Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Joachim Gräfe,
• Kristof M. Lebecki,
• Maxim Skripnik,
• Felix Haering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Eberhard Goering and
• Ulrich Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 733–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.65

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• monolayers under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at elevated temperatures leading to dewetting [23]. Here, we have chosen the so-called micellar approach delivering well-separated and size-tuneable FePt NPs on flat supports [10][11], which is of special interest for the present experiments since particle

• metallic state. Details on the preparation of NPs can be found elsewhere [11]. Further annealing steps were applied in H2 atmosphere at a pressure of 10−4 mbar. The plasma etching system is attached to an ultrahigh vacuum chamber (UHV) for structural and chemical analysis allowing in situ inspection by

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• surfaces in order to maintain a good match with the hexagonal lattice of graphene [161][162]. The SiC wafer is usually precleaned in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) or in other environments with different techniques in order to increase the graphene quality during graphitization. The three most common techniques

Single-molecule magnet behavior in 2,2’-bipyrimidine-bridged dilanthanide complexes

• Wen Yu,
• Frank Schramm,
• Eufemio Moreno Pineda,
• Yanhua Lan,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Jinjie Chen,
• Hironari Isshiki,
• Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 126–137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.15

• scanning tunneling microscope. The sample preparation, other than molecule deposition and Ar sputtering, were carried out in ultrahigh vacuum conditions (≈10−10 mbar). Degassing of the [Tb(thmd)3]2bpm compound was performed carefully by heating to 373 K in a ceramic crucible for hours prior to evaporation

Self-organization of gold nanoparticles on silanated surfaces

• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Salim H. Al-Harthi,
• Azzouz Sellai and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2345–2353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.242

• -functionalized glass substrates. The as grown monolayers and films annealed in ultrahigh vacuum and air (600 °C) were studied by water contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Results of this study

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• the BaDElPh beamline of the Elettra synchrotron in Trieste, Italy [21]. A temperature-dependent study was performed by thermal heating in ultrahigh vacuum: the selected temperature was reached in about 20 min, and the sample was kept for 15 min at that temperature before turning off the heating. The

Controlled switching of single-molecule junctions by mechanical motion of a phenyl ring

• Yuya Kitaguchi,
• Satoru Habuka,
• Hiroshi Okuyama,
• Shinichiro Hatta,
• Tetsuya Aruga,
• Thomas Frederiksen,
• Magnus Paulsson and
• Hiromu Ueba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2088–2095, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.213

• . Furthermore, the electronic levels are tunable through chemical manipulation of the phenyl ring, which in turn allows us to tailor the on-state conductance. Methods As described in the previous study [12], the experiments were carried out in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber equipped with an STM operating at 4.5 K

Scanning reflection ion microscopy in a helium ion microscope

• Yuri V. Petrov and
• Oleg F. Vyvenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1125–1137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.114

• incidence angles, yet was still more pronounced in REM as compared to TEM [2][4]. The further development of REM in ultrahigh vacuum conditions allowed imaging of the single atomic steps [5][6][7][8] and monitoring of atomic layer-by-layer crystal growth by means of reflection high energy electron

Applications of three-dimensional carbon nanotube networks

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Francesco De Nicola,
• Ilaria Cacciotti,
• Francesca Nanni,
• Emanuela Gatto,
• Mariano Venanzi and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 792–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.82

• with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX). Electron energy loss analysis: Electron energy loss (EELS) was recorded in reflection mode ex situ in an ultrahigh vacuum system (base pressure about 2 × 10−10 Torr) equipped with an electron gun (Ep = 300 eV, ΔE = 1.0 eV). Contact angle measurements: Static

Overview of nanoscale NEXAFS performed with soft X-ray microscopes

• Peter Guttmann and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 595–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.61

• storage ring, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Germany, is operated by the Max-Planck-Institut for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany and allows – compared to other STXMs – investigations under ultrahigh vacuum conditions [56]. This instrument is dedicated for studies of the magnetic behaviour of solids in

In situ scanning tunneling microscopy study of Ca-modified rutile TiO₂(110) in bulk water

• Giulia Serrano,
• Beatrice Bonanni,
• Tomasz Kosmala,
• Marco Di Giovannantonio,
• Ulrike Diebold,
• Klaus Wandelt and
• Claudio Goletti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 438–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.44

• -modified rutile TiO2(110) surfaces immersed in high purity water. The TiO2 surface was prepared under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) with repeated sputtering/annealing cycles. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) analysis shows a pattern typical for the surface segregation of calcium, which is present as an

• ) rutile surface prepared under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, which is considered to be a model system [10][11]. Ordered Ca layers have been obtained by thermally activated segregation from the bulk [1][2][3][4][5], where calcium was a common bulk impurity in the TiO2 samples [10]. A c(6 × 2

Synthesis, characterization, monolayer assembly and 2D lanthanide coordination of a linear terphenyl-di(propiolonitrile) linker on Ag(111)

• Zhi Chen,
• Svetlana Klyatskaya,
• José I. Urgel,
• David Écija,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Willi Auwärter,
• Johannes V. Barth and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 327–335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.31

• several length scales on atomically well-defined surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions) have been achieved [13][14][15][18][19]. More recently, our groups have successfully extended this approach toward the on-surface coordination of f-block organic networks exhibiting five-vertex, Archimedean

• properties of f-elements [55]. Experimental STM measurements The STM measurements were performed using a CreaTec low temperature STM (LT-STM). The base pressure of the ultrahigh vacuum system was below 2 × 10−10 mbar. The Ag(111) substrate was prepared using standard cycles of Ar+ sputtering (800 eV) and

Spectroscopic mapping and selective electronic tuning of molecular orbitals in phosphorescent organometallic complexes – a new strategy for OLED materials

• Pascal R. Ewen,
• Jan Sanning,
• Tobias Koch,
• Nikos L. Doltsinis,
• Cristian A. Strassert and
• Daniel Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2248–2258, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.234

• strategy of fine-tuning both levels independently, which should permit the tunability of the HOMO–LUMO gap (and thus the emission color) as well as charge-injection barriers in a device. Results and Discussion Methods and sample preparation The experiments were performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions

• onto a Au(111) surface by thermal sublimation inside an ultrahigh vacuum environment. These planar molecules are well-suited for a thorough analysis by STM and STS. We can simultaneously identify and visualize the molecular structure as well as various occupied and unoccupied molecular frontier

Restructuring of an Ir(210) electrode surface by potential cycling

• Khaled A. Soliman,
• Dieter M. Kolb,
• Ludwig A. Kibler and
• Timo Jacob

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1349–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.148

• identical under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions and in contact with an electrolyte. However, there are several examples for which the stability of electrode surfaces is limited to certain potential regions or reaction conditions. Among these are (i) reconstructed surfaces of Au and Pt single crystals [10

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• nitrosyl, Co(CO)3NO. Different deposits are prepared on silicon nitride membranes and silicon wafers under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, and are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), including near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS

• irradiated by the focused electron beam in the absence of a precursor, under high vacuum [15] or ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions [7][8][16][17][18][19], resulting in a patterned, chemically activated surface. In a second step, a precursor is introduced into the system and decomposes selectively at the

Calibration of quartz tuning fork spring constants for non-contact atomic force microscopy: direct mechanical measurements and simulations

• Jens Falter,
• Marvin Stiefermann,
• Gernot Langewisch,
• Philipp Schurig,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• Harald Fuchs and
• André Schirmeisen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.59

• scale usually demand well defined environments, such as ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and low temperatures (LT). For these conditions, force sensors based on quartz tuning forks in the “qPlus” design [5] have been proven to routinely provide stable operation and sufficient sensitivity to achieve the highest

Uncertainties in forces extracted from non-contact atomic force microscopy measurements by fitting of long-range background forces

• Adam Sweetman and
• Andrew Stannard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 386–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.45

• to obtain the desired quantity. In this paper the focus primarily concerns the imaging and quantitative interpretation of atomic or molecular resolution NC-AFM experiments conducted in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). In these experiments, the quantity of interest is usually the site-specific/short-range

Influence of the adsorption geometry of PTCDA on Ag(111) on the tip–molecule forces in non-contact atomic force microscopy

• Gernot Langewisch,
• Jens Falter,
• André Schirmeisen and
• Harald Fuchs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 98–104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.9

• atomic force microscope (Omicron LT-SPM) that was operated in frequency-modulation mode [11] under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and at a temperature of ≈5 K using a tuning fork sensor (resonance frequency f0 = 24640 Hz, spring constant k ≈ 2000 N/m) in the qPlus design [12]. The amplitude of the sensor

Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO₂ films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM

• Mohamed N. Ghazzal,
• Robert Wojcieszak,
• Gijo Raj and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 68–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.6

• spectral range of interest 200–550 nm. XPS analysis was performed on Kratos Axis-ultra spectrometer. Similarly as described in [10], the analysis chamber was operated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions with an approximate pressure of 5 × 10−7 Pa and the sample was irradiated with a monochromatic Al Kα

Noise performance of frequency modulation Kelvin force microscopy

• Heinrich Diesinger,
• Dominique Deresmes and
• Thierry Mélin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.1

• and optimizing around randomly chosen key values. Keywords: dynamic; frequency noise; Kelvin force microscopy; noise performance; phase noise; thermal excitation; Introduction Surface potential imaging in combination with atomic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum is based on the measurement of

• modeled for a system with characteristics typically obtained in ultrahigh vacuum implementations. It has been shown that in a PLL based setup, the two main noise sources, thermal excitation and detector noise, transform into frequency noise exactly the same way as in a free-running oscillator, and that

• deteriorating one noise source when improving the other, ultimately merging into the uncertainty relation governing that a system cannot be measured without changing it by whatever kind of sensor back-action. Experimental The KFM is based on an Omicron ultrahigh vacuum variable temperature atomic force

Adsorption of the ionic liquid [BMP][TFSA] on Au(111) and Ag(111): substrate effects on the structure formation investigated by STM

• Benedikt Uhl,
• Florian Buchner,
• Dorothea Alwast,
• Nadja Wagner and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 903–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.102

• , but also by other techniques such as in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy [12][13][14]. More detailed insight, on a molecular scale, may be gained in model studies investigating the interface between the respective solid surface and thin films of the IL under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. These

Deformation-induced grain growth and twinning in nanocrystalline palladium thin films

• Aaron Kobler,
• Jochen Lohmiller,
• Jonathan Schäfer,
• Michael Kerber,
• Anna Castrup,
• Ankush Kashiwar,
• Patric A. Gruber,
• Karsten Albe,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 554–566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.64

• homogeneous deformation up to very high total strain. Directly after rinsing, the samples were clamped onto special sample holders and transferred into ultrahigh vacuum of 2.0 · 10−8 mbar within the sputtering chamber. Mechanical testing and microstructural characterization Ex-situ uniaxial tensile tests were

Digging gold: keV He⁺ ion interaction with Au

• Vasilisa Veligura,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Robin P. Berkelaar,
• Raoul van Gastel,
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet and
• Bene Poelsema

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 453–460, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.53

• formation, as a function of ion fluence and energy. Experimental The experiments were performed with an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) Orion® Plus Helium Ion Microscope from Carl Zeiss NTS [15] at room temperature. As a result of the interaction of the He+ beam with the target, secondary electrons (SE

Kelvin probe force microscopy of nanocrystalline TiO₂ photoelectrodes

• Alex Henning,
• Gino Günzburger,
• Res Jöhr,
• Yossi Rosenwaks,
• Biljana Bozic-Weber,
• Catherine E. Housecroft,
• Edwin C. Constable,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 418–428, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.49

• rutile TiO2 in ultrahigh vacuum [42]. Using Equation 4 with θ = 0° and measured work-function shifts of ΔΦ = −180 ± 40 mV for the Cu(I) dye and ΔΦ = 150 ± 40 mV for N719 results in 6.3 ± 1.5 D and 5.3 ± 2 D with opposite directions, respectively. The latter value is in the same range as predicted by DFT

Ni nanocrystals on HOPG(0001): A scanning tunnelling microscope study

• Michael Marz,
• Keisuke Sagisaka and
• Daisuke Fujita

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 406–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.48

• important role for the aforementioned applications. Therefore, in this study we focus on the initial growing process of Ni clusters by evaporating Ni on the HOPG surface in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). A quantitative characterization of the cluster properties, e.g., size, shape and distribution, for different