Effect of tetramethylammonium hydroxide/isopropyl alcohol wet etching on geometry and surface roughness of silicon nanowires fabricated by AFM lithography

• Siti Noorhaniah Yusoh and
• Khatijah Aisha Yaacob

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1461–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.138

• uniformly in the vertical direction only. Anisotropic wet etching is mostly used to fabricate simple microstructures and nanostructures on a single crystal SOI wafer [8]. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) [9][10][11], potassium hydroxide (KOH) [12], sodium hydroxide (NaOH) [13], ethylenediamine

• -pyrocatechol (EDP) [14][15] and hydrazine/water [14] etchants can be used to remove a single crystal silicon layer. However, certain etchants, such as EDP and hydrazine/water, are not preferable because of their toxicity, instability and difficulty of handling. Sodium hydroxide is rarely used, unlike the

High performance Ce-doped ZnO nanorods for sunlight-driven photocatalysis

• Bilel Chouchene,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Kevin Mozet,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1338–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.125

• some irregular cylindrical structures developed. The high crystallinity of the particles is further evident from the HRTEM image (Figure 6) and from the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns shown in the insets of Figure 5. The bright and clear diffraction spots belong to the single

• crystal ZnO rods. From the HRTEM image (Figure 6a), one can clearly observe the crystal planes of ZnO. The interplanar spacing of ZnO is of ca. 0.26 nm, corresponding well to the (002) plane of ZnO. For 5, 7 and 10% doping in Ce, the ZnO rods were found to coexist with a significantly reduced population

Phenalenyl-based mononuclear dysprosium complexes

• Yanhua Lan,
• Andrea Magri,
• Olaf Fuhr and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.92

• Abstract The phenalenyl-based dysprosium complexes [Dy(PLN)2(HPLN)Cl(EtOH)] (1), [Dy(PLN)3(HPLN)]·[Dy(PLN)3(EtOH)]·2EtOH (2) and [Dy(PLN)3(H2O)2]·H2O (3), HPLN being 9-hydroxy-1H-phenalen-1-one, have been synthesized. All compounds were fully characterized by means of single crystal X-ray analysis

• properties. In addition, these complexes have been characterized by means of single crystal X-ray analysis, paramagnetic 1H NMR, MALDI–TOF spectrometry and UV–vis spectrophotometry. Furthermore, attempts to synthesize sublimable phenalenyl-based dysprosium complexes 4 have been made. The sublimed species 4

• the slow evaporation from the respective reaction filtrate and their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The refinement data are summarized in Table S1 (Supporting Information File 1) and the bond lengths and angles are listed in the caption of Figures 1–3. The molecular

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• lateral surface to volume of a CPE45 nanocrystal is about three orders of magnitude larger than the ratio of lateral surface to volume of a micrometer sized CPE45 single crystal. When the molecules were given enough thermal energy to change their position, molecules which were located close to the edge of

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• films and oriented growth of nanoparticles (NPs) on single crystal supports are of general interest for improved physical and chemical properties especially of anisotropic materials. In the case of FePt, the main focus lies on its highly anisotropic magnetic behavior and its catalytic activity, both due

• , (ii) epitaxial films, and, (iii) the special situation of crystalline NPs on top of single crystalline substrates. In RHEED geometry, the incident electron beam is directed at a low angle to the sample surface. In the case of an ideal spatially unrestricted and atomically flat single crystal, RHEED

• RHEED pattern for NPs supported by a flat, single crystal substrate, gets more complex [29]. The expected pattern consist of two contributions: Free substrate areas give the standard Laue zone spot pattern, while for electrons hitting the particles, the experiment turns into transmission electron

Length-extension resonator as a force sensor for high-resolution frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy in air

• Hannes Beyer,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 432–438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.38

• constant amplitude of 1.1 nm on a KBr(001) single crystal surface after cleavage in air. The initial excitation is 2.961 mV. Application of the slow feedback control. a) Evolution of frequency shift Δf (black), frequency shift offset Δfoffset (red), and dew point (blue) over 140 min. b) Large scale

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• homemade sample holder, whose main component is a 1 mm thick disk of Si(977) oriented single crystal, 25 mm in diameter. As XRD instrument a Philips X’pert was used to show the crystallinity of the formed nanoparticles and to determine their average size. Transmission electron microscopy For TEM analysis

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• coming from the gas source to diffuse into the metal. The process is very difficult to control, and especially so in polycrystalline metals where the grain boundaries act as nucleation sites for multilayer growth [141]. For this reason, single crystal and atomically smooth metals are usually preferred to

• graphene with mobility of ≈11,000 cm2 V−1 s−1 was synthesized (Figure 23) [146]. Enclosure-like Cu structures have also been used by Ruoff’s group to grow large single crystal graphene (≈0.5 mm) [147][148]. Specifically, the Cu was electrochemically polished and then rolled into a tube before being placed

• catalytically inactive Cu2O layer and to extend the graphene growth to 48 h. With this method, they were able to achieve 5 mm wide, monolayer graphene with a high carrier mobility of 16,000 cm2 V−1 s−1. The groups of Luo and Ruoff then adopted a similar strategy and were able to produce centimeter-scale, single

Single-molecule magnet behavior in 2,2’-bipyrimidine-bridged dilanthanide complexes

• Wen Yu,
• Frank Schramm,
• Eufemio Moreno Pineda,
• Yanhua Lan,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Jinjie Chen,
• Hironari Isshiki,
• Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 126–137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.15

• qugates. Dinuclear lanthanide complexes with bpm as the bridge were reported before, but only a few studies describe their magnetic properties [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. In this work we report the synthesis, characterization and single-crystal structure determination of five examples of homo

• . The Au(111) single crystal substrate was cleaned with a standard Ar sputtering and annealing process in a separate preparation chamber. After annealing and cooling down to room temperature, the substrate was transferred to a molecule deposition chamber and was exposed to a molecule flow of about 0.01

• obtained from the single crystal analysis, is depicted in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. The square planes of the polyhedron are defined by the O1, O2, N1, N2 and the O3, O4, O5, O6 atoms, respectively. The lanthanide ion sits closer to the plane that is defined by four oxygen atoms. The normal

Sub-monolayer film growth of a volatile lanthanide complex on metallic surfaces

• Hironari Isshiki,
• Jinjie Chen,
• Kevin Edelmann and
• Wulf Wulfhekel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2412–2416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.248

• ) single crystal substrates were cleaned with a standard Ar sputtering and annealing processes in a separate preparation chamber. After annealing and cooling down to room temperature, the substrates were transferred to a molecule deposition chamber and were exposed to a molecule flow of ≈0.1 monolayers/s

Nitrogen-doped graphene films from chemical vapor deposition of pyridine: influence of process parameters on the electrical and optical properties

• Andrea Capasso,
• Theodoros Dikonimos,
• Francesca Sarto,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Giovanni De Bellis,
• Maria Sabrina Sarto,
• Giuliana Faggio,
• Angela Malara,
• Giacomo Messina and
• Nicola Lisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2028–2038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.206

• production of high-quality graphene for electronics is probably chemical vapor deposition (CVD). By this technique it is possible to produce graphene with large grain sizes and high crystalline quality over large areas [14]. Nonetheless, the sheet resistance of most CVD-graphene films (even in single-crystal

Distribution of Pd clusters on ultrathin, epitaxial TiO_x films on Pt₃Ti(111)

• Christian Breinlich,
• Maria Buchholz,
• Marco Moors,
• Tobias Pertram,
• Conrad Becker and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2007–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.204

• this sense we concentrate here on the preparation of uniform Pd clusters on two different, ultrathin, epitaxial TiOx films grown on a chemically ordered, Pt3Ti(111), single crystal surface. One of the TiOx films has a rectangular structure and the other a hexagonal structure. In a recent publication we

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

• Arnaud Caron and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

• by means of atomic force microscopes (AFM indentation) has been used to observe the nucleation and gliding of single dislocations in a KBr(100) single crystal [7] and in Cu(100) [8]. Pop-ins were observed in load–displacement curves, and the pop-in length observed in AFM-indentation was in the range

• nanometer-scale contacts between an AFM-tip and a Pt(111) single crystal on the one hand, and a Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 metallic glass on the other hand. In order to investigate plasticity mechanisms at the nanometer-scale, AFM indentation experiments were performed with varying maximal loads and varying

• metallic glasses [9][10][11][12]. Experimental The sample preparation followed a similar method as already described in [13]. The (111) surface of a platinum single crystal was prepared by several cycles of Ar sputtering and annealing at 1000 °C. This resulted in the formation of 50 to 100 nm wide

Enhanced fullerene–Au(111) coupling in (2√3 × 2√3)R30° superstructures with intermolecular interactions

• Michael Paßens,
• Rainer Waser and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1421–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.147

• assembled on an Au(111) single crystal surface according to the procedure given in the experimental part is shown (sample A2). Using these experimental conditions the formation of the less stable (7 × 7)R0° and (√589 × √589)R14.5° superstructures is effectively suppressed. In the large-scale image only (2√3

• of the ac tunnelling current achieved by modulating the sample bias after switching off the feedback loop. The single crystal Au(111) substrate (MaTecK, Germany) was cleaned in UHV by cycles of Ne+ ion sputtering (1 kV, 10 min) and thermal annealing (600 °C, 20 min). The cleanliness was checked by

Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method

• Alexander Samardak,
• Margarita Anisimova,
• Aleksei Samardak and
• Alexey Ognev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 976–986, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.101

• not far away from the point where they penetrate into the Au film. As result, the outer edge of a ring patterned on a Au film has a smaller diameter than that on a Si substrate and becomes blurred. In contrast, for a single-crystal Si substrate, the electron scattering occurs with less variation

• metal film. However, for a single-crystal semiconductor substrate, such as Si, patterned rings of high resolution covering a wide range of possible diameters is feasible. The intentional change in the film thickness and crystallinity (grain size, lattice type) of the metal substrate enables the

• acceleration voltage of 10 kV. Monte Carlo simulations were performed with the NanoPECS software package. SEM images demonstrating the effect of substrate on the single-spot overexposure of a ring at a dose of 1 pC on 150 nm thick PMMA at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV: (a) single-crystal Si substrate; (b

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

• Nikolay Podgaynyy,
• Sabine Wezisla,
• Christoph Molls,
• Shahid Iqbal and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

• friction forces on single crystal electrodes under electrochemical conditions. In [10][11] we investigated the effect of copper under potential deposition (UPD) on Au(111) and Pt(111) on friction and found an increase in friction force after adsorption of a sub- or monolayer of copper. A particularly high

• solutions were made of ultrapure H2SO4 (Merck, suprapure), CuSO4 (Merck, >99%, p.a.) and high purity water (millipore, toc < 3 ppb, 18.2 MΩ·cm). The Au(111) single crystal (obtained from Metal Crystals & Oxides) was oriented with an accuracy of 0.5°. The preparation of the single crystal was performed by

Mapping of elasticity and damping in an α + β titanium alloy through atomic force acoustic microscopy

• M. Kalyan Phani,
• Anish Kumar,
• T. Jayakumar,
• Walter Arnold and
• Konrad Samwer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 767–776, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.79

• * is the reduced elastic modulus, R is the radius of curvature of the cantilever tip and P is the load applied on the specimen through the cantilever. There is one unknown, R, which can be eliminated by using a reference method. Reference material can either be a single crystal with known orientations

Morphological and structural characterization of single-crystal ZnO nanorod arrays on flexible and non-flexible substrates

• Omar F. Farhat,
• Mohd M. Halim,
• Mat J. Abdullah,
• Mohammed K. M. Ali and
• Nageh K. Allam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 720–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.73

• arrays were investigated using various techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, which revealed the formation of dense ZnO nanorods with a single crystal, hexagonal wurtzite structure. The aspect ratio of the single-crystal ZnO

• associated with the growth conditions with a minor dependence on the type of substrate. The Raman spectroscopy measurements confirmed the existence of a compressive stress in the fabricated ZnO nanorods. The obtained results illustrated that the growth of high quality, single-crystal ZnO nanorods can be

• , various methods have been reported in the literature to produce amorphous and polycrystalline ZnO nanomaterials, especially in the form of nanorods. Also, several deposition methods have been reported to fabricate single-crystal ZnO nanorods, such as RF and DC sputtering [6], chemical vapor deposition

In situ scanning tunneling microscopy study of Ca-modified rutile TiO₂(110) in bulk water

• Giulia Serrano,
• Beatrice Bonanni,
• Tomasz Kosmala,
• Marco Di Giovannantonio,
• Ulrike Diebold,
• Klaus Wandelt and
• Claudio Goletti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 438–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.44

• in a disordered surface with rounded protrusions irregularly distributed over the whole investigated area. The presence of calcium on the surface was confirmed by XPS after reentry of the sample into the UHV chamber. Experimental The TiO2 rutile (110) single crystal was purchased from Pi-Kem LTD. The

Influence of size, shape and core–shell interface on surface plasmon resonance in Ag and Ag@MgO nanoparticle films deposited on Si/SiO_x

• Sergio D’Addato,
• Daniele Pinotti,
• Maria Chiara Spadaro,
• Guido Paolicelli,
• Vincenzo Grillo,
• Sergio Valeri,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Luca Bergamini and
• Stefano Corni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 404–413, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.40

• ][30][31]. Figure 2b shows an atomic resolution TEM image of a single NP. The image corresponds to a McKay icosahedral geometry, where the icosahedron is assembled from single crystal tetrahedra with (111) faces [28][32] (see Figure 2c). This type of structure, as previously observed in other fcc metal

Synthesis, characterization, monolayer assembly and 2D lanthanide coordination of a linear terphenyl-di(propiolonitrile) linker on Ag(111)

• Zhi Chen,
• Svetlana Klyatskaya,
• José I. Urgel,
• David Écija,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Willi Auwärter,
• Johannes V. Barth and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 327–335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.31

• and metal coordination at interfaces. The structure of the organic linker 2 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). On the densely packed Ag(111) surface, the terphenyl-4,4"-di(propiolonitrile) linkers self-assemble in a regular, molecular chevron arrangement exhibiting a

• ; molecular self-assembly; organic monolayers; single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis; UHV-STM; Introduction The drive towards miniaturization of modern electronics has led to a growing interest in the development of memory units that can satisfy the ever-growing demand for information storage. In this

• single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) along with other standard techniques (Supporting Information File 1). The results of the surface-confined, molecular self-assembly and the lanthanide coordination reaction were analysed by using low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The STM

Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Roswitha Zeis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 68–83, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.8

• conducted on model systems that used single crystal electrodes [61] or polycrystalline films at low electrolyte concentrations. They help us understand fundamental aspects of the interactions between phosphoric acid and the catalyst, but these model systems are far away from realistic conditions in HT

Morphology, structural properties and reducibility of size-selected CeO_2−x nanoparticle films

• Maria Chiara Spadaro,
• Sergio D’Addato,
• Gabriele Gasperi,
• Francesco Benedetti,
• Paola Luches,
• Vincenzo Grillo,
• Giovanni Bertoni and
• Sergio Valeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 60–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.7

• ) single crystal prepared by repeated cycles of sputtering (1 keV, 1 μA) and annealing (1040 K). A 2 ML cerium oxide epitaxial film with the same surface-to-volume ratio of the NPs with 9 nm diameter (S/V = 0.6 nm−1), was grown with the procedures described in [21], i.e., reactive Ce electron-beam