Humidity-dependent wound sealing in succulent leaves of Delosperma cooperi – An adaptation to seasonal drought stress

• Olga Speck,
• Mark Schlechtendahl,
• Florian Borm,
• Tim Kampowski and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 175–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.20

• tension during ontogeny and which are more efficient in supporting the larger adult woody plant body. However, in some species, adult plants remain locked in the production of initial wide-band tracheid in their wood. This can be interpreted as a case of paedomorphosis [12][13]. In leaves of D. cooperi

• become succulent (Figure 4b). As a consequence, in adult succulent leaves, the epidermis, the net of vascular bundles and the central vascular strand are pre-stressed under tension, whereas the parenchyma and chlorenchyma are pre-stressed under compression. In intact leaves, these internal pre-stresses

• ). The effect is caused by the mechanical instabilities that come into play if fissures destroy the aforementioned mechanical equilibrium in a leaf that is composed of five tissue shells that are pre-stressed alternatively under compression or tension. Konrad et al. [7] have developed an analytical

Hyperthermic intracavitary nanoaerosol therapy (HINAT) as an improved approach for pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC): Technical description, experimental validation and first proof of concept

• Daniel Göhler,
• Stephan Große,
• Alexander Bellendorf,
• Thomas Albert Falkenstein,
• Mehdi Ouaissi,
• Jürgen Zieren,
• Michael Stintz and
• Urs Giger-Pabst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2729–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.272

• temperature due to decreasing dynamic viscosity, density and surface tension of the liquid. To increase the droplet flux as well as the in-tissue drug penetration homogenously over the whole peritoneum, the HINAT-LAU aerosol is also unipolar-charged before entering the capnoperitoneum. For this purpose, an

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• summarized as sketched in Figure 9. We speculate that the Fe EBID deposits eventually sinter or alloy to a certain extent with the underlying alumina layer. By chance this process might lead to increased tension within the deposited structure and could cause lifting at the rim of the latter. During CVD, the

Nanoprofilometry study of focal conic domain structures in a liquid crystalline free surface

• Anna N. Bagdinova,
• Evgeny I. Demikhov,
• Nataliya G. Borisenko and
• Sergei M. Tolokonnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2544–2551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.254

• the elastic moduli of liquid crystals. The shear modulus, G, is given as where C and C1 are scaling constants depending on surfactant, t is the relative temperature, γ is the surface tension coefficient of the free surface with FCDs, and L is the FCD dimension. This relation underlines that the

• is physically related to the domain size and surface tension. This is very important for the analysis of the stable director field configurations and mechanisms behind their destruction in LC displays. Even in the case of a homogeneous director field orientation on solid substrates, FCDs can occur

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• variation, which we deem more likely. To maximize the deposition rate, i.e., to reduce the total deposition time, the electron beam parameters – acceleration voltage, i.e., high tension (HT), current (I), dwell time (DT), and pixel-to-pixel spacing (PPS) – had to be properly adjusted. It was experimentally

• , the full experimental parameter space of a typical FEBID system is multidimensional – it encompasses electron beam parameters (such as acceleration voltage, i.e., high tension, electron beam current, electron dose, i.e., deposition time), precursor parameters (such as precursor type, flux, and

• possibly addition of other gases), and substrate parameters (such as substrate type and temperature). To reduce the level of complexity, here we restrict the full parameter space to a subspace spanned by the axes of high tension, electron beam current, and deposition time. The deposition of Au NPs was

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

• Oliver Hagedorn,
• Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
• Hans Georg Mainx,
• Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

• roll off. Droplet adhesion can be improved by adding adjuvants, such as surfactants. Surfactants enhance the leaf surface wettability by reduction of the surface tension of applied liquids. Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with a nonpolar, hydrophobic structural group together with a hydrophilic

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• of tens of nanometers, for example in polymer solar cells [59]. It is also worth noting that in both cases, thick and thin, there was a decrease in the average contact-resonance frequency for MTM compared to LAP. In macroscale tension testing, MTM has shown higher stiffness than LAP [11]. CRFM

Stick–slip boundary friction mode as a second-order phase transition with an inhomogeneous distribution of elastic stress in the contact area

• Iakov A. Lyashenko,
• Vadym N. Borysiuk and
• Valentin L. Popov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1889–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.189

• and the driving device always exists. The dependence shown in Figure 2 allows us to conclude that the stick–slip mode, with increasing frequency of the melting/solidification phase transitions, is established in the system. The growth of the frequency is caused by the increasing tension of the driving

• velocity of the stamp center is calculated from Equation 10 and does not coincide with the velocity V0 mostly due to the presence of the friction force Fx (Equation 16). After the motion has begun, the tension of the spring and related growth of the elastic force causes the growth of the upper stamp

Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy

• Petra Fiala,
• Daniel Göhler,
• Benno Wessely,
• Michael Stintz,
• Giovanni Mattia Lazzerini and
• Andrew Yacoot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1774–1785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.179

• in surface tension causes the liquid to flow away from regions of low surface tension associated with a strong recirculation in the droplet, which removes particles from the contact line and moves them along the free surface toward the droplet centre. Rinsing method: Apart from the interruption of

Collembola cuticles and the three-phase line tension

• Håkon Gundersen,
• Hans Petter Leinaas and
• Christian Thaulow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1714–1722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.172

• experiment with a fluorescent dye revealed the extent of wetting on exposed surface structures. Using simple wetting models to describe the composite wetting of the cuticular surface structures results in underestimating the contact angles of water. Including the three-phase line tension allows for a

• . clavatus does not have overhanging surface structures. This large change in observed contact angles can be explained with a modest change of the three-phase line tension. Keywords: springtails (Collembola); superhydrophobicity; three-phase line tension; Introduction Collembola, a group of small

• characteristics for the Collembola species Cryptopygus clavatus [6]. The three-phase line tension (λ), or “line tension” for short, is an energy term associated with the line of contact between three phases (most commonly solid, water and air) in partially wetted systems [17]. In the case of a droplet of liquid

Surface functionalization of 3D-printed plastics via initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Christine Cheng and
• Malancha Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1629–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.162

• to substrates on a cooled stage where polymerization occurs. The molecular weight increases with decreasing substrate temperature and typical molecular weights are in the range of 50,000 to 200,000 [23][24]. The iCVD process is solventless and therefore effects of surface tension are avoided

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• , heating rate, tension of the fiber, total stabilization time and dwell time, air flow rate and pre-stabilization treatment [13]. Carbonization is the next step in the process. The carbonization processes can be divided into low-temperature and high-temperature carbonization, and graphitization above 2000

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• can estimate the Z parameter (the reciprocal of the Ohnesorge number (Oh), the ratio of the Reynolds number (Re) to the square root of the Webber number (We)), which predicts stable drop formation [14]: where d is the nozzle diameter and ρ, γ, and η represent the density, surface tension, and

• viscosity of the ink, respectively. We were not able to measure directly the viscosity and surface tension of our ink as formulated. However, we were able to estimate the values of the parameters based on the values provided by Jang et al. for EG/water mixtures [14] and the viscosity of the chitosan polymer

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• the elastic modulus of the polymer coating and the substrate. Haller et al. investigated the morphology of vapor-deposited polymers on liquid substrates (Figure 3) [29]. Depending on surface tension, liquid viscosity, deposition rate and deposition time, either film or particle formation was found

• . Particles tend to form if the surface tension interaction between the liquid and the polymer is energetically unfavorable, promoting aggregation of the polymer. If the interaction is ambiguous, particle formation is observed at low deposition rates and times and with low liquid viscosity. Introduction of

Study of the correlation between sensing performance and surface morphology of inkjet-printed aqueous graphene-based chemiresistors for NO₂ detection

• F. Villani,
• C. Schiattarella,
• T. Polichetti,
• R. Di Capua,
• F. Loffredo,
• B. Alfano,
• M. L. Miglietta,
• E. Massera,
• L. Verdoliva and
• G. Di Francia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1023–1031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.103

• -printing process and to determine its jettability as ink. Surface tension, dispersion stability and aggregate size have been measured since the ink printability depends on these main parameters, which have to match the operating parameters of the employed printing system. Based on these considerations, the

• . Additionally, by monitoring the dispersion through the DLS analysis, its time-stability has been confirmed over two weeks. The surface tension has been measured and the obtained value is 26.30 mN/m, which falls into the operating range (20–40 mN/m) of the printhead of the inkjet system. As a result, the

• graphene ink-Si/SiO2 system was very poor inducing a not continuous and not controlled deposition. This is expected since the measured surface energy of the substrate (30.95 mN/m) is comparable with the surface tension of the solution (26.30 mN/m). Hence, an UV–ozone treatment of the substrate was

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• attributed to the different thermal expansion coefficients of the crystalline and amorphous film portions, which caused tension in these films upon heating/cooling. The cross-linked films were fully amorphous, also upon heating, but had more stable hydrophobic properties and showed an increased crack

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Alper Balkan,
• Efe Armagan and
• Gozde Ozaydin Ince

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 872–882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.89

• effect and surface tension. Thus, vapor-phase polymerization techniques have emerged for the deposition of conducting polymers that facilitate the fabrication of conformal polymeric structures [21][22]. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the well-known conducting polymers with applications in supercapacitors

Measuring adhesion on rough surfaces using atomic force microscopy with a liquid probe

• Juan V. Escobar,
• Cristina Garza and
• Rolando Castillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 813–825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.84

• break during pull-off and results in a small residual water droplet on the surface. In the present study, we choose mercury as the liquid because it presents many advantages. Hg possesses a very high surface tension and negligible evaporation, plus it is relatively easy to attach to a tipless cantilever

• , while the drop deformation will also be considered to be elastic, Fd = −kdδd [10], which is a consequence of the high surface tension of mercury (ca. 486.5 mN/m); kc and kd are the force constants, and δd and δc correspond to the deformation of cantilever and drop, respectively. These relevant distances

• experiments of cylindrical nanofibers dipped in liquids of different γ, where γ is the liquid–vapor surface tension [36]. For contact angles above 50–60°, the spring constants are almost insensible to the contact angle, and although these authors did not explore angles corresponding to hydrophobic surfaces

Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties

• Tatiana N. Pashirova,
• Andrei V. Bogdanov,
• Lenar I. Musin,
• Julia K. Voronina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Vladimir F. Mironov,
• Lucia Ya. Zakharova,
• Shamil K. Latypov and
• Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.34

• do not decrease the surface tension of the solvent (52 mN/m). They are surface-inactive compounds (Figure S9, Supporting Information File 1). The study of the entrapment of hydrophobic probes is a generally accepted assay for the potential of soft materials to be used as nanocontainers for

• aggregates can be formed. The surface tension of SDS solutions admixed with 2а and 3 are given in Figure 6. The formation of mixed structures of SDS and isoindigo derivative 2a is observed in a lower concentration range compared to single SDS micelles. This is supported by the left-shift in the surface

• tension isotherms of SDS with 2a additives (Figure 6a) and the decrease of the slope, indicating a lower surface activity. This is presumably related to the formation of structures with various aggregation numbers. Measurement of the size of 2а particles in SDS solution showed the presence of particles of

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

• walls of the outlet ductule [4][20][26]. Moreover, within the lipoid fraction itself, both the specific constitution and the mixing ratio of the various hydrocarbon molecules might also largely influence their adhesive performance possibly via viscosity and surface tension effects, molecular re

• phase. In combination with the use of the ionic surfactant SDS (which lowers the surface tension even further), this probably explains the low friction values of these emulsions. By contrast, two of the oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions (SG2, OG2) showed increased friction values; this can be ascribed to

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• dislocation loops will tend to annihilate, both under the action of their own line tension and the residual stresses in the indented region. These residual stresses arise due to strong adhesion between the film and the substrate as well as the plastic strain associated with the indentation. The annihilation

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• , focal adhesions of the same cell type grown on microgrooved substrates were more mature along the grooves, hence more tension was most likely created and cells aligned parallel being thus guided by microtopography [15]. In contrast to this work, some other studies claim that focal adhesions and actin

• study the influence of nucleus morphology in vascular cells gene expression and the role of mechanotransduction mechanisms involving gene regulation. Moreover, a study correlating actin-mediated cell tension, with nuclei deformation and genetic expression changes would be of interest, since it was

Biomechanics of selected arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons

• Tom Masselter,
• Tobias Haushahn,
• Samuel Fink and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1602–1619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.154

• roots which support the stem and especially outgoing branches [14][15]. The two orders of magnitude difference between the axial and radial Young’s modulus indicate that the mechanical behaviour under axial tension is dominated by the vascular bundles [16] with a measured mean value of of 2.77 GPa in D

• . marginata. In contrast, the mechanical behaviour under radial tension is dominated by the parenchymatous tissue (Reuss model as described in [16] with a Young’s modulus of 0.003 GPa in D. marginata, (values for the Young’s modulus of parenchyma typically range between 0.001 and 0.003 GPa [17]). This

• (Robinia pseudoacacia) [28]. In palms similar values of longitudinal Young’s moduli are reported in fibre strips of thick-walled caps of vascular bundles tested under axial tension. These values ranged from 0.2 to 1 GPa in Washingtonia robusta [29], depending on the level of lignification. While we did not

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• aqueous PEGylated GNS solution (70 vol %) in order to adjust suitable viscosity and surface tension for inkjet printing (1.92 cP and 40 mN/m, respectively) as reported previously [27][28]. Notably, GNS decorated with PEG-SH become soluble in a variety of solvents, from water to hydrophobic ones, due to

Fracture behaviors of pre-cracked monolayer molybdenum disulfide: A molecular dynamics study

• Qi-lin Xiong,
• Zhen-huan Li and
• Xiao-geng Tian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1411–1420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.132

• including high strength nanocomposites and nanostructures require MoS2 to undergo the mechanical loadings such as tension, a thorough understanding of the mechanical behavior of MoS2 under mechanical loading is essential for its applications in nanocomposites and nanostructures. The mechanical properties of

• conductivity of defect-free SLMoS2 by using classical MDS. Dang et al. [16] used MDS with a reactive empirical bond order potential to study the mechanical deformation and failure of monolayer molybdenum disulfide under uniaxial and multiaxial tension. Zhao et al. [17] investigated the influence of temperature

• on mechanical properties of single-layer MoS2 by adopting MD nanoindentation simulation and found that with the increase of temperature (4.2 K to 500 K), the Young’s moduli, fracture stress and strain of MoS2 decrease and they also studied the tension-induced phase transition of single-layer MoS2 at