Synthesis of a MnO₂/Fe₃O₄/diatomite nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for methylene blue degradation

• Zishun Li,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Kun Liu,
• Jing Huang,
• Yueyang Xu,
• Qian Peng and
• Minlin Ao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1940–1950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.185

• catalyst Raw diatomite was purified by acid-washing in 2 M HCl solution at 75 °C for 4 h according to [20]. The Fe3O4/diatomite composite was prepared through thermal decomposition and in situ loading [3]. Typically, 0.4 g of purified diatomite was first put into 60 mL TREG under magnetic stirring for 30

• for 30 min with subsequent ultrasound dispersion for 5 min, followed by dissolving 0.35 g KMnO4 into the mixture. The resulting mixture was transferred into a 100 mL autoclave and kept at 160 °C for 12 h under slight stirring. Finally, the MnO2/Fe3O4/diatomite nanocomposite was obtained after washing

• , a broad peak at around 22.5° is observed due to the amorphous structure of SiO2. No other obvious diffraction peaks are detected, suggesting that after the washing, the raw diatomite is highly pure. Six peaks at 29.9°, 35.3°, 43.2°, 53.3°, 57.00° and 62.4° are observed in the pattern of Fe3O4

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• pure CoAl LDH was performed under N2 at 800 °C for 2 h with a heating rate of 2 °C/min and the obtained product was a layered double oxide (LDO). The carbonized NPLs were soaked in 1 M HCl solution for 24 h to dissolve the Co nanoparticles, followed by washing with ultrapure water and then drying at

• practical application. In order to qualify as a good absorbent, the material must not only possess high adsorption efficiency but it should be easily recyclable to reduce the cost of the adsorption process. The desorption experiments are carried out by simply washing the adsorbents with ethanol three times

Nanocomposites comprised of homogeneously dispersed magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and poly(methyl methacrylate)

• Sašo Gyergyek,
• David Pahovnik,
• Ema Žagar,
• Alenka Mertelj,
• Rok Kostanjšek,
• Miloš Beković,
• Marko Jagodič,
• Heinrich Hofmann and
• Darko Makovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1613–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.153

• amount of the PMMA, especially low molecular mass fractions, are soluble and were removed during washing of the nanocomposites. The dispersion of NP-PMMA nanoparticles in the nanocomposites is uniform, regardless of their content (Figure 4). In the NC-1 sample, the nanoparticles were predominantly

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• are attached to the chip through the o-rings that are sealed around the through-holes on the back of the chip. Therefore, flow control is attained through a pressure-regulated vacuum pump. The microfluidic chips can be reused by washing with buffer of 1% pluronic F-68 surfactant in 0.22 μm filtered

Heterostuctures of 4-(chloromethyl)phenyltrichlorosilane and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography: Nanoscale characterization of the main steps of nanopatterning

• Phillip C. Chambers and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1211–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.112

• silica spheres of the surface mask. The spheres were then removed with a washing step to produce a hexagonal pattern of nanoholes within the OTS film (Figure 1b), conforming to the arrangement of the surface mask. Samples with nanoholes within OTS were then placed in a solution of CMPS and either toluene

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• with the trade name Silver Nano™ in their washing machines, air conditioners, refrigerators, air purifiers and vacuum cleaners, which use ionic Ag NPs [34]. NPs and NSMs are extensively used in auto production: as fillers in tires to improve adhesion to the road, fillers in the car body to improve the

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• -filtered and washed with about 20 mL of washing agent (acetone and distilled water of a volumetric ratio of 1:1). The solid residue was then dried for 24 h at a temperature of 108 °C and reduced under hydrogen and argon atmosphere (50 vol % Ar + 50 vol % H2) at a temperature of 500 °C for 4 h to convert

• stirring. The flask with the mixture was placed in an oil bath and heated to a temperature of around T ≈ 65 °C for 4 h. The mixture was then naturally cooled down to room temperature and washed with about 20 mL washing agent of acetone and distilled water of a volumetric ratio of 1:1. The samples were then

• , such as precursor concentration, CNT mass, sonication time, type and volume of washing agents, annealing temperature and time, resulted in filling of the CNTs with Fe50Co50 nanoparticles in a well-defined manner. These approaches can be extended to the filling of many other kinds of magnetic

Enzymatically promoted release of organic molecules linked to magnetic nanoparticles

• Chiara Lambruschini,
• Silvia Villa,
• Luca Banfi,
• Fabio Canepa,
• Fabio Morana,
• Annalisa Relini,
• Paola Riani,
• Renata Riva and
• Fulvio Silvetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 986–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.92

• a thermomixer (650 rpm) at 37 °C for 72 h. The sample was then washed several times with MeOH using both magnetic washing and centrifugation (Eppendorf 15,000 rpm 10 min each) recovering the washings in a volumetric 10 mL flask. The sample, before being injected in the HPLC-VWD, was preconcentrated

• , 920 μL of a 0.5 mg/mL trypsin stock solution (corresponding to 136 μg/μmol) were added. The final volume was adjusted to 1 mL with TRIS buffer. The sample was kept under shaking in a thermomixer (650 rpm) at 37 °C for 72 h. The sample was then washed several times with MeOH using both magnetic washing

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• role as surfactant, partly blocking the nucleation at (100) facets if the prevalent growth mechanism is normal or lateral layer-by-layer growth [28]. Presumably, the PVP adsorbates remained at the Ag2O crystallite surface after the washing procedure. Remarkably, the porous polyhedron-like silver

• . After multiple centrifugation steps of the precipitate and washing with ≈1 L of MilliQ pure water, the product was ready for the following syntheses. The dry product, which is appropriate for storage and further dispersion in water, could be produced freeze drying. All the Ag particle synthesis was

Comparative study of antibacterial properties of polystyrene films with TiO_x and Cu nanoparticles fabricated using cluster beam technique

• Vladimir N. Popok,
• Cesarino M. Jeppesen,
• Peter Fojan,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Jan Hanuš and
• Ondřej Kylián

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 861–869, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.80

• resistant against washing out in procedures. It has recently been shown that the deposition of metal NPs using the cluster beam technique is an efficient approach in the formation of polymer composite films with antibacterial properties. The composites can be formed by either incorporation of particles

• that the surface cluster density is not changed after the deposition of bacteria and the following washing of the samples over a few cycles of the experiments. Such example is presented in Figure 2 for Ti NPs. Ti clusters produced by magnetron sputtering were either left untreated or oxidized in two

• environmental conditions and to the solutions used for bacteria deposition and the following washing. An investigation of these mechanisms requires an additional more detailed study. Finally, it would be of practical interest to evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of our approach compared to standard

Noble metal-modified titania with visible-light activity for the decomposition of microorganisms

• Maya Endo,
• Zhishun Wei,
• Kunlei Wang,
• Baris Karabiyik,
• Kenta Yoshiiri,
• Paulina Rokicka,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Agata Markowska-Szczupak and
• Ewa Kowalska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 829–841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.77

• , clothes and dental treatment). For example, slowly released nanosilver has been used in a variety of domestic appliances, such as washing machines (e.g., Samsung SilverNanoHealth technology). Moreover, antibacterial properties of noble metals have been applied for medical purposes, including healing of

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• at 80 °C for 3 h. For the synthesis of pristine MSNs, the particles were synthesized without CD addition. The nanoparticles were later purified by washing with a mixed solution of acetic acid and methanol with a ratio of 1:3 to remove weakly adsorbed CDs and CTAC moieties from the surface and pores

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• , Martinsried, Germany) at a density of 30,000 cells per well. On the following day, cells were exposed to solutions of 1 mg·mL−1 of each C-dot type and incubated for 24 h, at 37 °C. After fixing the cells with a 4% paraformaldehyde solution (30 min, at 37 °C) and washing with PBS, cells were imaged using a

Blister formation during graphite surface oxidation by Hummers’ method

• Olga V. Sinitsyna,
• Georgy B. Meshkov,
• Anastasija V. Grigorieva,
• Alexander A. Antonov,
• Inna G. Grigorieva and
• Igor V. Yaminsky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 407–414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.40

• After applying the oxidation mixture to the HAPG surface, all the liquid spread over the surface and was absorbed by the graphite during the first minute. The surface became iridescent. Then we did not observe any changes in the state of the surface for 30 minutes. After washing the samples with water

Sugarcane juice derived carbon dot–graphitic carbon nitride composites for bisphenol A degradation under sunlight irradiation

• Lan Ching Sim,
• Jing Lin Wong,
• Chen Hong Hak,
• Jun Yan Tai,
• Kah Hon Leong and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 353–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.35

• purchased from R&M Chemicals. Distilled water was used throughout the experiment for dilution and washing purpose. In addition, IPA (83.5%) and DMSO (99%) was purchased from Bendosen and Univar, respectively. The EDTA-2Na+ (99%) was obtained from ChemSoln. Preparation of carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and carbon

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• mechanically and chemically stable to withstand the conditions during photocatalysis. Daoud and Xin [35] coated cotton fibers with 20 nm anatase particles via a sol–gel method. The covalently bonded TiO2 particles have a 50+ UV protection factor and are stable against washing. In an alternative approach, Zheng

• ) for 30 min followed by washing three times in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, once with water, and once with 50% ethanol for 5 min each. Then the hybrid materials were immersed in 2% uranyl acetate solution in 50% ethanol for 30 min followed by treatment with 70% EtOH, 90% EtOH, 100% EtOH, 2× 100% EtOHabs

• additional advantage that they can easily be purified and recycled by simple washing. Conclusion We have successfully synthesized two new TiO2-silk hybrid materials using B. mori silk as a renewable and versatile scaffold. The hybrid materials have a complex architecture and are efficient water splitting

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• ][BF4] [63]. Water is used in IL synthesis during the washing process following the anion exchange from typically chloride to tetrafluoroborate. Anion analyses by ion chromatography of the purified ILs yielded fluoride contents of 0.1 to 0.4 wt % for [BMIm][BF4] ILs [64]. Heating the ILs for the

• methyllithium and subsequently reaction with metal halides according to literature procedures [95][96]. The ionic liquid [BMIm][BF4] was synthesized by reacting 1-methylimidazole with 1-chlorobutane to yield [BMIm][Cl]. [BMIm][Cl] reacted with HBF4 to give [BMIm][BF4] [64]. Following the washing procedure with

Strategy to discover full-length amyloid-beta peptide ligands using high-efficiency microarray technology

• Clelia Galati,
• Natalia Spinella,
• Lucio Renna,
• Danilo Milardi,
• Francesco Attanasio,
• Michele Francesco Maria Sciacca and
• Corrado Bongiorno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2446–2453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.243

• standard microarray protocol (described in the Experimental section). After BSA blocking, the slides were scanned in order to check the fluorescence of the amyloid spots after the extensive washing involved in the blocking process. As shown in Figure 2A, bright amyloid spots are observed on the

• preserved upon silanization. No fluorescence spots have been observed on the reference slide. In this case, the blocking-washing step was effective to fully remove the full-length amyloid spots. After the O2-plasma treatment, the surface of the un-epoxysilane slides may likely be rich in Si–OH groups that

• Information File 1). These fluorescence measurements suggest that the washing operations were effective to remove the buffer salts from the epoxysilane surface. However, because of the expected behavior similar to amyloid peptides (as shown in Figure 2), the unlabeled peptides were not removed. Figure 3

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• templates with aqueous KMnO4 solution and subsequent selective washing with HNO3 to remove the residual Ce(OH)CO3 [21]. In another case, well-dispersed MnO2@CeO2–MnO2 and CeO2–CuOx composite hollow spheres were synthesized through a facile reflux method using carbon spheres as sacrificial templates. The

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• × phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After 1 h of staining (in the dark at RT) and three washing cycles with 1× PBS the cells were mounted using Glycergel mounting media (C0563, Dako, Baar, Switzerland). For live-cell imaging, cells were seeded in a Lab-TekTM II chambered cover glass four-well chamber (1.5

• , washing and fixation steps, the samples were kept at 4 °C. Directly before ESEM imaging, samples were washed three times with ice-cold pure water and transferred into the electron microscope (ESEM, Quanta 400 FEG, FEI, USA). The cells were maintained in a water vapour environment at 3 °C and imaged using

Increasing the stability of DNA nanostructure templates by atomic layer deposition of Al₂O₃ and its application in imprinting lithography

• Hyojeong Kim,
• Kristin Arbutina,
• Anqin Xu and
• Haitao Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2363–2375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.236

• , and (h) UV/O3 treatment for 1 h and washing with DI water. White lines on the AFM images indicate where the cross-sections were determined. (i) Histograms of the AFM height images from (a) to (h). (j) Height and (k) FWHM of the DNA nanotubes in three different locations of the AFM images from (a) to

• the same location after (a) deposited on a silicon wafer, (b) 50 cycles of ALD of Al2O3, (c) 1st and (d) 5th pattern transfer to PLLA stamps, and (e) UV/O3 treatment for 1 h and washing with DI water. White lines on the AFM images indicate where the cross-sections were determined. (f) Histograms of

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• reduce mechanical stress on the graphene surface. Thus, etching and washing of the graphene occurs in a controlled environment, preventing mechanical agitation of the ultrathin graphene layer. As there is no direct contact between the graphene and the protective frame, any contamination with carbon

• which entails subsequent washing steps to eliminate residue from the etchant) is carried out in an isolated compartment. Carefully draining the etchant from and refilling water into the isolated outer compartment allows the etchant solvent to drain by diffusive processes. This minimizes the horizontal

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids used as additives in the nanolubrication of silicon surfaces

• Patrícia M. Amorim,
• Ana M. Ferraria,
• Rogério Colaço,
• Luís C. Branco and
• Benilde Saramago

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.197

• mixtures in the lubrication of the Si surface, AFM observation of some of the Si surfaces was done. After the nanotribological tests, tracks could be observed on the surfaces; however these tracks disappeared after washing the samples, demonstrating that no wear occurred. Figure 6 shows the AFM images of

• samples submitted to nanotribological tests (3100 cycles), before washing: Figure 6a shows the sample tested with pure PEG; Figure 6b shows the sample submitted to tribological tests performed with the mixture PEG + [EMIM][TfO], which presents a CoF similar to that of pure PEG (Figure 5a); Figure 6c shows

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• nanoparticles. Furthermore, an extra acid-washing process was needed to remove the inorganic salt layer [33][36]. As the cyclization reactions between nitriles mainly occur during the preoxidization and low-temperature carbonization steps (<450 °C), we tried to coat with a protective poly(methyl methacrylate

• solution under stirring. After about 20 h of stirring, the mixture was then used for the preparation of samples for TEM observation. The dried copper containing the above NaSCN-treated nanoparticles was further treated with gentle water washing to remove NaSCN salt and negative staining with the PTA

• dissolved PAN core remained inside the nanoparticles. During the drying of the TEM sample, many NaSCN molecules remained in the PAN cores that could not be removed by the follow-up water washing, thus making them appear dark. The presence of NaSCN molecules enlarged the PAN cores, making the particle

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• , importantly, that the printed structures resist washing following biofunctionalization and hybridization, thanks to the adhesive properties of the catechol moiety. Our proof of concept involving DNA oligonucleotide probes demonstrates that the printed structures can be functionalized in a way that preserves

• (150 mL). After sonication for 30 min, the mixture was poured into an autoclave and stirred for 24 h at 110 °C. The obtained material was separated by filtration, followed by washing with water and ethanol and drying in air at 100 °C. See Supporting Information File 1 for rGO–Pt characterization. rGO