A highly pH-sensitive nanowire field-effect transistor based on silicon on insulator

• Denis E. Presnov,
• Sergey V. Amitonov,
• Pavel A. Krutitskii,
• Valentina V. Kolybasova,
• Igor A. Devyatov,
• Vladimir A. Krupenin and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 330–335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.38

• liquids [11]. An AgCl electrode dipped in a buffer solution was used as a reference electrode. The pH measurements were carried out statically in droplets without a flux of liquid. Large amounts of buffer solution with the target pH were pumped through the droplet volume to change the pH level. In Figure

•  2 the transport current of the SiNW FET at different pH values of the buffer solution and at different reference-electrode potentials is shown. One can see that the current level for a transistor in buffer solution at pH 8 and Vref = 0.5 V coincides with the current for a buffer solution at pH 6 and

• potential in the NW oxide layer. The exact solution of this three-layer problem, as opposed to the estimations of Gao et al. [13], allows us to explore the potential profile explicitly. A linearisation of the Poisson–Boltzmann equations is possible in the case of weak potentials applied to the reference

Photoelectrochemical and Raman characterization of In₂O₃ mesoporous films sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Sergey K. Poznyak,
• Eugene A. Streltsov,
• Anatoly I. Kulak,
• Olga V. Korolik and
• Alexander V. Mazanik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 255–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.27

• Ag|AgCl|KCl (sat.) electrode as the reference electrode (+0.201 V versus SHE). The cell was controlled by a conventional programmable potentiostat. Photocurrent spectra were obtained by using a setup equipped with a high-intensity grating monochromator, a 1 kW xenon lamp and a slowly rotating light

Electrospinning preparation and electrical and biological properties of ferrocene/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) composite nanofibers

• Ji-Hong Chai and
• Qing-Sheng Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 189–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.19

• counter electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode. Antimicrobial activity testing of Fc/PVP nanofibers The sample containing 45 wt % Fc was tested for antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative E. coli. Samples were prepared in the form of discs with a diameter of

Catalytic activity of nanostructured Au: Scale effects versus bimetallic/bifunctional effects in low-temperature CO oxidation on nanoporous Au

• Lu-Cun Wang,
• Yi Zhong,
• Haijun Jin,
• Daniel Widmann,
• Jörg Weissmüller and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 111–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.13

• different amounts of residual Ag, different potentials were applied for the dealloying procedure: 1.280 VSHE (NPG(Ag)-1), 1.330 VSHE (NPG(Ag)-2), and 1.380 VSHE (NPG(Ag)-3 and NPG(Ag)-4). The potential was measured by a pseudo Ag/AgCl reference electrode (in 1 M HClO4), but is quoted versus that of a

• was performed in 1 M HClO4 aqueous solution (using deionized ultrapure water with electrical resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm2/cm), at potentials of 1.430, 1.480 and 1.530 VSHE (Ag/AgCl reference electrode placed directly in the 1 M HClO4 electrolyte close to the sample) for approximately one day. To

• minimize copper contamination in the sample compartment, the coiled-Cu wire counter electrode (CE) and the reference electrode (RE) were separated from the main cell by placing them in a tube filled with the same solution and mounted with its opening close to the sample. Also in this case, dealloying was

Calculation of the effect of tip geometry on noncontact atomic force microscopy using a qPlus sensor

• Julian Stirling and
• Gordon A. Shaw

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 10–19, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.2

• -TEK H21D electrically conductive silver epoxy. The tip wire was then etched to different lengths by using a Gamry potentiostat operating as a chronocoulometer with a platinum mesh counter electrode and a saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE). The integrated etch current allowed some degree of

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• plating in an ultrasonic bath in a two-electrode arrangement [73]. Copper nanowires were also synthesized in a three-electrode arrangement by using a SCE as reference electrode [59]. Cylindrical multilayered Cu/Cu2O nanowires were electrochemically deposited from the self-oscillating Cu(II)-lactate system

• ]. Recently, Bi2Te3 nanowires with diameters from 150 nm down to 10 nm, and lengths of up to 60 µm, were potentiostatically grown by using a thermostated three-electrode setup with a thin sputtered Au layer acting as the cathode, a Pt counter electrode, and a SCE as the reference electrode [58]. The

• . Polyvinylpyrrolidone (1 g/L) was added as a wetting agent. A Pt foil and a SCE acted as counter and reference electrode, respectively. The potentiostatic electrodeposition of CdS nanowires by using an electrolyte solution containing CdCl2 and thioacetamide, at 70 °C was reported by Mo et al. [99]. Finally, due to its

Reversible mechano-electrochemical writing of metallic nanostructures with the tip of an atomic force microscope

• Christian Obermair,
• Marina Kress,
• Andreas Wagner and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 824–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.92

• against a Cu/Cu2+ reference electrode, using a Cu counter electrode and the polycrystalline gold surface as the working electrode. For the experiment, it was important to make sure that after the first Cu deposition, after dissolution of this Cu nanostructure and deposition of a new Cu structure on the

• measured both before and after each experiment. Schematic diagram of an electrochemical atomic force microscope, comprising an atomic force microscope with a laser-beam detection system (not shown), an electrochemical liquid cell with reference electrode (RE), counter electrode (CE) and working electrode

Revealing thermal effects in the electronic transport through irradiated atomic metal point contacts

• Bastian Kopp,
• Zhiwei Yi,
• Daniel Benner,
• Fang-Qing Xie,
• Christian Obermair,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 703–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.80

• environment. Two silver wires with a diameter of 0.5 mm were used as reference electrode (RE) and counter electrode (CE). A 10 nm film of titanium and 50 nm of gold was evaporated on a glass slide and used as the working electrode. Silver nitride (1 mM) in nitride acid (10 mM) was used as the supporting

A facile approach to nanoarchitectured three-dimensional graphene-based Li–Mn–O composite as high-power cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Wenyu Zhang,
• Yi Zeng,
• Chen Xu,
• Ni Xiao,
• Yiben Gao,
• Lain-Jong Li,
• Xiaodong Chen,
• Huey Hoon Hng and
• Qingyu Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 513–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.59

• the counter and reference electrode and 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (1:1 v/v) as the electrolyte. All cells were tested on a NEWARE system at 4.5–3 V versus Li+/Li. All capacities were calculated based on the mass of LMO and all C-rates were calculated according to the

• theoretical capacity of 148 mAh·g−1. The electrochemical impedance was performed on the aforementioned CR2032 coin cells with lithium foil as the counter and reference electrode. All cells were measured at the fifth fully discharged state. INPHAZETM EIS system was employed to measure the electrochemical

Glassy carbon electrodes modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the determination of ascorbic acid by square-wave voltammetry

• Sushil Kumar and
• Victoria Vicente-Beckett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 388–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.45

• electrode, platinum-wire auxiliary electrode (d = 0.5 mm), and a Ag|AgCl (leak-free) reference electrode. All potentials are reported against the Ag|AgCl reference electrode. Cyclic and square-wave voltammetric experiments were carried out at room temperature (23–25 °C) by using a MacLab potentiostat

• remove any oxides of platinum formed on its surface, immersed in 10% (v/v) nitric acid for about 30 s, rinsed thoroughly with Milli-Q water and then air dried. The reference electrode was cleaned by thoroughly rinsing the tip with Milli-Q water and then air dried. To determine the optimum concentration

Lifetime analysis of individual-atom contacts and crossover to geometric-shell structures in unstrained silver nanowires

• Christian Obermair,
• Holger Kuhn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 740–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.81

• electrochemical cell. Keeping a fixed voltage bias of 12.9 mV between the two ends of the leads allowed for simultaneous measurements of the conductance of the point contact. The (quasi-)reference electrode as well as the counter electrode consisted of 0.25 mm diameter Ag wire (99.9985%). All experiments were

An MCBJ case study: The influence of π-conjugation on the single-molecule conductance at a solid/liquid interface

• Wenjing Hong,
• Hennie Valkenier,
• Gábor Mészáros,
• David Zsolt Manrique,
• Artem Mishchenko,
• Alexander Putz,
• Pavel Moreno García,
• Colin J. Lambert,
• Jan C. Hummelen and
• Thomas Wandlowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 699–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.76

• a laboratory-built bipotentiostat. Two custom-designed bipolar and tunable logarithmic I–V converters [53] were implemented for measuring the current of the two gold leads labeled as working electrodes WE1 and WE2. The reference electrode RE and the counter electrode CE serve to control the

Schottky junction/ohmic contact behavior of a nanoporous TiO₂ thin film photoanode in contact with redox electrolyte solutions

• Masao Kaneko,
• Hirohito Ueno and
• Junichi Nemoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 127–134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.15

• reference electrode were soaked in the aqueous redox electrolyte solution, and the MEA O2-reducing cathode mentioned in the last section was used as shown in Figure 1 so that one side is in contact with the liquid phase and the other side in contact with atmospheric air. Ar gas was bubbled into the solution

• to displace the air by Ar. For the measurement depicted in Figure 8, a cylindrical cell of 13 mL was used with a TiO2/FTO photoanode, Pt black coated Pt plate cathode, and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Electrochemical measurements were conducted with an HZ-3000 automatic polarization system (Hokuto

• with MEA-attached Pt (1 cm × 1 cm) as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. The light intensity was 3.5 mW·cm−2 (UV-A region). Scan rate: 100 mV·s−1. Formation of a Schottky barrier (junction) in an n-semiconductor photoanode at the interface with aqueous electron donor

Electrochemical behavior of dye-linked L-proline dehydrogenase on glassy carbon electrodes modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes

• Haitao Zheng,
• Leyi Lin,
• Yosuke Okezaki,
• Ryushi Kawakami,
• Haruhiko Sakuraba,
• Toshihisa Ohshima,
• Keiichi Takagi and
• Shin-ichiro Suye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 135–141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.16

• electrode, a platinum wire as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (3 M NaCl) as the reference electrode. The GC electrodes were finely polished by 1.0 μm and 0.05 μm alumina, and cleaned by ultrasonication in Milli-Q water for 30 s before modification. Enzyme assay Recombinant dye-linked L-proDH, from