Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• inhibition is essentially irreversible [2]. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter. This, in turn, causes seizures and respiratory failure, which are the main causes of death [3]. O,O-Dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate, most commonly known as methyl

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• nanoparticles, but they noticed that breakdown strength of the composite was critically affected at a high concentration of filler due to free charge accumulation at the interface. Therefore, to improve breakdown strength and energy storage density of BTO, we propose the design of polythiophene (PTh

• breakdown strength of BTO-polymer composites is considerably reduced after increasing the BTO content to 30–40 wt % because of the free-charge accumulation at the interface of BTO and polymer [10]. We believe that core–shell structure of BTO-PTh nanoparticles and good interfacial compatibility between the

• two phases prevent the free-charge accumulation at the interface and, therefore, improve the breakdown strength. Furthermore, in situ oxidative polymerization of PTh on BTO surfaces allows for the inclusion of 90 wt % BTO, which results in a high dielectric constant. This means that the tremendous

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• of successful studies, the direct application of colloidal solutions containing photothermally active gold nanoparticles may be limited particularly due to the risk of accumulation in the body. Moreover, due to the heat dissipation in aqueous solution, high laser intensities are usually required to

• the published studies are devoted to the use of expensive plasmonic gold nanoparticles, whose accumulation in the body is still controversial and may lead to several adverse effects. In this direction, nanoparticle toxicity must also be studied carefully. For example, a few studies demonstrated the

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• spherical ones for MRI, having increased contrast and no toxicity in vitro and in vivo [61]. Iron oxide nanoworms were found to be a better solution for targeting tumors (in vitro) and for accumulation in tumors (in vivo) than simple spherical SPIONs [62]. Dimensions: synthesis dimension and hydrodynamic

• tumor sites making them good candidates for MRI imaging. 300 nm SPIONs coated with dextran were cleared from the main accumulation sites (liver, spleen, lungs) after 72 h, but the same SPIONs covered with silicon were still accumulating after 72 h. Similar results were obtained using 10 nm

• fluorescence) of Alzheimer’s disease Aβ plaque accumulations. They observed that the nanoparticles are not only appropriate for imaging but they also prevent plaque accumulation and break the already formed aggregates. Feng et al. [163] developed a SPION sensor coupled with a synthetic protein that recognizes

Plant growth regulation by seed coating with films of alginate and auxin-intercalated layered double hydroxides

• Vander A. de Castro,
• Valber G. O. Duarte,
• Danúbia A. C. Nobre,
• Geraldo H. Silva,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Frederico G. Pinto,
• Willian R. Macedo and
• Jairo Tronto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1082–1091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.93

• to conventional boron sources. In the bioassays, the lower release and leaching from LDH-B-ALG improved the accumulation of boron in the root zone of the indicator plant, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), with consequent increase of fertilizer efficiency and uptake of boron by plants. The new fertilizer

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• brain delivery such as polycaprolactone (PCL) [68] or chitosan [80][82] but to a lesser extent than PBCA and PLA/PLGA nanoparticles. For instance, enhanced accumulation in an in vivo intracranial glioma mice model of PEG-PCL nanoparticles functionalized with angiopep-2 could be observed by real-time

• and, secondly, angiopep-2 increased the accumulation of nanoparticles in glioma cells thanks to recognition of the LRP1 on the glioma cells surface. Lipid-based nanoparticles Liposomes: Liposomes are well-known and well-studied nanocarrier systems. They are composed of a lipid bilayer surrounding a

• brain endothelial cells) monolayer in vitro and exhibited a significantly higher accumulation in the brain than non-conjugated liposomes, showing the ability of this carrier system to cross the BBB. It was also shown that these particles could accumulate in the glioma cells and significantly increase

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• volume unchanged. Results and Discussion Figure 1 depicts a schematic diagram of the preparation process of the ACT and AFT nanocolumn arrays (schemes (1) and (2), respectively). In the structure represented in (2), the bottom of the array hinders the dense accumulation of Ag nanoparticles in the

• AFT2 marked with the red circle in Figure 3e. From the comparison of Figure 3d and 3e, it can be concluded that the Ag particles deposited in the TNC become gradually larger, but no accumulation around the nanopores occurs, which would block further deposition of Ag particles. Finally, in the structure

• having the thickest layer of Ag (AFT3), a large amount of Ag accumulation can be observed around the nanopore marked with the yellow circle in Figure 3f, which closes the nanopore and hinders excessive Ag deposition in the TNC. Comparing the areas marked with the red circles in Figure 3e and 3f, it

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• of composite nanobeads with antibacterial properties. The particles consist of polystyrene cores that are surrounded by sulfonic gel shells with embedded silver nanoparticles. The nanocomposite beads are prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene particles followed by accumulation of silver ions in the

• charged sulfonic groups. The gel shell can be utilized for the accumulation of cationic species, e.g., the accumulation of a monomer followed by further polymerization [2][22]. Polystyrene-based gel-shell particles have been also used for the accumulation of silver ions followed by their reduction to

• sulfonic groups followed by accumulation of silver ions in the generated hydrogel layer. Then, the silver ions were reduced using sodium borohydride, which resulted in the formation of silver nanoparticles. It has been demonstrated that during the reduction process also the sulfonic groups in the polymer

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• increase or decrease of the ionic concentration in the probed volume due to the electric field. During accumulation of Li-ions with the dc-voltage pulse, due to the electric field driven migration, the ESM signal increases. Afterwards, when the dc-voltage is turned off, the ESM signal decreases due to the

• pulse, an irreversible accumulation of Li-ions in the probed volume due to the preceding measurements would decrease the feasible change in concentration and therefore could reduce the ESM signal intensity. Similar, structural degradation could influence the ESM signal intensity by the reduction of the

• . Interestingly, the distributions of the positive and negative dc-voltage pulse differ, whereby the negative dc-voltage pulse shows smaller time constants compared with the positive pulse. This indicates a different behaviour of the diffusivity depending on an accumulation (negative pulse) and a depletion

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• , were analyzed (Figure 6B). A strong fluorescence signal appeared in the liver and kidney of normal mice after 6 h of NC injection. An apparent decrease in fluorescence after more than 6 h suggested the efficient clearance of NCs and there is no accumulation leading to cytotoxicity. A proper

• and Au content in tissues were studied. A strong signal of Au was observed in the kidney within 30 min mostly in the medulla and decreased after 1 h with a weak residual cortical uptake. However, in the liver, a weak Au signal remained intact up to 24 h possibly due to the accumulation and

• metabolism inside the body. Hence, the accumulation in the liver is still one of the concerns. The fate of accumulated AuNCs in the liver is unknown. Corresponding studies will be useful to realize the development of new bioimaging methods and their practical applications. Structure, synthesis and properties

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• attributed to the accumulation effect, whereas the overall loading was influenced by both the accumulation effect and normal diffusion processes at high feeding concentrations. The gel-like matrix cores of inorganic CaCO3 and SiO2 provide a larger surface area for encapsulation than normal cores due to their

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• deposited downstream nearby the impact spot at a distance of about 10 nm [15]. This small impact accumulation gives rise to the formation of ripples with increasing cluster fluence. Toyoda et al. have studied the influence of incidence angle and cluster size on the ripple formation on Au surfaces. The most

• collisions of individual clusters with the surface. During the collision the cluster excavates the target material, which is deposited downstream nearby the impact spot. The accumulation of the excavated material during continuous irradiation gives rise to the formation of ripple [15] and the subsequent

• increases [13]. If the amount of the material deposited downstream after a cluster collision is proportional to the sputtering yield, then one can conclude that the accumulation of the excavated material occurs faster at elevated cluster energy. As a result, the development of the ripple structure occurs

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• limited because only a small fraction of the administered dose of the drug arrives into the tumors [1][2][3]. This can be attributed, in part, to a series of biological barriers that reduce the drug accumulation in tumors [4] such as sequestration by the mononuclear phagocyte system [5], non-specific

• ]. The accumulation of nanoparticles in tumors, either passively or directed, is extensively documented [14]. Thus, there are multiple efforts to design nanoparticles that function as nanovehicles, mainly composed of liposomes, synthetic polymers, dendrimers, and virus-like particles (VLPs) [13][15

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• persist [122]. While this can be very useful when the target is the lysosomes, it is well known that lysosomal accumulation constitutes an ulterior barrier for the delivery of drugs to any other intracellular target [85][86]. This has led to the development of strategies to induce escape from the

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• recorded in capillaries [45]. Blood flow within the tumor and liver are also slower. This induces a fluid flow pattern from the center outwards in these regions and the accumulation of micro- and nanoparticles on the walls of the vasculature [46] leading to a possible loss of NP drugs. Loss of the NP drug

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• ) effect [2][3], constituted the triggering factor for the development of a whole new part of medicine, namely nanomedicine. Indeed, the observed spontaneous accumulation was explained by the existence of disjunctions between endothelial cells in the proximity of inflamed and cancerous tissues, which

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• xenograft tumor-bearing mice. The siRNA-conjugated DNA tetrahedron nanoarchitecture system was administered to mice by tail vein injection, and the quantitative accumulation was monitored by fluorescence molecular tomography imaging, combined with computed tomography. The imaging data showed accumulation of

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• membrane curvature [26]. Such membrane curvatures or invaginations can lead to the formation of inverted micelles that entrap the peptide. The hydrophilic environment inside the inverted micelle allows accumulation of the peptide and is favorable for the transport of hydrophilic compounds conjugated to the

• leads to the accumulation of the peptide on the outer leaflet of the membrane [28]. The peptides then cause bending of the lipid monolayer into the interior, forming a hydrophilic gap in the membrane, in which phospholipid heads and peptides are found. The transient pore formation models are in general

• , arginine-rich CPPs are mainly endocytosed, whereas rapid cytoplasmic entry occurred at higher concentration [41]. The latter is associated with the accumulation of the peptide at certain membrane areas called nucleation zones [42]. New findings of these type could further broaden what is already a very

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• cellulose 10 kDa MWCO membrane as accumulation wall was employed in connection with a UV–vis detector operating at 220 nm (S3210, Laserchrom, Rochester, UK), a MALS detector (Viscotek SEC-MALS20, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK), a refractive index detector (Optilab T-rEX, Wyatt Technology, Dernbach

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• vivo cancer imaging. In this report we decorated pegylated liposomes with a GRPR antagonist peptide and studied its interaction with, and accumulation within, lung cancer cells. Results: An N-terminally cysteine modified GRPR antagonist (termed cystabn) was synthesised and shown to inhibit cell growth

• targeting has potential for enhancing drug accumulation in resistant cancer cells. Keywords: bombesin; GRPR; liposome; lung cancer; targeting; Introduction Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately one in five lung cancer diagnoses. In spite of global efforts to reduce tobacco smoking in

• to SCLC cell surface GRPR would be expected to increase the local accumulation of the liposomes in the cell surface, thus increasing the probability of drug accumulation in the target cells, without activating GRPR signalling. For example, by increasing the fraction of liposomes that are membrane

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• macrophages to these hybrid materials combined with an improvement in their in vivo tumour accumulation [6]. Weil and co-workers described the use of multimodal platforms, made of diamond dots combined with gold nanoparticles, as imaging probes of live cell cultures [7]. We have recently characterized a

• stability and tumour accumulation of curcumin [17]. Overall, there is a consensus that using colloidally stable nanoparticles is crucial for understanding and controlling cellular uptake, because materials that are prone to aggregation show higher non-specific interactions with biological fluids and cell

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• propagation of dislocation defects. For the pentagonal NWs, the propagation of these defects is hindered by the five twin boundaries inside these structures, leading to the accumulation of dislocations at the twin boundaries [43]. In the cantilevered beam bending configuration, this accumulation is more

• factors: the inner structure of the pentagonal NWs and its free surface. The five twin boundaries dividing the structure can hinder the propagation of dislocations and prevent a smooth onset of plastic deformation under a cantilevered beam bending configuration. Therefore, the accumulation of dislocations

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• significant difference in the electrical parameters of the OPVs with 0.5% and 1.0% (Table S2). As shown in Figure 6a, the OPVs with 0.25 wt % of FeS2 exhibit an S-shaped J–V curve, that could arise from charge recombination or accumulation resulting from poor charge transport between the OPV interfaces, and

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• and pore volume of 0.35 cm3/g. The cisplatin/CuFe2O4/HYPS nanoformulation showed the accumulation of copper ferrite nanoparticles on the surface and in the pores of HYPS with a surface area of 45 m2/g, pore size of 16 nm and pore volume of 0.18 cm3/g. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy

• average pore size of 8.3 nm. After spinel loading, the surface area decreased to 47 m2/g, indicating about 28% reduction in the BET surface area. In terms of pore volume occupation, a significant decrease occurs from 0.35 to 0.18 cm3/g. The trend clearly shows the accumulation of copper ferrite

Ion mobility and material transport on KBr in air as a function of the relative humidity

• Dominik J. Kirpal,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer,
• Alfred J. Weymouth and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2084–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.203

• kept between 3.0% ≤ RH ≤ 5.5%. In order to evaluate the size of the accumulation and the defect every measurement point that differs more than 165 pm (half an atomic step height) from the average height of the surrounding plain (z = 0) is referred as part of the hole or the accumulation. The volume is

• obtained by adding up the height of all corresponding measurement points multiplied with the size per point. The total volume of the hole or accumulation therefore can be expressed by where Ascan is the size of the total scan area and Np is the number of measurement points. Over a period of seven days

• significant changes of the studied structure can be observed. The accumulation erodes quite fast at the beginning and spreads out to the surrounding area. Initially, the defect was surrounded by walls which were up to 35 nm thick and up to 7 nm high. After two days the maximum height decreased to 4 nm and a