Gold nanoparticles covalently assembled onto vesicle structures as possible biosensing platform

• M. Fátima Barroso,
• M. Alejandra Luna,
• Juan S. Flores Tabares,
• Cristina Delerue-Matos,
• N. Mariano Correa,
• Fernando Moyano and
• Patricia G. Molina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 655–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.58

• (SH). After, the AuNPs photochemically synthesized in pure glycerol were mixed and anchored onto SH–DOPC vesicles. The data provided by voltammetry, spectrometry and microscopy techniques indicated that the AuNPs were successfully covalently anchored onto the vesicle bilayer and decorated vesicles

• hydrophobic bilayer as well as water-soluble substances. These structures are the best mimetic agents of biological membranes and represent the environment in which many proteins and enzymes show activity [1][2]. The advantages that the vesicles have over synthetic materials are: lack of toxicity

• of the AuNPs synthesis (irradiation time, HAuCl4 concentration), these AuNPs were covalently immobilized onto large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) composed by the phospholipid DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). For this purpose 1-undecanethiol (SH) was incorporated into the bilayer in

Cantilever bending based on humidity-actuated mesoporous silica/silicon bilayers

• Christian Ganser,
• Gerhard Fritz-Popovski,
• Roland Morak,
• Parvin Sharifi,
• Benedetta Marmiroli,
• Barbara Sartori,
• Heinz Amenitsch,
• Thomas Griesser,
• Christian Teichert and
• Oskar Paris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 637–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.56

• cylindrical pores with elliptical cross-section on an ordered pore lattice. The film is deposited on silicon-based commercial atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers using dip coating. This bilayer cantilever is mounted in a humidity controlled AFM, and its deflection is measured as a function of relative

• layer is related to the cantilever deflection using simple bilayer bending theory. We also develop a simple quantitative model for cantilever deflection which only requires cantilever geometry and nanostructural parameters of the porous layer as input parameters. Keywords: AFM cantilever; bilayer

• is to increase the number of adsorbed molecules by increasing the total interaction area of molecules with the surface. This leads to the concept of using bilayer structures, with one of the layers having a large accessible (internal) surface area. In the natural world of plants for instance

First-principles study of the structure of water layers on flat and stepped Pb electrodes

• Xiaohang Lin,
• Ferdinand Evers and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 533–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.47

• dissolve within the run time of 8 ps at 140 K. Figure 5a shows that there is no longer a flat water layer, but a kind of bilayer with the distance between the O atom of the upper water molecules and the Pb surface being 5.2 Å, which is 2.4 Å larger than for the lower water molecules. The plotted

Determination of the compositions of the DIGM zone in nanocrystalline Ag/Au and Ag/Pd thin films by secondary neutral mass spectrometry

• Gábor Y. Molnár,
• Shenouda S. Shenouda,
• Gábor L. Katona,
• Gábor A. Langer and
• Dezső L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 474–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.41

• the Pd(30 nm)/Ag(30 nm)/substrate film system at different temperatures. Figure 5 shows the average compositions inside the Ag and Pd layers as a function of the annealing time at different temperatures for the Ag(15 nm)/Pd(15 nm)/substrate bilayer (Figure 5a) at 150 °C and for the Pd(30 nm/Ag(30 nm

• homogenization in bilayer films is possible on both sides, and the compositions in the DIGM zones can be followed by SNMS depth profiling. Let us check whether the relations in Equation 1 and Equation 2 give a quantitative explanation for our experimental results or not. It can be seen that the above relations

• annealing times until full homogenization is reached. That is, the formation of a solid solution corresponding to the original element ratio in the bilayer. However, we did not observe such a two- or multi-step homogenization process (see Figure 2 and Figure 5). Even prolonged heat treatments did not result

Characterisation of thin films of graphene–surfactant composites produced through a novel semi-automated method

• Nik J. Walch,
• Alexei Nabok,
• Frank Davis and
• Séamus P. J. Higson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 209–219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.19

• composite films in the visible spectral range similar to that reported in [22][23]. The absorption peak of graphene reported earlier [22][23] at about 260 nm is outside the spectral range of our ellipsometric instrument (370–1000 nm). The example of ellipsometry data fitting for one PAH/graphene bilayer

• deposited on Si is shown in Figure 9b with the dotted (fitting) lines almost perfectly reproducing the experimental spectra (solid lines). The thicknesses were found to be of 6.65, 9.3, and 10.88 nm for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd PAH/graphene bilayer, respectively. Although the d value of the first bilayer appeared

• 2.5 nm per PEI/graphene bilayer which was reported earlier. Conclusion A simple semi-automated technique for graphene production by aqueous sonochemical exfoliation of graphite in the presence of ionic surfactants, e.g., CTAB or SDS, was developed. Full automation could be potentially achieved by

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• quality. In fact, the graphene produced is mostly polycrystalline with aperiodic heptagon/pentagon pairs [143] or overlapped bilayer regions [144] at the grain boundaries (Figure 22b). It has also been demonstrated that the presence of grain boundaries can reduce the mechanical and electrical properties

Single pyrimidine discrimination during voltage-driven translocation of osmylated oligodeoxynucleotides via the α-hemolysin nanopore

• Yun Ding and
• Anastassia Kanavarioti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.11

• Biological Laboratories in the monomer form of lyophilized power and dissolved in water at 1 mg/mL. 1,2-Diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPhPC) was dissolved in decane at 10 mg/mL and used to form the bilayer. The bilayer was supported by a glass nanopore membrane (GNM), which was modified with a 2

• , University of Utah. The KCl solution was used as the electrolyte to fill the solution reservoir and the GNM capillary. A voltage was applied across the GNM between two Ag/AgCl electrodes placed inside and outside of the capillary. A lipid bilayer was deposited across the GNM orifice as indicated by a

• resistance increase from ca. 10 MΩ (associated with the open GNM) to ca. 100 GΩ. A pressure of 20 to 40 mmHg was applied to the inside of the GNM capillary using a syringe, allowing the lipid bilayer to be functional for the protein channel reconstitution. Next, 0.2 µL of α-HL monomer solution at 1 mg/mL was

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• in Figure 9b, the thickness of the PLL/(PDLA/PLLA)10 multilayer is approximately 100 nm. Hence, the thickness of each PDLA/PLLA bilayer is estimated to be 10 nm. Interestingly, the thickness of the PLA layers on the silicon substrate (see Ellipsiometry) was not as thick as that of the microcapsules

• adsorption steps (15 min in duration) of anionic PSS (2 mg/mL in 0.5 M NaCl) and cationic PAH (2 mg/ml in Milli-Q water) followed. After each adsorption step, three washings in Milli-Q water (1500 rpm for 1 min) were carried out. Once the four bilayer structures were deposited, one layer of PLL (5 mg/mL in

pH-Triggered release from surface-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles

• Manuel Häuser,
• Klaus Langer and
• Monika Schönhoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2504–2512, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.260

• taken up by endocytosis. During the process of endocytosis, nanoparticular drug carriers most often end up in endolysosomes with a reduced internal pH value. In order to provide improved accessibility of the drug to the whole cell, membrane destruction of the endolysosomal bilayer would be beneficial

Mapping bound plasmon propagation on a nanoscale stripe waveguide using quantum dots: influence of spacer layer thickness

• Chamanei S. Perera,
• Alison M. Funston,
• Han-Hao Cheng and
• Kristy C. Vernon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2046–2051, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.208

• , 750 nm wide with grating using electron beam lithography (EBL). Bilayer PMMA (950k A4 and 495k A4 PMMA from Microchem GmbH) was patterned using EBL and then developed for 30 seconds in MIBK:IPA developer solution. A silver film with 30 nm thickness was evaporated onto the resist using PVD 75 electron

• beam evaporator under 0.1 Å/s. Lift-off of the resist was achieved in an acetone bath. Stripes with length 20 µm were fabricated (Figure 2). When using bilayer PMMA in EBL, the substrate must be relatively conductive. We used ITO-coated glass substrate as a conductive substrate. The presence of the ITO

Distribution of Pd clusters on ultrathin, epitaxial TiO_x films on Pt₃Ti(111)

• Christian Breinlich,
• Maria Buchholz,
• Marco Moors,
• Tobias Pertram,
• Conrad Becker and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2007–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.204

• obtained on the Pt3Ti(111) surface exhibits characteristic stripes of densely packed, Ti–O rows of bilayer thickness. These are separated 1.44 nm apart from each other with parallel trenches in between. The w'-TiOx phase consists of a hexagonal, oxygen-terminated, Ti–O bilayer, which shows similarities to

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicated the existence of an oxygen-terminated Ti–O bilayer [6][7]. Depending on the applied oxygen dose, the z'-TiOx phase covers different fractions of the crystal surface, ranging from small separated islands up to a nearly complete film covering the whole

• '-TiOx phase is the second stable titanium oxide phase that can be grown on the Pt3Ti(111) surface with oxygen doses higher than 200 L within a temperature window of 800–1100 K [6]. HREELS and XPS studies also indicated a Ti–O bilayer structure with oxygen termination as a basic structure element for

Enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit in engineered graphene nanoribbons

• Hatef Sadeghi,
• Sara Sangtarash and
• Colin J. Lambert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1176–1182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.119

• . In monolayer graphene, this increases the electronic thermoelectric figure of merit ZTe from 0.01 to 0.5. The largest values of ZTe are found when a nanopore is introduced into bilayer graphene, such that the current flows from one layer to the other via the inner surface of the pore, for which

• ) in low dimensional materials [8]. In what follows we apply this approach to engineered graphene nanoribbons [9][10] and show that introducing nanopores into bilayer graphene [11], a room-temperature ZTe higher than 2 could be achieved. Computational methods The electrical conductance G(T), the

• investigating the thermoelectric properties of various forms of engineered graphene, obtained by sculpting nanopores in bilayer graphene and allowing the pore surface to reconstruct [9]. Pores in bilayer graphene are not only more stable than anti-dots in monolayer graphene, but should also be effective in

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• (aSNPs) that they will be entirely coated with a phospholipid bilayer [7]. Consequently, an impaired cytotoxicity and transport/translocation to other organs may be perceived due to this surfactant coating. Several in vitro studies on aSNP toxicity have already been conducted using simple as well as

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• -PEG nanocontainers a powerful tool for further in vivo experiments in future. Fluorescence microscopy image of vesicles from PI-b-PEG 1 in water, the bilayer was visualized using the hydrophobic dye Nile Red (A); Size distribution of the micelles build from PI-b-PEG 2 – PI-b-PEG 10 in water

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• division took place in the sample, which resulted in a confluent cell layer after seven days of incubation. In the micromotility assay, we found an impact of nanoparticle density (the number of particles available for one cell) on the cell behavior. Since CTAB nanorods are covered with a bilayer of the

• surfactant [31], the amount of CTAB exposed to the cells correlates with the particle density inducing cytotoxicity. For the live cell imaging assay, we replaced the cell medium for imaging and culturing, possibly reducing or eventually removing the CTAB bilayer during incubation, which could have resulted

Intake of silica nanoparticles by giant lipid vesicles: influence of particle size and thermodynamic membrane state

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Florian Seitz,
• Christoph Westerhausen,
• Armin Reller,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Achim Wixforth and
• Matthias F. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2468–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.256

• particle and the membrane. As shown in [33], the interaction between a neutral (i.e., zwitterionic) lipid bilayer and negatively charged silica surface is repulsive in pure water but attractive in phosphate buffered saline. The authors also give a plausible theoretical explanation for this finding by

• inner and outer medium the GUVs sink down to the chamber bottom. Vesicles in the fluid state will show strong adhesion to the cover glass, rupture and form a solid supported bilayer (SLB) eventually. However, vesicles settling down on top of such a SLB show no significant adhesion and are used for the

Nanobioarchitectures based on chlorophyll photopigment, artificial lipid bilayers and carbon nanotubes

• Marcela Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu,
• Stefan Marian Iordache,
• Ana Maria Iordache,
• Nicoleta Badea and
• Camelia Ungureanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.240

• biomimetic membranes (above 41 °C) exhibits low anisotropy and high fluorescence emission intensity due to an increase in the lipid bilayer mobility and hence the chlorophyll has the possibility to move and to minimize the energy transfer leading to fluorescence quenching. In the gel phase of the artificial

Two-dimensional and tubular structures of misfit compounds: Structural and electronic properties

• Tommy Lorenz,
• Jan-Ole Joswig and
• Gotthard Seifert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2171–2178, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.226

• . Generally, Sn2+ can act as an acceptor if a stronger reducer is present. By comparing the standard potentials of the S2−/S and Sn/Sn2+ systems, it appears that this explanation is possible and is supported by the fact that in the SnS2–SnS bilayer, only the SnS2-sulfur atoms facing the SnS layer become

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• the spontaneous extracellular electrical activity in a murine neuronal cell line, which yielded results in good agreement with recordings made by means of conventional MEAs (Figure 5). Single-spin NV-NDs embedded in an artificial lipid bilayer [136] and in a real cell membrane, in which there is a

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• graphene, in which the organic unit is tightly attached on the graphene network, is the method of choice for preparing novel donor–acceptor hybrid materials that can potentially facilitate photo-induced electron-transfer phenomena. Single-layer, bilayer and oligo-layer graphene sheets have been utilized to

Formation of Cu_xAu_1−x phases by cold homogenization of Au/Cu nanocrystalline thin films

• Alona Tynkova,
• Gabor L. Katona,
• Gabor A. Langer,
• Sergey I. Sidorenko,
• Svetlana M. Voloshko and
• Dezso L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.162

• larger in Au (of the order of 10−11 m/s) than in Cu (of the order of 10−13 m/s). Experimental Au/Cu nanocrystalline thin films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering onto (001)-oriented Si wafers with native SiO2 layer. The following bilayer samples were deposited: Au(25nm)/Cu(50nm), Au(25nm)/Cu(25nm

• ) system a) as deposited sample and b) annealed samples. XRD θ–2θ patterns of Au(25nm)/Cu(12nm) annealed samples. Bright field (top view) TEM images of Au(10nm)/Cu(15nm) bilayer a) as deposited and c) after 1 h of heat treatment at 160 °C. The arrow indicates the area of formation of a new phase. Selected

• area electron diffraction patterns of Au(10nm)/Cu(15nm) bilayer b) as deposited and d) after 1 h of heat treatment at 160 °C. Dependence of the average concentration of elements on the annealing time at 150 °C in a) Au(25nm)/Cu(50nm), b) Au(25nm)/Cu(25nm) and c) Au(25nm)/Cu(12nm) systems. Calculated

Sublattice asymmetry of impurity doping in graphene: A review

• James A. Lawlor and
• Mauro S. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1210–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.133

• more recent studies suggest that this could also be possible with other impurities [43]. Whilst it is known experimentally that molybdenum impurities exhibit same sublattice configurations in bilayer epitaxial graphene, the mechanism behind this is not currently understood [60]. Boron has been studied

Model systems for studying cell adhesion and biomimetic actin networks

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johannes P. Frohnmayer and
• Joachim P. Spatz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1193–1202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.131

• actin networks and talin into model cells. Keywords: actin network; cell adhesion; giant unilamellar vesicle; integrin; lipid bilayer; synthetic cell; protein reconstitution; talin; Review Introduction Since Hooke first described a biological cell in 1665 tremendous progress has been made in

• found to quantify the binding energy of different integrin–ligand pairs under bioanalogue conditions [43]. This system was developed further to facilitate the mobility of the integrin receptors within the supported lipid bilayer. Thus, it was shown that integrin mobility controls the force-induced

• lipid bilayer, like the membrane of natural cells. With these attributes GUVs have gained increasing importance as bottom-up model systems in synthetic biology over the past years. GUVs can be used to study cellular functions and the interplay between various proteins, which are incorporated in the

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• bilayer and even multilayer nanostructures. Results and Discussion EBID plus autocatalytic growth EBID structures were deposited from Co(CO)3NO on native SiOx on Si(100) and 100 nm Si3N4 membranes, and on commercially available, thermal 300 nm SiO2 on Si(100). The beam energy was 15 keV at a beam current

• energies, a contribution of (25 ± 5)% of the Fe intensity at the Fe L3 edge is determined for the Co L3 edge, i.e., This correction was taken into account to determine the apparent thickness of the Co contribution in the CoOxNyCz/Fe bilayer. As the first step, the autocatalytic growth of the iron

Adsorption and oxidation of formaldehyde on a polycrystalline Pt film electrode: An in situ IR spectroscopy search for adsorbed reaction intermediates

• Zenonas Jusys and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 747–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.87

• (111) surface at 0.5 V (NHE) [51]. A recent detailed theoretical study on the stability, configuration and interconversion of formyl (CHO) and hydroxymethylidyne (COH) adsorbed on Pt(111) under a water bilayer suggested that CHOad is the only (meta-)stable form under these conditions, while the COHad

• configuration dissociates easily to COad + H [52]. For CHOad on a bridge site under a water bilayer, only a single C–O bond vibration was calculated at wave numbers of 1250 cm−1 [52]. For an adsorption potential of 0.4 V (Figure 2b), the initial IR spectra exhibit distinct differences compared to the spectra