Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• transport [14][15]. At each stage of the photocatalytic process sequence, the intermixing of TMD materials is intended to efficiently enhance light absorption, photogeneration of charge carriers, and activation of the surface redox reaction [16][17]. Furthermore, TMD materials are known to possess favorable

• caused by the absorption of MB by WS2 [37]. However, upon exposure to light excitation, a considerably greater PD of MB has occurred. As shown in Figure 6c (red dots), there is no direct photolysis of MB, which indicates that the degradation is mainly induced by the presence of MoS2 or WS2 catalysts. For

• both catalysts, no isosbestic points are observed in the optical absorption of the solution, suggesting that the MB is completely degraded without the formation of intermediary complexes. The following equation provides the expression of the PD efficiency at a certain light excitation duration t with

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• nanoparticles, by the wet reduction method using palladium and silver hydroxide colloids as precursors, to study hydrogen absorption; the size of these BNPs was 6–7 nm. However, inhomogeneous nanoparticles were obtained because Ag fractions were found on the surface, which were increased by heating the samples

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• optoelectronic characteristics of the synthesized CQDs, UV–vis absorption spectra were measured using a Thermo Scientific Evolution 220 spectrophotometer. The CQDs were dissolved in deionized water at a ratio of 1:10 (0.3 mg of CQDs per mL) and the measurements were taken in the range of 200–800 nm. A 1 cm path

• value of the reaction mixture was kept constant during the test (pH 7). To initiate the catalytic process, each CQD sample was individually applied to the degradation of the MB dye. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the dye was monitored using a spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Evolution model 220

• ). It is observed that for each of the samples, its maximum absorption peak is approximately at 350 nm, which corresponds to n–π* transitions present in unsaturated compounds with heteroatoms (carbonyl groups). An absorbance tail is also noticed in the visible range [31][32]. The samples M6 and M7

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• microscope (SEM), Hitachi (Japan). UV–vis absorption spectroscopy measurements was carried out on an 8453 UV–vis spectrophotometer, Agilent, USA. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements were performed on a FL3C-22 spectrophotometer, Horiba, USA. Synthesis of TiO2/GQDs Peroxo titanium complexes were

• suspensions. The UV–vis spectra show absorbance bands from 200–400 nm that are typical for the colloidal systems with nanoscale particles [24][25]. The UV–vis spectrum of GQDs shows a characteristic feature of GO at ≈300 nm due to the absorption of the graphitic structure [26], while that of titanium

• complexes presents an absorption band at 240 nm. The combination of titanium complexes with GQDs resulted in higher adsorption λmax values. XRD patterns of the obtained samples in suspension form are presented in Figure 2. The XRD patterns of TiO2 and TiO2/GQDs suspensions show broad peaks of TiO2 at 2θ

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• into heat energy is an intrinsic optical property of metal nanoparticles when irradiated using near-infrared radiation. However, the impact of size and shape on the photothermal behaviour of gold nanomakura particles possessing optical absorption within 600–700 nm as well as on incorporation in

• gold nanomakura within a 600–700 nm wavelength. The aspect ratio as well as anisotropy of synthesized gold nanomakura can influence photothermal response upon near-infrared irradiation. The role of carbon tail length was evident via absorption peaks obtained from longitudinal surface plasmon resonance

• absorb NIR/IR wavelengths show efficient heat-generating capability. It is due to the strong absorption and scattering of light from visible to NIR/IR region that has brought radical advancement in the field of biomedical sciences. The manifestation of longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• absorption [154]. Leaf-cutting ants (Atta vollenweideri), for instance, can utilize the temperature receptors of their appendages to detect intense heat outside their nests as indicators of where to locate food [156]. Cave-dwelling crickets (Tachycines plumiopedella) rely on thermosensation to detect

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• exfoliation methods, offering promising prospects for applications in photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors because of their satisfactory absorption characteristics in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region [5]. The non-thermal plasma (NTP) synthesis method enables the fabrication of 2D

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• adhesive secretion reservoir optimizing the substance absorption and discharge [31][65][66][67]. Adjacent to the exocrine cells is the adhesive secretion reservoir serving for the accumulation of the produced adhesive secretion. Both pad types share a similar organisation of the procuticle. The endocuticle

• secretion to the surface is facilitated through pores in the superficial layer [64] (Figure 7C,E). The cuticle layering and morphology of the arolium and euplantulae facilitate the absorption, storage, and distribution of the produced adhesive secretion within the attachment pads, enabling its transport to

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• absorption of IR photons results in molecular vibrations in the material under investigation. This photon absorption also causes the thermal expansion of the material. The resulting photothermally generated tip–sample force is measured via changes in the deflection signal of the AFM cantilever. The

• correlation between the IR wavelength of the laser and the thermal expansion of the material enables the recording of IR absorption spectra with this technique which correspond to the spectra of bulk IR spectroscopy [2][3][4]. Compared to ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, AFM-IR provides a drastic improvement in terms

• surface without (or at least with severely limited) contributions from the bulk. In this description scheme, surface-sensitive AFM-IR shows similarities to the tapping-mode-based AFM-IR technique (i.e., the transduction of the IR absorption via nonlinear frequency mixing of photothermal and piezo-induced

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• hydrated state [31]. The DLS depicted size is the closest to that in vivo. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of CUR exhibited vibrational absorption peaks at 1207 cm−1 and 3330 cm−1 corresponding to C=O and –OH, respectively, in the phenolic hydroxy group (Figure 2f). Similarly, for bis(4

• -hydroxyphenyl) disulfide (HPS), the absorption peaks corresponding to the C=O and –OH groups of the phenolic hydroxy group were located at 1220 cm−1 and 3330 cm−1, respectively. Furthermore, the peaks at 533 cm−1 and 620 cm−1 corresponded to the P–Cl vibrations of the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP

• ) molecule, while the peaks at 874 cm−1 and 1217.3 cm−1 resulted from the vibrations of P–N and P=N in HCCP. The FTIR spectrum of the CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs revealed an absorption peak corresponding to the Fe–O bond in the Fe3O4 NCs at 584 cm−1. A new absorption peak at 963 cm−1 indicated the formation of P–O– CUR

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• , we consider AI/ML to be helpful in the development of N2D3Ss to select the most efficient combination of NP and drug, taking into account properties regarding chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), and the biological activity regarding NDs [20]. Nevertheless

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• the supernatant, the MB concentration was determined via absorption spectroscopy at a wavelength of 664 nm. The photochemical degradation efficiency of MB was calculated according to formula where C0 and Ct are the MB concentration at the beginning and at time t, respectively. Effect of pH value The

• white light, and it has a yellow-brown colour, characteristic of GQDs prepared from the natural polymer starch [16]. The solution on the right was exposed to 254 nm UV light, and the colour changed to green. The typical absorption peak at 287 nm in the UV–vis spectrum of the aqueous GQD solution (Figure

• nanoparticles exhibit a significantly lower PL emission intensity than CF alone because of the higher separation efficiency of charge carriers of the CF/GQDs sample. The UV–vis DRS spectra of CF and CF/GQDs (Figure 6b) show that the absorption intensity becomes stronger after grafting the GQDs on CF, indicating

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• , matrix, and microneedle systems [24][25][26]. In addition, enteric-coated solid dosage forms for oral administration have shown significant improvement in providing better absorption and targeted delivery [27][28]. In this study, due to high water solubility of DCS (Log P = −1.72) and difficulty to

• powder. In addition, mannitol is an excipient that enhances the absorption of formulations such as oral, injectable, inhaled, and transdermal delivery [33][34][35][36]. In our study, mannitol also promoted the penetration of DCS in the reservoir transdermal delivery in vitro. Excellent release was also

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• of insect adhesive pads by plant wax during the contact (contamination hypothesis), (3) absorption of the insect pad secretion by the wax coverage (fluid absorption hypothesis), (4) hydroplaning induced by dissolution of the wax in the pad fluid (wax dissolution hypothesis), and (5) detached wax

• and the tips of tenent setae covering insect adhesive pads, which are responsible for establishing an intimate contact with the surface [14]. The fluid absorption hypothesis assumes that because of the high capillarity of the 3D wax coverage, the adhesive fluid may be absorbed from the insect pad

• absorption of the fluid from insect adhesive pads by porous media and/or the effect of surface roughness. Because of the more elaborate experimental design (three additional force measurements on the solid sample after the test on the porous substrate), a later study with the beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• fascinating optical and electrical properties [1]. WOx is a wide-bandgap oxide semiconductor with a large excitonic binding energy of 0.15 eV and a high optical absorption coefficient (≥104 cm−1 in the UV region) [2]. These, in conjunction with decent carrier mobility (12 cm2·V−1·s−1), make this material an

• reduces to 78.4% for the 30 nm films (Figure 2a). The absorption edge, having a sharp drop in the UV region, shifts towards higher wavelengths with increasing thickness values [33]. The shift of the absorption edge to higher wavelengths is likely to be associated with the bandgap (Eg) variation in the NS

• -WOx films. The value of Eg is estimated by employing the well-known Tauc’s equation [34]: where hv is the energy of the incident photons (in eV), α is the optical absorption coefficient, k is a constant, and n is a constant whose value depends on the type of transition (n = 2 for direct and n = 1/2

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• , according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) [31], which means that it is a poorly soluble but permeable molecule. The limitation in the absorption of class-II drugs is due to their rate of dissolution, except at very high doses. Their bioavailability is variable but can be increased by

• released BNZ available for absorption [39][40]. Other studies determined the release profile of BNZ in different media [41][42][43][44] and its permeability across Caco-2 cells [43][44]. Between 2012 and 2018 the BERENICE (BEnznidazol and triazol REsearch group for Nanomedicine and Innovation on Chagas

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• is performed with only a few hundred or a few thousands of particles, whereas 1 g of titanium dioxide used in gas absorption experiments typically contains about 1014 particles, thus expanding the parent population and increasing statistical significance. The method for comparing the SSA with the

• both MinFeret and MaxFeret (Cauchy). These were then compared with nitrogen absorption (BET) measurements. Surface area and volume were calculated for each measured particle and the SSA was calculated using the following formula: where Si is the surface area of the i-th particle, Vi is volume of the i

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• laser-driven photothermal agent [25]. However, it is challenging to completely eradicate solid tumors using PTT alone because of light scattering and limited absorption in tumor tissues. For this purpose, various modifications have been employed for passive tumor targeting. PEGylation, which involves

• efficacy. The application of vinorelbine tartrate is limited because of its dose-related toxicity to the nervous, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems and reduced absorption when taken orally [33]. Encapsulation studies specifically aim to create a controlled drug delivery system to reduce existing side

• thickness of 43 nm. In a similar vein, it can be observed from Figure 3c that the PDA/Fe3O4 NPs (4:1 ratio) exhibit an average size of 225 nm, corresponding to a coating thickness of 103.5 nm. The FTIR spectra of Fe3O4 NPs and PDA/Fe3O4 NPs (1:1, 2:1, and 4:1) are given in Figure 3d. The absorption peaks at

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• . Determination of iron content with the Prussian blue protocol The iron content was determined by measuring absorption of Prussian blue at 562 nm (Biotek ELX800, Agilent, USA). Briefly, the material was initially reduced for 10 min in 4% HCl. Then, 4% K3[Fe(CN)6] was added and the mixture was incubated for an

• approx. 150 nm. However, there was a polymer layer covering the outside of the NPs, which made the spherical shape of the NPs not clear. Drug loading and release Entrapment of chlorambucil The entrapment of chlorambucil in the NPs was calculated by measuring the OD absorption of CHL in NPs after

• and F127@NP had the same impact. However, both NPs produced superior outcomes than those for PVA@NP control. It has been demonstrated that F127 can enhance the cellular uptake of NPs in vitro via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis [31][40]. The absorption of F127 onto

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• -VTES(a). Attenuated total reflection–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results The attenuated total reflection–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) results of GO, GO-VTES(a), and GO-VTES(b) are shown in Figure 5. The absorption values ranging from 3100 to 3700 cm−1 corresponded to

• removal of the –COOH group during GO modification. In the spectrum of GO, the absorption peak at 1624 cm−1 was ascribed to vibration of the C=O bonds on the ketone group [33]. Nevertheless, for GO-VTES(a) and GO-VTES(b), this absorption peak overlapped with the absorption peaks at 1600 cm−1, which

• appeared due to the appearance of C=C bonds in VTES [17]. In the fingerprint region, the absorption peaks at approx. 950 to 1300 cm−1 for GO were due to the vibration of C–O and C–OH bonds in GO. These absorption peaks decreased for GO-VTES(a) and increased for GO-VTES(b) after modification. The increased

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• resonant absorption of the oriented assembly of chains shifts towards higher field values. Simultaneously, the peak height decreases. The shift in the position of the resonant peak of the oriented assembly is a consequence of the weakening of the component of the dipole field Hdip, which acts in the

• height of the magnetic susceptibility peak of the assembly increases, while the peak width somewhat decreases. In contrast, as Figure 4d shows that at a fixed value of κ the height of the magnetic susceptibility peak decreases with increasing particle diameter. Note that the absorption peaks in Figure 4c

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• studies on CdSe/ZnS nanodots as dopants in a polymer–fullerene matrix for application in organic solar cells. An assembly of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and 6,6-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester was used as the active reference layer. Absorption and luminescence spectra as well as the dispersion

• efficiencies is ternary organic cells [3][4][5][6]. The idea of ternary organic cells is to introduce additional material (donor or acceptor) into a typical donor–acceptor active layer in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ). This arrangement is supposed to combine the absorption of the three components to obtain

• -transporting layers [24], active absorbing layers, and other components [25][26]. Inorganic quantum dots are considered substitutes for fullerene acceptors. Their biggest advantages are a tunable band gap, various absorption spectra, and comparatively high mobility of carriers [27][28]. The application of

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• absorption and photoluminescence characteristics of PAAO [38]. In order to achieve nanometer-scale thickness uniformity of the PAAO layers (Figure 4), it was necessary to use single-crystal aluminum substrates as starting material. In previous studies it was shown that anodization of polycrystalline aluminum

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• (p < 0.05) in soluble protein content by 23.1%, accompanied by a notable increase in IAA by 31.1%, indicating potential toxicity. The use of atomic absorption spectroscopy confirmed the internalization of zinc in seedlings, with a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05). In control plants

• (Figure 1c) shows significant absorption peaks at 545, 718, 902, 2028, and 2159 cm−1. The UV–vis spectrum of synthesized ZnO-NPs displays a broad band at 362 nm (Figure 1d). The SEM images (Figure 1e) confirmed that ZnO NPs have spherical morphology with an average diameter of 70 nm. Phytotoxicity of ZnO

• . Zn contents in seedlings The successful Zn internalization was confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis (Figure 5a) indicating that R. sativus can accumulate Zn at high concentrations (0.36 mg Zn g−1 DW of seedlings at 0 mg/L and 1.76 mg Zn g−1 DW of seedlings at 10,000 mg/L, p