Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• concentration of EDTA and the bacterial strain, there is a release of membrane components, proteins, and finally cell lysis [53][54][55]. The treatment of Gram-negative cells with EDTA can lead to a release of up to 50% of the LPS from the cell wall of a bacterium [56][57]. These effects have been demonstrated

• series of experiments, the particles were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde before dissolution with EDTA. This corresponded to the actual HbMP production process (Figure 6 – sample B). Here it could be seen that after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, no viable bacteria of either strain were detectable

Effect of lubricants on the rotational transmission between solid-state gears

• Huang-Hsiang Lin,
• Jonathan Heinze,
• Alexander Croy,
• Rafael Gutiérrez and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 54–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.3

• fluid. One obtains several fluid properties such as pressure, velocity, shear stress, density and strain rate. In the case of the gear–oil–gear system, several studies based on the CFD simulation have been reported [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, most of the simulations for this type of

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• rolled) during growth and their interaction with the external environment. Mechanically, when the strain in the cuticle (induced by the simultaneous isotropic production of the cuticle and anisotropic expansion of the underlying cells) increases beyond a critical strain value, ridges start to develop [37

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• Devin Kalafut Ryan Wagner Maria Jose Cadena Anil Bajaj Arvind Raman School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 10.3762/bjnano.12.96 Abstract Contact resonance atomic force microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, and electrochemical strain microscopy are

• microscopy (PFM) [3], and electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) [4] are atomic force microscopy (AFM) [5] methods where the probe tip is held in contact with the sample at a constant average force while a small superimposed vibrational response is monitored. CR-AFM can measure the viscoelastic properties

Impact of electron–phonon coupling on electron transport through T-shaped arrangements of quantum dots in the Kondo regime

• Patryk Florków and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1209–1225, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.89

• embedded in a freestanding GaAs/AlGaAs membrane [44][45][46][47][48]. It has been shown that morphology manipulation of semiconductor QDs such as size, shape, strain distribution, or inhomogenities can influence the coupling strength of electron–phonon (e–ph) interactions [49]. The phononic effects appears

A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

• Berkin Uluutku,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

• assumptions (see Figure 1). These transfer functions are the viscoelastic relaxance and retardance, where the relaxance describes the time response of a viscoelastic material to a unit impulse excitation (Dirac delta function) of strain and the retardance describes the response of the material to an impulsive

•  2), for which we carry out the force analysis in the complex domain (force spectroscopy). Theoretical Background It is well known that the behavior of viscoelastic materials is history-dependent, as a result of which, the stress–strain relationships governing their deformation are functionals (not

• functions). More specifically, the stress at a given instant depends on the total previous history of strain and vice versa [13]. This history dependence is often expressed in the form of convolution integrals: where Q(t) and U(t) are known as relaxance and retardance, respectively. As already stated

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• the nanometer scale in form of nanoparticles, nanorods, nanofibers, nanoarrays, and nanosheets, which are more tolerant to dilative stress [75][76]. In addition, these nanostructures can be incorporated into a flexible carbon matrix for further accommodation of mechanical strain (Figure 10A) [74][77

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• study of microstructure, grain size, and orientation as well as strain of a crystallographic sample. In addition, the technique can be used for phase analysis. A mirror-flat sample surface is required for this analysis technique and different polishing approaches have been used over the years. A

• and orientations, as well as the strain of crystalline samples [25]. A detailed overview of this technique can be found in [26]. EBSD can be used for phase identification, which makes it a powerful complementary technique to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive

• to create TEM grids has induced this strain and the result is not unexpected. An EBSD orientation map of the non-irradiated copper sample was recorded over a 39 µm field of view using a 39 nm step size on a sufficiently flat sample area for 14.5 h. 20% zero solutions we returned for that specific

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• the mechanical properties of carbon materials [31]. In this study, graphene with zigzag and armchair chirality is considered while simulating different properties of graphene monolayers and copper layers, including stress–strain curve variations, the distribution of von Mises stress, the evolution of

• step of 1 fs and a strain rate of 1.25 × 108 s−1. The interaction between Cu atoms is described by the embedded atom model (EAM) potential. The adaptive intermolecular reactive empirical bond order (AIREBO) potential describes the forces between C atoms, the cutoff radius is chosen as 10.2 Å [31]. The

• temperature and chirality The stress–strain curves of GPCuNL composites and polycrystalline copper (PCu) at different temperatures and with different graphene chirality are presented in Figure 3, where yield and failure strain are defined as γY and γF, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, the shear stress of

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• magnetoelectric core–shell composite nanowires had a magnetostrictive core and a piezoelectric shell, and it exhibited a strain-mediated magnetoelectric effect. In terms of device design and manufacturing, this biphasic core–shell configuration offered greater flexibility than single-phase magnetoelectric

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• rehabilitation, sports training, human motion recognition, respiratory monitoring, and human 3D motion modeling [78][79][80]. These data can be used for real-time detection of human health or human–computer interaction [81][82]. Wen et al. [22] manufactured a transparent and stretchable wrinkled (maximum strain

• can monitor the training status of athletes in real time and provide training suggestions [83]. TENGs have high sensitivity, and a slight strain can cause the output signal of TENGs to change. Self-powered sensors based on TENGs are feasible signal monitoring sensors for facial activity, breathing

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• many samples can be performed. In fact, at doses below the threshold for nanobubble formation, the introduction of helium atoms into interstitial sites can be used to delicately induce strain into a crystal lattice, which can be leveraged for strain engineering. And at higher doses, localized and

• controlled surface swelling can be used to create 3D structures from an initially flat substrate, that is, ion implantation using the HIM can also be used for nanofabrication. Strain engineering When helium ions are implanted into a crystal lattice they insert as atoms into interstitial sites, and due to

• their chemical inertness, do not react with the material. This interstitial placement induces strain into the lattice and hence offers a method for so-called strain engineering of a range of physical properties. Very recently, ion implantation using the HIM has been investigated for this purpose

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• nanowires impact graphene properties such as roughness, strain, and carrier concentration as well as density and type of induced defects. Tracing the manifestation of those interactions is important for the application of novel heterostructures. A detailed analysis of Raman spectra of graphene deposited on

• different nanowire substrates shows that bigger differences in nanowires height increase graphene strain, while a higher number of nanowires in contact with graphene locally reduces the strain. Moreover, the value of graphene carrier concentration is found to be correlated with the density of nanowires in

• graphene on rarely distributed nanowires. Our results also show modification of graphene carrier concentration and strain by different types of defects present in graphene. Therefore, the nanowire substrate is promising not only for strain and carrier concentration engineering but also for defect

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• ) [19][20], strain-induced highly corrugated layers for h-BN/Rh(111) [21][22][23], and template layers for molecules with strong local variations of the work function for h-BN/Ir(111) [24] are representative of such morphological diversity. We use low-temperature combined scanning tunnelling (STM) and

• than the one studied in this work, the extremely low stiffness of only approx. 1 N·m−1 at the weakly bound rim areas confirmed the buckling of the monolayer into the third dimension to relieve the strain induced by the significant lattice mismatch of this strongly corrugated van der Waals layer [23

• h-BN/Cu(111) system. We obtain a sheet stiffness of K⟂ = 9.4 ± 0.9 N·m−1, which is one order of magnitude larger than that obtained on h-BN/Rh(111), indicating substantial mechanical stability. The small lattice mismatch between h-BN and Cu(111), compared to h-BN and Rh(111), results in lower strain

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• V and ISC = 2.8 μA) with an external load resistance of 2 MΩ. As can be seen from Figure 4e and Figure 4f, the resistance linearly increases from 0.35 to 1.18 Ω/cm2 when the tensile strain reaches 300%. In the process, the thickness of the SCGM layer becomes thinner and the resistance of the S-TENG

• increases linearly. When the S-TENG is further stretched, the slope of the curve falls again because the relative variation of the SCGM layer decreases. After releasing the strain, the resistance is recovered at 0.11 Ω/cm2 resulting from a hysteresis in the rearrangement of the SCGMs. Although the curves

• between sheet resistance and tensile strain have different shapes, the resistance value before and after stretching is of the same order, exhibiting the excellent flexibility and mechanical robustness of the S-TENG. Applications of S-TENG Charging performance and monitoring human motion The electrical

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• tend to ≃80 nm of width. We found that tuning the annealing process allows one to extend the wire length up to ≃1.5 μm with a minor rise of the lateral size to ≃100 nm. The elongation process of the nanostructures is in agreement with a strain-driven shape transition mechanism proposed in the

• properties of the Mn–Ge alloy to design and fabricate novel nanodevices. Keywords: nanowires; semi-metallic Ge–Mn alloy; strain-induced growth; Introduction Metallic and semimetallic nanowires (NWs) have attracted vast interest in nanoscale electronic and spintronic systems due to their thermal [1

• the wires. For instance, Au, generally used as catalyst for the growth of various semiconductor NWs, acts as a deep-level trap in germanium bulk and NWs, modifying the electronic transport properties [5]. Strain-induced elongation is a mechanism [34] that can lead to either epitaxial or endotaxial

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

• Hongzhou Li and
• Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

• case of pileup and too low in the case of sink-in [10]. Nix and Gao deduced the theory of strain gradient plasticity to interpret the “size effect” of indentation as an increase in physical quantity with the decreasing depth of penetration [11]. Experimental results show that the size effect of

• here. Yan established a set of non-dimensional relations for conical indentation on a homogeneous, isotropic semi-infinite flat substrate, including the quantity E/σy [15]. σy is the initial yield stress of a linear elastic, perfectly plastic material. σy/E is the initial yield strain. Phadikar showed

• loads. The loading curves for different indentation depths superpose and follow exactly the same loading curve. The residual depth after complete unloading is larger for deeper indentations. The area under the unloading curve is the reversible elastic strain energy. The area enclosed by the loading and

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• the silk fibers, enhancing their mechanical properties and promoting silk protein crystallization. This is in line with the research report by Wu et al. [168], who stated that silkworm silk containing Cu exhibited a good tensile strength of 360 MPa and a strain of 38%, which is 89% and 36% higher than

• the values of tensile strength and strain obtained for natural silk fiber (control), respectively. Ma et al. [169] evaluated the effect of vascular injection of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in silkworm on the mechanical properties of the silk. GQDs are known for their outstanding mechanical properties

• the resulting silk fiber with a mechanical strength of 1.07 GPa and a strain of 16.8% [170]. The effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized gold nanoclusters (BSA-Au NCs) at different concentrations (9.38, 1.88, 0.938, and 0.188 µg) inserted via intravascular injection in the silkworm was

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• modified Eagle's medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Capricorn Scientific) in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 °C. SARS-CoV-2 (strain SARS-CoV-2 /München-1.2/2020/984, p.2) [26] was grown on Vero E6 cells and titrated as described [27]. Infection experiments were done under

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• . designed a soft deployable reflector for optical beam steering using kirigami [133]. As shown in Figure 7a, the planar soft deployable structure is made of uniform hollow pockets in which the kirigami reflective films are inlaid. As the axial strain is increased during stretching, the surfaces of the

• ) that can effectively operate under tensile strain conditions and with an applied contact force [135]. The Wang group developed a highly stretchable interlocking kirigami TENG (K-TENG) based on inelastic paper materials [136]. K-TENGS are capable of harvesting mechanical energy from various types of

• strain of up to 200% without breaking. The typical electrical output of a K-TENG under cyclic stretching of up to specific tensile strain values of 16%, 28%, and 40% were tested. When the tensile strain of a given K-TENG was at 16% or 28%, the Voc and the transfered charge (Qtr) increased monotonically

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• enough to allow for a stable small-amplitude operation [1]. The equivalent stiffness keq of the qPlus sensor is shown in Figure 8, which is calculated from the strain energy and the tip amplitude with an equivalent point-mass model [28]. We see in Figure 8c that for a 0.075 mm tip, there is an optimal

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• abstract of LeTourneau et al. on rhizobacterial biofilms in the proceedings of Microscopy and Microanalytics 2015 [89]. On wheat roots, they grew a phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA)-producing fluorescent pseudomonad strain and an isogenic mutant impaired in the synthesis of PCA. The formation of the

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• . However, MWCNTs straining the partially encapsulated MnFe2O4 nanoparticles play an important role here. The effect of the strain in MWCNTs reflects in a 1% reduction in the lattice parameter of partially encapsulated MnFe2O4 as compared to that of free MnFe2O4. Hence, the interplanar distance values

• nanoparticles compared to free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Upon attachment, evidence of electron transfer from MWCNTs to MnFe2O4 was observed. An increase in the hyperfine field of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs compared to free manganese ferrite nanoparticles was also detected. This can be assigned to two factors: strain from the

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• ][46][47], other perturbations such as axial strain or twists can shift the dispersion cones in CNTs and open the bandgap [44][48][49][50]. Unlike the quantization bandgaps, which depend on the inverse of the diameter, these narrow perturbation gaps are inversely proportional to the square of the

• changes of the bandgap. In the following we show how, for a given nearly metallic nanotube, one can change the position of high-symmetry points by strain and a magnetic field. Our calculations also show that in a quantum dot formed in a small-bandgap nanotube electron and hole states can degenerate in

• occupation areas by changing the magnetic field and the value of the bandgap; the latter change can be induced by strain. The examples of SU(3) lines drawn for CNTQD(15,12) for several assumed SO parameters are presented in Figure 4. The required magnetic field for the occurrence of threefold degeneracy for

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• synthesize AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction NWs with controllable size. A single NW is transferred to a flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate and fixed by indium tin oxide electrodes to form an ohmic contact for the strain sensor. An external mechanical stress is introduced to study the performance of

• the fabricated piezotronic strain sensor. The gauge factor is as high as 30 under compressive or tensile stress, which indicates a high sensitivity of the strain sensor. Periodic strain tests show the high stability and repeatability of the sensor. The working mechanism of the strain sensor is

• investigated and systematically analyzed under compressive and tensile strain. Here, we describe a strain sensor that shows a great application potential in wearable integrated circuits, in health-monitoring devices, and in artificial intelligence. Keywords: AlGaN/AlN/GaN nanowires; flexible; piezotronic