Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• biological viability (“gas release” as a measurement of active metabolism and “cell leakage” measuring the encapsulation strength). Physical-structural robustness focuses on the evolution of physical appearance and mechanical resistance of the bulk material with time. Macroscopic appearance corresponds to a

• metabolism (CO2 and O2, respectively). Hence, their metabolic activity can be tracked in terms of the gas release, observable as bubbles at the material’s surface. Thus, the gas release is a good indicator of the overall cell viability within the encapsulation system. In addition, the undesired leakage of

• the extent of the observed behaviour. Likewise, the symbol “−” indicates the absence of gas release or increase in the absorbance of the growth medium when compared to the previous day. Consequently, a “−“ in “cell leakage” indicates that the absorbance of the growth medium did not change with respect

A mid-infrared focusing grating coupler with a single circular arc element based on germanium on silicon

• Xiaojun Zhu,
• Shuai Li,
• Ang Sun,
• Yongquan Pan,
• Wen Liu,
• Yue Wu,
• Guoan Zhang and
• Yuechun Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 478–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.38

• -silicon; mid-infrared; Introduction The mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum region covers the absorption band of most organic and inorganic matter. Thus, it has a broad application prospect in gas detection, environmental monitoring, lidar, free space optical communication, and remote sensing technologies [1][2

• proposed MIR grating coupler [14]. Finally, the transmission characteristics of the output fiber can be detected using an optical spectrum analyzer. There is a wide range of sensors for applications in, for example, biosensing, healthcare, disease detection, and gas detection. Therefore, research on those

• sensors is of great significance. In 2015, Bai et al. reported a flexible healable transparent chemical gas sensing device that exhibited robust flexibility, good transparency, and reliable water-enabled healability of the gas sensing performance at room temperature [15]. Wang proposed a flexible

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• a reduction to 5% in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the direct synthesis, reducing the environmental impact. Besides, one ton of recycled aluminium saves up to eight metric tons of bauxite [3][4]. The amount of recycled aluminium packaging depends on individual national recycling policies

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• were successfully synthesized by sequential coupling of CF3-substituted copper, cobalt, and palladium porphyrins on the surface. The assembly of different porphyrin oligomers combines multiple functional properties such as gas adsorption and magnetism in a one-dimensional structure. This approach could

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• arrival at the expression for the LSPR frequency of a free electron cloud (as is typically assumed to be present in metals) starts with the relations between the dielectric displacement (D) of the electron gas in relation to the incident electric field (E) which it is [38] subjected to, given by wherein P

• product of ωτ, where τ is the relaxation time of the free electron gas) is much higher than unity, thus leading to an approximation that there is no damping. Hence ignoring the damping term in Equation 5, we get It follows also that under plasmon resonance conditions ε1 < −εm, εm is the dielectric

• with decreasing particle size define the relaxation dynamics of the photoexcited electron gas into heat [52]. Interestingly, for Ag and Au, the transduction of absorbed light into heat due to electron–phonon coupling was found to be independent of the particle size above 10 nm diameter (though surface

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• combination with NH3. The reaction kinetics were monitored via measuring the optical density (OD) with UV–vis spectroscopy and the conversion of substrate via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Size and net surface charge distribution of the particles were determined with dynamic light

• Fischer Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA, USA) and by monitoring the hydrolysis of TEOS via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) (TSQ Duo Triple Quadrupole, Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). OD measurements were done at room temperature and constant mixing at 300 rpm. GC

Spin dynamics in superconductor/ferromagnetic insulator hybrid structures with precessing magnetization

• Yaroslav V. Turkin and
• Nataliya Pugach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 233–239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.22

• the free electron gas value N0 ≈ 4.9·1046 J−1·m−3. The coherence length has been estimated using , where kB is the Boltzmann constant and ξ0 ≈ 11 nm. We numerically solve Equation 1 in mixed representation with the normalization condition. To obtain physical observables from the quasiclassical Green’s

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• to deposit Pt for the cathode of PEM fuel cells only in a few studies, and in all of them only on gas diffusion layers of carbon fabric or on proton conductive Nafion membrane [27][32][33]. According to our knowledge, no studies have been reported on the PLD deposition of Pt catalyst on carbon

• temperature of approx. 65 °C. The active geometric surface area of the cathode and anode was 5 cm2. As a gas diffusion layer (GDL) on both sides of the MEA, the ELAT LT2500W carbon fabric (E-Tek) was used. The reference fuel cell was prepared the same way as the tested cells, except that the cathode was made

• (and/or N2). All the fuel cell tests were recorded using a fuel cell station (150 W, Fuel Cell Technologies Inc., United States). This system controls the operating conditions of the fuel cell (cell temperature, gas flows, humidity, and pressure of anode and cathode gases). Cyclic voltammetry curves

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• it can be enhanced more by Au compared to Ni. SiO gas from the decomposition of SiO2 and the active oxidation of Si is the source of Si for the growth of the SiOx branches of the nanoflowers. The concentration of SiO gas around the decomposition cavities is inhomogeneously distributed. Closer to the

• cavity border, the concentration of the Si sources is higher, and SiOx branches grow faster. Hence, nanoflowers present shorter and shorter branches as they are getting away from the border. However, such inhomogeneous SiO gas concentration is weakened in the sample with the highest Au concentration due

• also been obtained by depositing Au thin films on Si substrates with a thick silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer and subsequent rapid heating in reducing atmosphere. Here, the Si vapor source is silicon monoxide (SiO) gas produced by the decomposition of the SiO2 layer or the active oxidation of the Si

Upper critical magnetic field in NbRe and NbReN micrometric strips

• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Antonio Leo,
• Federico Chianese,
• Loredana Parlato,
• Giovanni Piero Pepe,
• Angela Nigro,
• Carla Cirillo and
• Carmine Attanasio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 45–51, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.5

• , were reactively sputtered in a mixture of inert Ar (85%) and reactive N2 (15%) gas at a total pressure of 3.5 μbar at a rate of 0.36 nm/s. NbRe films were patterned by standard optical lithography and lift-off procedures to realize a Hall bar geometry of width w = 10 μm and a distance between the

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• and device fabrication [13][14]. Nevertheless, pattern resolution and reproducibility in contact printing approaches are affected by several factors, most notably the ink molecule lateral diffusion, gas phase transportation, and rubber stamp deformation [15][16]. These are unavoidable issues in soft

• lithography operations and could severely limit the obtainable feature resolution if neglected. Chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is a rapidly emerging subtractive lithographic technique that aims to overcome the lateral diffusion and gas phase transfer obstacles present in conventional soft lithography [17

• -covered Au substrate, the Au surface was immersed in a 2 μM ethanolic TEG thiol solution or 1 mM ethanolic MCU solution for overnight. After SAM formation, the substrates were washed with ethanol to remove excess thiol molecules and blown dry with nitrogen gas. To make PDMS stamps for CLL operation, a 10

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• ; Introduction Transparent conducting (TC) materials have been used in many optoelectronic devices, including flat panel displays [1], light-emitting diodes [2], heat-reflecting mirrors [3], anti-reflective coatings [4], gas sensors [5], and solar cells [6]. For this purpose, many materials have been developed

• pieces and cleaned to suit the characterization equipment. The Si substrates were ultrasonically cleaned using acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and distilled water. The glass substrates were cleaned using Decon-90 cleaner. The glass and Si samples were dried with nitrogen gas and treated for 10 min in a

• samples show a polycrystalline structure crystallized in a cubic structure (JCPDS:71-2194) [28]. However, the sample treated with 240 mJ shows an amorphous structure because of the high energy that diffuses gas atoms from the chamber into the surface [29]. The obtained peaks correspond to ITO. It can be

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• , comparison with similar arrays without such lines [9][34] does not reveal any significant influence of these lines, implying that even for the linear array the electrodes are playing the dominant role in array dynamics. Results Measurements were performed in a closed-cycle 4He cryostat (sample in gas) with

From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• gas (2DEG). We investigated mixed islands of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) to study the change in the electronic state with the addition of an electron donor. We no longer observe a 2DEG state and instead identify states at 0.46 and 0.79 V. While one state appears in dI/dV images as an array

• of one-dimensional quantum wells, our analysis shows that this state does not act as a free electron gas and that the features are instead localized above individual PTCDA molecules. Keywords: AFM; copper phthalocyanine; dI/dV; PTCDA; STM; Introduction Organic semiconductor devices typically

• coverage, lies flat on metal surfaces. Submonolayer coverage of PTCDA on Ag(111) is known to form islands with a herringbone reconstruction [3][4]. These islands are hosts to an interface state that acts like a free-electron gas [5]. This interface state has been observed with two-photon photoelectron

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• fluoride (NH4F), N-acetyl-ʟ-cysteine, ammonium heptamolybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24), thiourea (CH4N2S), nitrogen gas, melamine, and nafion solution. All chemicals and materials were purified and used without further treatment. Preparation of materials The individual materials including TNAs, MoS2, and g-C3N4 were

• solution. Next, 0.2 mL of either of these solutions was used to coat the surface of TNAs via spin coating. The samples were denoted as MoS2/TNAs and g-C3N4/TNAs. Then, the samples were annealed in nitrogen gas at 60 °C for 12 h to obtain a stable electrode for the investigation processes. Characterization

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• the initial stage of the ozonolysis process. After reaching static conditions (about 6 min from the start of gas purging), the process proceeds according to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The determination of the apparent rate constant of phenol ozonolysis after obtaining steady-state process

• For the ozonolysis experiment , the aqueous phenol solution (1.064 × 10−3 mol·L−1, 750 cm3, pH 8 ± 0.1, adjusted with 0.1 mol·L−1 NaOH) was continuously purged with gas (ozone solution in air). The ozonolysis reaction was performed using an ozone generator (Viaken Vairo-2186, Krakow, Poland). The

• ozone concentration in the gas stream was determined by the iodometric method [42] to be 12.73 mg·L−1·h−1. The ozonolysis reaction was performed for 60 min, during which samples were collected from the reactor at regular time intervals (from the first to the tenth minute, every 3 min, then every 10 min

Double-layer symmetric gratings with bound states in the continuum for dual-band high-Q optical sensing

• Chaoying Shi,
• Jinhua Hu,
• Xiuhong Liu,
• Junfang Liang,
• Jijun Zhao,
• Haiyan Han and
• Qiaofen Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1408–1417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.116

• utilized for sensing as reported in other references in Table 2. One can find that although the S in this work is lower than that of some reported ones, it has a higher FOM and supports dual-band resonance. Figure 9a shows the simulated reflection spectra of the proposed sensor when placed in a gas medium

• and b) mode 2 at different α values and h = 1000 nm. The S and FOM of c) mode 1 and d) mode 2 at different h values and α = 0.15. a) Reflection spectra of the sensor at different refractive indices of the gas medium. b) Positions of the two-mode reflection resonance peaks. Confinement factors for two

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• a Shimadzu TOC-L CSH analyser. The surface area and pore characteristics were characterized by a Micromeritics (3FLEX 3500) gas sorption analyser. The surface charge was analysed through a Zeta-Meter 4.0 (Zeta-Meter, Inc, USA). The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments were performed by

• gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC–MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) by taking aliquots at 150 min and 330 min. The photocatalytic degradation and mineralization efficiencies were calculated by utilizing the following equations [19]: where Abs(0) symbolizes the initial absorbance, Abs

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• nitrogen it is approx. 6.90 × 10−6 mol/(m3·Pa). Equating Henry’s law volatility constant for air, one gets approx. 1.27 m3·Pa/mol. Da is the diffusion constant of air in water which is 2.5 × 10−5 cm2/s [55], R is the gas constant and T the absolute temperature. 3 Underwater air retention and its

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• furnace; Collembola; gas/liquid interfaces; interfacial effects; persistant air layers; pits; Salvinia molesta; surfaces; tuyère failure; water transport in plants; xylem; Young–Laplace equation; Introduction and Motivation The basic concept of biomimetics is the derivation of technical applications from

• tuyère’s water cooling system and to prevent heat damage to the tuyère. Since the heat conductivity of gas layers is about five orders of magnitude lower than that of copper, gas layers trapped in structured tuyère surfaces should substantially reduce the overall heat flow into the tuyère, and its outer

• gas/liquid interface and the forces acting on this interface should be in stable mechanical equilibrium, that is, the (extra) forces generated by a (small) displacement of the interface should be able to push the system back to its equilibrium position. In case of liquid iron flowing over the tuyère

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• Earth’s crust and a well-known p-type and narrow-bandgap (≈0.35 eV at room temperature) semiconductor material. Tellurium is widely used in thermoelectric devices, piezoelectric devices, photoconductive devices, gas sensing, nonlinear optical devices, solar cells, photonic crystals, holographic recording

• ) = 881 cm2/V·s) in these nanostructures. Thermoelectric devices, piezoelectric devices, photoconductive devices, gas sensing, solar cells, and field-effect transistors would have better performance if the mobility of charge carriers in the active region of the devices was greater. In addition, the low

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• does it generate catalyst patterns in advance. In order to proceed safely and cost-effectively, the method uses mainly ethanol as the carbon source with a 4% flow gravity of hydrogen gas. Notably, using this tip array allows the growth method to be further optimized to produce the highest percentage of

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• resonance [10], Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) [11], UV–vis absorption spectrometry [12], mass spectrometry (MS) [13], titration microcalorimetry [14], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [15], gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) [16], and electrochemical chiral

• sensing systems for enantiomers, which still remains challenging. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a well-known mass-sensor technique capable of recording changes in nanogram or even picogram levels in both gas and liquid phases [20][21]. The sensing of mass changes is based on the oscillation

• (e.g., DNA analysis, microorganism assays, nucleic acid detection, pharmaceutical substance detection, and gas monitoring) and also a powerful tool for chiral recognition [23][24][25]. The sensitivity and specificity of QCM-based chiral sensors largely depend on the recognition layers on the surface of

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• modern society. Non-renewable forms of energy, such as coal, natural gas, and oil, have always been important strategic resources and are always facing a crisis of shortage. Therefore, there is an urgent need for green renewable forms of energy. As an emerging green energy source, the moist-electric

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• left to dry afterwards. The drying procedure can be accelerated with the aid of gas-jet drying. Another technique involves spray coating, which is technologically similar to the coating of oral solid dosage forms. Electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA), in which electrically charged droplets are

• ://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Illustrated examples of techniques used to coat MNs. (a) Dip coating. (b) Gas-jet drying. (c) Spray drying. (d) EHDA processes. (e) Ink-jet printing. Figure 3 was reproduced from [171] (© 2015 R. Haj-Ahmad et al., published by MDPI, distributed under the terms of the Creative