The influence of structure and local structural defects on the magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 23–33, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.3

• vectors; pi is the momentum; eij is the unit vector along rij; fi is the analogue of the force applied to spin; and U is the potential energy. The general form of the expression for describing the total energy of magnetic systems can be written in the following form: where the first two terms in the right

• arrangement and force behavior, which caused their reorientation. Analysis of Figure 4 shows that there are significant differences in the spin distributions of an ideal crystalline hexagonal close-packed cobalt (letters (a), (b), (c)) and the nanofilm with structural defects formed as a result of the

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• roughness of the bilayer structure were studied utilizing an atomic force microscope (AFM, Bruker Dimension Edge) and the Gwyddion software. The optical transmission was measured using an UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV-3600i Plus, SHIMADZU) in the range of λ = 300–800 nm. Finally, the electrical properties

From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• -precision STM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) scanning. Third, CuPc and PTCDA are known to form commensurate phases on flat metal surfaces. In particular, they have been well studied at different stoichiometries on Ag(111) [16]. Henneke and co-workers showed that more than 0.15 ML of PTCDA in addition to

Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

• electrodes. In Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements on electrochemical cells, the surface potential is generally measured relative to electrical ground instead of a stable reference. Here, we show that the changes in the surface potential, measured using KPFM relative to the surface potential in

• . Keywords: electrochemistry; Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM); reference electrode; solid electrolyte; Introduction Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a scanning probe technique for imaging surface potentials on the nanometer scale [1][2][3][4]. Its operating principle is based on detecting the

• electrostatic force acting between the tip and sample [3]. CPD measurements relative to ground are not particularly problematic when analyzing KPFM data obtained from electronic devices [7][10][11][12] because the electrode potential relative to ground determines working conditions of the devices. In contrast

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• atomic force microscopy. In some cases, it was possible to observe regions with surface macromolecular (quasicrystalline) ordering [7]. The remarkable property of PDP is that, depending on the length of certain atomic bonds, its molecule can exist in several spatial configurations. Under normal

• , associates of macromolecules are formed in the solution, and the influence of adhesion processes decreases, but the cohesive forces increase. In the entire thickness range from 3 nm to 1 µm, the films are solid, without significant defects and/or pin holes. The polymer films were studied by atomic force

• strip and the whole sandwich itself. (b) Atomic force microscope scan of a PDP film 0.1 wt % on Si substrate. The plot at the bottom illustrates the roughness of the surface along the indicated line. (c) Side view of a Pb–PDP–Pb structure on glass with solitary defect (lead shortcut) obtained by

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 10.3762/bjnano.13.122 Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM), developed in the early 1980s, has become a powerful characterization tool in micro- and nanoscale science. In the early 1990s, its relevance within biology and medicine research

• mechanical changes in the affected tissues. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; healthcare; mechanical properties; mechanobiology; medical diagnosis; Introduction Since its invention in the early 1980s, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used for topographical, mechanical, electrical, and

• -established and widely used technique for fundamental micro- and nanoscale research, especially concerning topographical characterization and general force measurements [1][2][3][4][5]. However, advanced mechanical property analysis is not yet widely used for broad-impact applications. In fact, while some

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• (Figure 2, Figure 5b,c). The inductances are equal to 100 pH while the internal resistance of the power supplies has the value of 90 Ω. The latter allows for measurements of IVCs close to the regime of constant bias current. However, the electromotive force of the power supply is, in fact, the primary

• mA, and the lowest differential resistance is Rd = 2.8 Ω. The radiation power increases abruptly at the step and reaches the maximal value Pb = 0.32 μW at Vb = 40.06 mV, corresponding to an averaged Josephson frequency of = 193.7 GHz. The indicated value Vb corresponds to the electromotive force of

• cavity mode is playing a decisive role for synchronization of the array. Junctions in the antinodal regions are phase-locked by the driving EM field of the cavity mode. In the nodal regions, the driving force is very small, and, therefore, JJs are unsynchronized there. These asynchronous nodal regions

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• plants has to lift water against gravity from the roots to the leaves where it evaporates. The evaporation at the leaves (i.e., transpiration) represents the driving force for the flow, meaning that the water is not “pumped” upwards but rather “sucked”. Plant water transport relies, therefore, on two

• basic principles [40]: (i) transpiration, occurring in the leaves, providing the driving force for the water flow to overcome gravity and (ii) the cohesion of water, provided by van der Waals forces between the water molecules. The conduits consist of the cell walls of the dead xylem cells. The water

• transpiration ceases and the “suction force” within the conduits reduces. The reason is straightforward: An incompletely repaired conduit would not fill with water but would be sucked empty again and again because the pressure in the adjacent conduits is lower than in the still dysfunctional conduit. Therefore

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• efficiency. The reason is that photogenerated electrons and holes recombine quickly [41]. We use an analogy for a more straightforward comprehension of the recombination timeframe. The force of gravity ensures that any item thrown into the air will return to the Earth below within a few seconds. After being

• exposed to light, electrons in a single photocatalyst undergo a transition akin to an item thrown into the air. This transition takes place from the VB to the CB [42]. After that, the very powerful Columbic force among photogenerated electrons and holes pulls them together, enabling recombination within a

• few picoseconds to nanoseconds in bulk or on the photocatalyst surface. It is possible to have a better understanding of the timescale by contrasting the calculation of the gravitational force with the computation of the Coulomb force. Because the gravitational constant (6.67 × 10−11 N·m2·kg−2) is

Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

• Man-Ping Chang,
• Shang-Jui Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

• . In order to accurately calculate the energy of the nonuniform deformation region, the EAM is used to calculate the interaction of the nonlocal atoms [55]. Moreover, to avoid repeated calculations at the coupled regions, the QC method performs continuous coupled calculations to modify the ghost force

• deformation caused by an external force [59]. In this work, three crystal orientations O1, O2, and O3 were chosen, which were X[111]Y[−110], X[−110]Y[111], and X[110]Y[001], respectively. For O1, O2, and O3 orientations, the punching directions were parallel, perpendicular, and with a specific angle to the

• the adhesion force increases with an increase of the contact area between the punch and the workpiece. However, when the debris crumple, the slip phenomenon appears [61]. Besides, comparing the three crystal orientation curves, O1 shows a more stable curve during the loading process, while the O2 and

Growing up in a rough world: scaling of frictional adhesion and morphology of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

• Anthony J. Cobos and
• Timothy E. Higham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1292–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.107

• to estimate the theoretical maximum adhesive force. We tested performance with 14 live geckos on eight surfaces ranging from extremely smooth (acrylic glass) to relatively rough (100-grit sandpaper). Surfaces were attached to a force transducer, and multiple trials were conducted for each individual

• reptiles, and has been a focus of both engineering and biological studies [3]. Models are frequently used to describe adhesion, such as the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model [4]. In this case, the force required to pull an elastic sphere from a flat surface is determined using the radius of the sphere

• adhesive pads is the contact area between the setae and the surface. With increasingly rough surfaces, the area for contact decreases, leading to decreased adhesive performance. In a modeling framework, the force of adhesion can be related to surface energy of the substrate, the area of the adhering pad

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• the entire fiber length l, which can depend on the position along the fiber: This formulation could be interpreted in such a way that if the radius of the fiber decreases, the van der Waals force also decreases and can, therefore, be neglected if R is sufficiently small. However, this is not always

• the case for these reasons: (1) Due to the smaller radius, the fiber also becomes softer. In consequence, the easier deflection can increase the contact area, resulting in larger forces. The van der Waals force is proportional to the root of the radius, μ ∼ √R, and the materials stiffness, expressed

• by the area moment of inertia J, is proportional to the fourth power of the radius, J ∼ R4. Hence, the fiber gains more contact area much faster than the force decreases. (2) With a smaller radius, more fibers can attach simultaneously to the surface, which leads to a further increase in the total

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• Ke Xu Yuzhe Liu School of Electrical & Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China 10.3762/bjnano.13.104 Abstract As a tool that can test insulators' surface morphology and properties, the performance index of atomic force microscope (AFM) probes is the most critical

• the tip approaches the sample surface, an interaction force is generated that deflects (bends or stretches) the probe cantilever. As the AFM probe moves across the sample surface (in the X and Y directions), morphological information is obtained over the entire scan area. Its tip structure and the

• interaction force between the particle and the surface. A new colloidal AFM probe was proposed by Daboss et al. [14]. These conductive spherical boron-doped diamond (BDD)-AFM probes allow electrochemical force spectroscopy. The physical robustness of these bifunctional probes and the excellent electrochemical

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• oriented H-bonding between the chiral –OH groups of serine and –NH2 of PEA was the binding force for enantioselective recognition. Yu et al. designed new template-free polymer films based on the electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomers (EDOT) with an –OH functional group for chiral

• -glutamate. Combined with color changes and UV–vis spectra of the sensing solutions, the driving force for the chiral detection was mainly suggested to be due to the induced chirality of PANI film by R-CSA. Chiral recognition layer from supermolecular structures Supermolecular structures are self-assembled

• , Xu et al. studied real-time chiral recognition of CD films to isomers in the gas phase [69]. Based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations, functional β-CDs with a short sulfide group were inclined to form monolayers. In contrast, those with long sulfide groups produced a quasi-two-layer

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• in practical applications and provide green energy for more electronic devices. (a) The water flow is driven by an external electric field in the “motor” part, so the water molecules gain kinetic energy, and then an electromotive force is generated in the "Generator" part. (b) A scanning electron

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• . Multiple parameters were evaluated, namely the physical and mechanical properties, ocular permeation, FS remaining in ocular tissue, dissolution time, insertion force, insertion depth, and ex vivo ocular drug delivery. The permeation studies on porcine eyeballs showed that, after application of the MN

Nonlinear features of the superconductor–ferromagnet–superconductor φ₀ Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region

• Aliasghar Janalizadeh,
• Ilhom R. Rahmonov,
• Sara A. Abdelmoneim,
• Yury M. Shukrinov and
• Mohammad R. Kolahchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1155–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.97

• displacement current is proportional to the first derivative of the voltage (or the second derivative of the phase difference). The magnetization dynamics plays the role of an external force, and the first order derivative of φ0 is a source of an external current in the JJ. This was demonstrated in [25][27

• ], where the authors included the first derivative of φ0 as the source of the electromotive force. The voltage is determined by the phase difference and does not depend on φ0. From this point of view, in the framework of the RCSJ model, the external current source cannot modify the expression for the

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• Cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM) performed under ambient conditions has become an important tool to characterize new material systems as well as devices. Current instruments permit robust scanning over large areas, atomic-scale lateral resolution, and the characterization of various sample

• tuning fork force sensor became increasingly popular. In comparison to microfabricated cantilevers, the more macroscopic tuning forks, however, lack sensitivity, which limits the measurement bandwidth. Moreover, multimodal and multifrequency techniques, such as those available in cantilever-based AFM

• cantilever-based AFM offers experimental flexibility by permitting multimodal or multifrequency operations with superior force derivative sensitivities and bandwidths. Our instrument has a sub-picometer gap stability and can simultaneously map not only vertical and lateral forces with atomic-scale resolution

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• surfaces undergoing irradiation by a focused electron beam. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; electron beam; lithography; nanostructure; silver; sputtering; surface; Introduction Metallic nanostructures have various uses, including in nano-electro-mechanical systems [1], plasmonic biosensors [2], and

• -contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the model Park NX10 AFM. The first experiment was conducted with beam current I as the variable parameter ranging from 7 to 500 pA. However, changing the value of I also changed the beam diameter d, which is a function of I and the working distance (WD). The

• formed around a negatively charged EB, promoting nanostructure formation on metal surfaces. A smaller beam diameter would imply a higher current density and a stronger local electric field, resulting in a larger attractive force on the metal ions. The second observation is the existence of a curve peak

Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86

• simulations to study the sputtering of a surface with water contamination by sub-500 eV ions. The information of interest is the chemical reactions occurring at and below the sample surface, as well as the mixing of the contaminant layer into the sample. The ReaxFF reactive force field is used in this work

• [30]. ReaxFF force fields are specifically tuned for a set of atomic interactions. They are developed from quantum calculations and are adapted for MD simulations, providing faster calculations than pure quantum electrodynamics (QED)/density functional theory (DFT) and more information than classical

• Methods Force fields The ReaxFF force field differs from other established force fields as it aims to bridge quantum mechanics (QM) and classical MD. Quantum mechanics algorithms are limited to small-sized samples (up to a few hundreds of atoms) due to the difficulty to solve Schrödinger equations for

Theoretical investigations of oxygen vacancy effects in nickel-doped zirconia from ab initio XANES spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge

• Dick Hartmann Douma,
• Lodvert Tchibota Poaty,
• Alessio Lamperti,
• Stéphane Kenmoe,
• Abdulrafiu Tunde Raji,
• Alberto Debernardi and
• Bernard M’Passi-Mabiala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.85

• ; Introduction The search for room-temperature magnetic semiconductors has been the driving force behind the increasing interest of material scientists and solid-state physicists in magnetic oxides [1]. This is due to their potential applications as building block of spintronic devices. Magnetic oxides are

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• radii of the circles were measured and then averaged. The effective elastic modulus and pull-off force of propolis were measured with a microforce measurement device (Basalt-01; Tetra GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany) [22][23][24]. The device mainly consists of micromanipulators as a platform holding the

• the substrate and retracted from the surface as soon as the load force reached 5 mN. The load was chosen to resemble the force applied by bees when handling propolis. As no studies exist on mandibular forces and pressures of honeybees, pressures measured at the tip of mandibles of predacious

• coleoptera [25] where used as a reference point. Tip pressures were calculated as suggested by [25]: where Fa is the applied force and A is the contact area obtained from the contact radius. With each propolis sample, a set of ten single measurements was performed, each on a different spot on the spoon

Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth,
• Lukas Schreiber and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 944–957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.83

• secondary electron detector. The working distance was 4–7 mm. Atomic force microscopy analysis of recrystallized structures The thickness of the wax coating on glass (1400 µg) was examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM, NanoWizard II, JPK instruments, Berlin, Germany). For this purpose, the

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• governing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) techniques in both air and water. Metrics such as minimum detectable contact potential difference, minimum required AC bias, and signal-to-noise ratio are compared and contrasted both off resonance and utilizing the

• liquid environments whilst needing the smallest AC bias for operation. Keywords: AFM; atomic force microscopy; closed loop; Kelvin probe force microscope; KPFM; open loop; performance; signal-to-noise ratio; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an enabling technique for the nanoscale mapping

• of topography and surface properties of interfaces in a wide range of environments [1]. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) utilizes the application of a bias and a conductive probe to map the local electrical properties of an interface at the nanoscale [2], allowing for the determination of the

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• was found that the wing folding ratio correlated with the lift force of the beetles. Wind speed, folding ratio, aspect ratio, and flapping frequency had a combined effect on the flight performance of the beetles. The results will be helpful to design new deployable FWMAVs. Keywords: beetle hind wings

• insects in flight and to imitate the flight of insects [14][15]. Insect wings play a major role here. Hence, examining their flight parameters is crucially important to design biomimetic FMAVs [16][17]. It is increasingly clear that most insects obtain useful force with the help of aerodynamic mechanisms

• , it was found that their flexibility can increase their mean lift coefficient [21]. In rhinoceros beetles, the elytra is also involved in aerodynamics during takeoff, producing an interaction force between the elytra and the hind wings [22]. To avoid damage or hinder the movement on the ground, the