• alters the magnetic behavior of the ferromagnetic layer, and consequently, deserves further in-depth research to determine how it can modify the magnetoelectric coupling of this hybrid multiferroic system. Keywords: artificial multiferroic system; BaTiO3; interface-induced strain; La2/3Sr1/3MnO3

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• antimicrobial activity. The MIC values for all of the tested bacterial strains are in the range from 0.76 to 1.14 µg/mL. The least susceptible bacterial strain was gram-positive S. aureus, for which the growth was inhibited at the concentration of 1.14 µg/mL. This result is consistent with previous reports on

• exposed surface and the retardation of the nanoparticle diffusion caused by aggregation [48]. Some species develop less complicated biofilm structures or even are not capable to form biofilms. The S. epidermidis strain used in our experiments probably does not form complex biofilm structures, as the three

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• , Institute of Building Energetics, Thermal Engineering and Energy Storage (IGTE), Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.46 Abstract Electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) is a powerful atomic force microscopy (AFM) mode for the investigation of ion dynamics and activities in energy

• ionic concentration in the material volume under the AFM tip. The ageing of the cathode is found to be governed by a decrease of the electrochemical activity and the loss of available lithium for cycling, which can be stored in the cathode. Keywords: activity; ageing; cathode; electrochemical strain

• the capacity degradation of the samples [23]. Electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) is a relatively new AFM contact mode, which probes ionic charges accumulated in a small volume under the AFM tip after application of an electric field by measuring the resulting surface strain [24][25][26]. It was

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• stable triazole ring between the successive layers of the LbL assembly. Second, a strain-promoted Cu-free alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) uses strained alkynes for reaction with azide, thereby ruling out the issues with toxic copper. A third type of click reaction, the Diels–Alder cycloaddition (DAC

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• (Figure 5). Bacterial cultures and growth conditions Bacterial cultures of M. bovis (vaccine strain BCG), M. phlei, and M. smegmatis were obtained from the collection of pathogenic and vaccine microorganisms of animals of Kovalenko Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine (Moscow, Russia) [118]. A

• culture of E. coli strain K-12 was obtained from the Collection of the Rhizosphere Microorganisms of the Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms RAS (Saratov, Russia) [119]. The cells were grown on a solid nutrient medium for isolation of Mycobacteria (the Löwenstein–Jensen

DFT calculations of the structure and stability of copper clusters on MoS₂

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 391–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.30

• on adsorption structures of Li at Se-doped MoS2, to study the suitability of the system for application in Li-ion batteries. Li adatoms prefer to adsorb above an Mo atom in the monolayer, and cause the system to become metallic once adsorbed. External strain was found to strongly modify the binding

• energy, with binding decreasing as tensile strain increases. While Li can diffuse through the monolayer, the activation energy required is greater than 1 eV and increases with decreasing Se content. Investigation of on-surface diffusion showed that the magnitude of the activation energies is suitable for

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• lattice strain was 0.0055 nm. Evaluation of functional groups The FTIR spectra of CB and CB-Hap (48 h) with high crystallinity are shown in Figure 2, which is essential to analyze their functional groups. The FTIR spectral bands were recorded at 710, 860, 1486, 2522, and 2924 cm−1 for CB which indicates

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• based on a 2D model. Governing equations using nonclassical theory The considered models in this study are the Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam models based on MCST. The Strain energy according to MCST can be expressed as where σij, εij, are classical terms of stress and strain tensors, and mij and

• Timoshenko beam of Figure 3 are described as where u1, u2 and u3 are displacements along the axes x, y and z, respectively, ψ(x,t) is the angular rotation of the beam cross section and w(x,t) is the beam lateral deformation. By replacing the equations of non-zero elements, one can obtain the strain, stress

• , curvature and couple stress matrices along with the non-zero elements of the rotation vector. Additionally, the strain and kinetic energy and the work of external force applied on the beam element are, respectively, defined as [27]. where E is the Young’s modulus, L, A and I are length, cross-sectional area

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• active chains by mechanical measurements To measure the elastic modulus (G), gel cylinders of 1 cm in diameter and height were prepared with the same constitution as described above. G was assessed by vertical stress–strain measurements using an Instron 5942 (Intest kft., Hungary) mechanical tester, and

• its exact value was calculated by determining the stress–strain behavior during unidirectional compression. The temperature and the volume of the gels were constant during deformation, therefore, the Neo–Hooken law could be used to describe the deformation of the gels [21]: where σN is the nominal

• cross-linkers, this method cannot be used to determine the amount of disulfide bonds in these gels. It is a challenging task to determine the cross-linking density in a polymer matrix. Usually, stress–strain measurements are used for this purpose. However, their results are influenced not only by the

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• withstand severe deformation in the elastic regime without fracture. The coating may possibly prevent formation of dislocations. Mechanical durability under high and inhomogeneous strain fields is an important aspect of exploiting Ag and Au NWs in applications like waveguiding or conductive networks in

• the five fcc equilateral triangular segments connected by twin boundaries cannot make 360°, such an exotic structure cannot exist without internal strain with corresponding mechanical stress and stored elastic energy proportional to the volume [6]. Inner stress and peculiar structure of the pentagonal

• electronics [10][11]. In the last case NWs are used as a conductive network in composition with flexible polymer materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [12][13]. The reliability of flexible devices in high-strain conditions will be governed by the mechanical reliability of the individual NWs inside the

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

The importance of design in nanoarchitectonics: multifractality in MACE silicon nanowires

• Stefania Carapezzi and
• Anna Cavallini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2094–2102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.204

• two collapsed pillars, such that the length of the non-contact portion is L (Figure 1b), a critical value of L can be estimated from [31] where the term on the left-hand side is the decrease in strain energy if the non-contact region is increased by dL, and the term on the right-hand side is the