Development of adsorptive membranes by confinement of activated biochar into electrospun nanofibers

• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Mitra Naghdi,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• Emile Knystautas,
• Mausam Verma,
• Rao. Y. Surampalli and
• Jose. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1556–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.149

Dynamic of cold-atom tips in anharmonic potentials

• Tobias Menold,
• Peter Federsel,
• Carola Rogulj,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• József Fortágh and
• Andreas Günther

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1543–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.148

• are identical as before, while the anharmonic trap has been extended in the transversal direction by a harmonic confinement with frequency ωy/z = 2π × 500 Hz. For comparison, Figure 3 includes the result for noninteracting particles, showing a reduced damping. Following Equation 12, the damping time

• holder. With counter-propagating currents, they produce a linear quadrupole field above the chip surface with atomic confinement in radial (x,y)-direction. Trapping in z-direction is achieved by superpositioning an inhomogeneous field along z. It is produced by a set of chip wires (transport wires

• explicitly using an infinite long wire approximation. The axial confinement is approximated via a harmonic potential along z. Homogeneous fields in y and z-direction are taken into account. Using this model function, the full trap anharmonicity in the x,y-direction is reproduced. For the numerical

Nanostructured germanium deposited on heated substrates with enhanced photoelectric properties

• Ionel Stavarache,
• Valentin Adrian Maraloiu,
• Petronela Prepelita and
• Gheorghe Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1492–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.142

• ; Introduction In the recent years, much attention was directed to study quantum confinement in nanostructures. Through the influence of quantum confinement on the electrical and optical properties new paths to improving and develop functional devices in nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics can be opened

• to the indirect bandgap issue of Ge-based materials are partially overcome, but the difficulty of controlling size and shape of the nanoparticles still remains. New approaches for fine-tuning the size and shape of nanoparticles would facilitate the understanding of their quantum confinement behavior

Diameter-driven crossover in resistive behaviour of heavily doped self-seeded germanium nanowires

• Stephen Connaughton,
• Maria Koleśnik-Gray,
• Richard Hobbs,
• Olan Lotty,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Vojislav Krstić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1284–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.119

• ][5][6][7][8][9]. Germanium nanowires (Ge NWs) are of particular interest as they provide the prospect for quantum-related phenomena associated with one-dimensional (1D) confinement already at diameters of tens of nm [10], or determining their electronic properties by surface doping [11]. Among

• coordinates [20][21] and for simplicity assuming a constant free-hole concentration nh. One finds the expression [22] where Φ0 is the electrostatic potential at the core/shell interface, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, εr the dielectric constant of germanium, and e the elementary charge. The confinement of

• average sub-band bottom spacing compares to the thermal energy at room temperature (Supporting Information File 1) suggesting that a description within the 1D Kubo–Greenwood framework is valid [24]. These findings also demonstrate that indeed at diameters ≤ 20 nm the confinement is not negligible and

Mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for lithium–sulfur batteries: distribution of sulfur and electrochemical performance

• Anika C. Juhl,
• Artur Schneider,
• Boris Ufer,
• Torsten Brezesinski,
• Jürgen Janek and
• Michael Fröba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1229–1240, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.114

• the use in lithium–sulfur batteries because of the large internal void offering space for sulfur and polysulfide storage and confinement. However, there is an ongoing discussion whether the cavity is accessible for sulfur. Yet no valid proof of cavity filling has been presented, mostly due to

• lack of Raman bands might also be due to confinement effects. Thus, the appearance of bands at high sulfur loadings could also be explained either by sulfur filling the cavities of HCS or by sulfur accumulating on the outside of the spheres. SEM and EDX SEM images of HCS-58-vac and HCS-67-vac (Figure

• wt % sulfur and with reasonably high sulfur loading of 2.0 mg·cm−2 showed stable electrochemical performance over 500 cycles. It seems possible that the empty cavity has a positive effect on polysulfide confinement. In summary, the HCS employed in this work are a promising system capable of storing

A terahertz-vibration to terahertz-radiation converter based on gold nanoobjects: a feasibility study

• Kamil Moldosanov and
• Andrei Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 983–989, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.90

• at large angle γ to the momentum of the phonon. The absorption condition for the microwave-range photon is the following: where mel is the number of electron energy “gaps” (quantization steps between confinement-induced discrete energy levels in the nanoobject), and nvm is a number of vibrational

• form: where L is the confinement length delimiting the propagation of compression waves (i.e., the maximal dimension of a GNB or the median circumference of a GNR, correspondingly), and the sound velocity vL relates frequency to wave vector. Further on, assuming that the density in a GNB equals that

• , and the confinement-imposed energy quantization would likely prevent the necessary energy match of their respective nvmΔEvm values. Putting it differently, the major peaks in the densities of modes of transversal and longitudinal phonons in gold (and particularly in gold nanoparticles) are well

The role of morphology and coupling of gold nanoparticles in optical breakdown during picosecond pulse exposures

• Yevgeniy R. Davletshin and
• J. Carl Kumaradas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 869–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.79

• confinement corrections to the bulk optical properties of gold [3], (ii) a hyperbolic two-temperature model for the thermodynamic evolution of the electron and lattice temperatures of the gold nanoparticle [47], (iii) a rate equation of free-electron plasma generation in an aqueous environment based on the

Hierarchical coassembly of DNA–triptycene hybrid molecular building blocks and zinc protoporphyrin IX

• Rina Kumari,
• Sumit Singh,
• Mohan Monisha,
• Sourav Bhowmick,
• Anindya Roy,
• Neeladri Das and
• Prolay Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 697–707, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.62

• regard to the light-induced oxidation of DHR 123 than the corresponding free Zn PpIX due to enhanced local confinement of ROS in the composite. Therefore, considering this feature, this system could be explored further for PDT, photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) and catalysis applications

Bacteriorhodopsin–ZnO hybrid as a potential sensing element for low-temperature detection of ethanol vapour

• Saurav Kumar,
• Sudeshna Bagchi,
• Senthil Prasad,
• Anupma Sharma,
• Ritesh Kumar,
• Rishemjit Kaur,
• Jagvir Singh and
• Amol P. Bhondekar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 501–510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.44

• ) mode is associated with intrinsic lattice defects [58][59]. The Raman spectra of ZnO-NR in Figure 5c shows a shift in the A1(LO) mode vibration by 8 cm−1, indicating the possibility of a confinement effect [60]. The vibrational spectra of the hybrid structures (Figure 5b,d) shows characteristic peaks

• the possibility of a confinement effect. The characteristic vibrational modes of bR were also observed in the hybrid structures with a small red shift. Dynamic response of the ethanol vapour sensing tests at 70 °C for 50, 100 and 200 ppm concentrations for (a) ZnO-TF/bR and (b) ZnO-NR/bR structures

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• the nanoparticle production [23][29]. This will not be necessarily true for metal nanoparticle formed at the cell-wall at the outside of the cell, but even this constitutes a more restricted location than in a solution. In inorganic systems effects of the confinement on the nanoparticle formation have

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of hybrid metallic–dielectric plasmonic nanoantennas

• Mario Hentschel,
• Bernd Metzger,
• Bastian Knabe,
• Karsten Buse and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 111–120, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.13

• ]. One can also transport energy on deep subwavelength length scales [5], create the plasmonic analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [6][7][8][9], and construct systems with tailorable near-field enhancement and confinement [10][11][12][13]. What is more, the resonant behavior of

Dependence of lattice strain relaxation, absorbance, and sheet resistance on thickness in textured ZnO@B transparent conductive oxide for thin-film solar cell applications

• Kuang-Yang Kou,
• Yu-En Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen and
• Shih-Wei Feng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 75–80, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.9

• microcrystallites has a strong green emission due to defect states in the core [11]. A blue-shifted absorption edge and photoluminescence caused by quantum confinement as well as a higher photovoltaic and sensor performance due to a larger surface area have been demonstrated in ZnO nanocrystals [14][15][16]. In

Current-induced runaway vibrations in dehydrogenated graphene nanoribbons

• Rasmus Bjerregaard Christensen,
• Jing-Tao Lü,
• Per Hedegård and
• Mads Brandbyge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 68–74, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.8

• study since its discovery in 2004 [1]. Due to the strong σ-bonding between carbon atoms, graphene has a very high thermal conductivity, and can potentially sustain much higher current intensities than other materials. Graphene nanoribbons (GNR) exhibit a bandgap opening due to quantum confinement in the

• one may imagine doping or gating to shift the Fermi level, EF, as well as changes in geometry such as varying the distance between dimers. In this study, the nanoribbon has a width of 7 dimers corresponding to a C–C edge distance of 7.5 Å. The lateral confinement introduces a direct semi-conducting

Counterion effects on nano-confined metal–drug–DNA complexes

• Nupur Biswas,
• Sreeja Chakraborty,
• Alokmay Datta,
• Munna Sarkar,
• Mrinmay K. Mukhopadhyay,
• Mrinal K. Bera and
• Hideki Seto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 62–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.7

• Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.7.7 Abstract We have explored morphology of DNA molecules bound with Cu complexes of piroxicam (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) molecules under one-dimensional confinement of thin films and have studied the effect of

• counterions present in a buffer. X-ray reflectivity at and away from the Cu K absorption edge and atomic force microscopy studies reveal that confinement segregates the drug molecules preferentially in a top layer of the DNA film, and counterions enhance this segregation. Keywords: confinement; metal–drug

• . Thus, there are three aspects of the situation, which demand elucidation – the role of the ions, of the molecules (especially macromolecules) and of the confinement in the length scales of nanometers and micrometers – in maintaining the stability and homogeneity of the phase of the mixture [1][2][3][4

Blue and white light emission from zinc oxide nanoforests

• Nafisa Noor,
• Luca Lucera,
• Thomas Capuano,
• Venkata Manthina,
• Alexander G. Agrios,
• Helena Silva and
• Ali Gokirmak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2463–2469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.255

• obtained from vacuum and atmospheric pressure measurements also indicate a plasma process as the dominant mechanism for light emission. The confinement of the plasma within a micro-chamber to contain the evaporated material [29] together with integrated electrodes may lead to a sustainable plasma state

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering by colloidal CdSe nanocrystal submonolayers fabricated by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Volodymyr M. Dzhagan,
• Ovidiu D. Gordan,
• Sergey L. Veber,
• Cameliu Himcinschi,
• Alexander V. Latyshev and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2388–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.245

• orders of magnitude depending on the gap size) than the field located near a single metal nanocluster or a metal surface [33]. SERS enhancement benefits from the implementation of this experimental geometry. In particular, it allows the influence of the spatial confinement and the structure anisotropy on

Self-organization of gold nanoparticles on silanated surfaces

• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Salim H. Al-Harthi,
• Azzouz Sellai and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2345–2353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.242

• deposition of APTES molecules [7]. Thus, NH2-terminated APTES deposition on any substrate is extremely important for further surface modification. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique physical, chemical and electrical properties that differ from the bulk due to the quantum confinement effects in small

Influence of wide band gap oxide substrates on the photoelectrochemical properties and structural disorder of CdS nanoparticles grown by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Alexander V. Mazanik,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Еugene А. Streltsov and
• Anatoly I. Kulak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2252–2262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.231

• occurrence of the quantum confinement effect, demonstrating the most rapid weakening with the increase of N in ZnO/CdS heterostructures. The structural disorder of CdS nanoparticles was characterized by the Urbach energy (EU), spectral width of the CdS longitudinal optical (LO) phonon band and the relative

• of Eg evaluated from the (Yhν)2–hν dependence for CdS nanoparticles exceed the Eg value of 2.4 eV for bulk cadmium sulfide at N ≤ 10 for ZnO/СdS, at N ≤ 20 for In2O3/СdS, and at N ≤ 60 for TiO2/СdS, indicating an electron-quantum-confinement effect. At the same time, at large N the Eg values become

• factors: phonon confinement leading to relaxation of the k = 0 selection rule for single-phonon scattering (k is a phonon wavevector) and an asymmetric low-energy LO band broadening [22]; scattering by disorder-activated zone-edge (DAZE) phonons [23]; or scattering by surface optical (SO) phonons [24]. As

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

• deposit formation and the translation of such understanding to design parameters for precursor molecules tailored for FEBID is necessary. In terms of the electron-induced processes in FEBID, it is clear that the confinement of electron/molecule interactions to the focal width of the incident high-energy

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• this will require significant technological improvements to become economically viable for large scale material production. Chemical methods, such as encapsulation or confinement strategies used in the design of energy storage and conversion materials, also constitute new synthetic routes that have

A facile method for the preparation of bifunctional Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe₃O₄ magnetic and fluorescent nanocrystals

• Houcine Labiadh,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Romain Sibille,
• Lavinia Balan and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1743–1751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.178

• their large surface-to-volume ratio and from confinement phenomena resulting in an atomic-like electronic structure with discrete energy levels. Thus, QDs have been widely studied for their fundamental properties and applications, mostly employed as emitters for biolabelling [3][5], light emitting

• could be related to the quantum confinement effects of nanocrystals and to the diamagnetic contribution of the ZnS core. At 2 K, all bifunctional nanoparticles exhibited hysteresis with remnance magnetization, MR, at 9 T and coercivity, HC, indicating a dominant ferromagnetic nature of the iron oxide

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• they are considered to be a link between atomic structures and bulk material [4]. Many of the physicochemical properties of materials change as their size approaches the nanoscale, which can be explained by their high surface area to volume ratio and the quantum confinement effect [4][5]. Over the last

Molecular materials – towards quantum properties

• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1485–1486, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.153

• information schemes. As a result of their confinement, electrons in both natural atoms and in quantum dots, so-called artificial atoms, are characterized by the formation of discrete energy levels. Similarly, in the case of a Josephson junction, Cooper pairs are confined in the potential well of the Josephson

• coupling between molecular qubits as required by scalability for logical quantum gate operations. We have gathered in the Thematic Series contributions dealing with the magnetic properties of molecules, partially under use of lanthanide metal ions und their coordination under surface confinement. By the

The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Ryusuke Nakamura and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1348–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.139

• confinement in nanowires. Although huge efforts were dedicated to the comprehension of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the Kirkendall-induced hollowing process of nanomaterials, there are still several studies which must be carried out to expand the comprehension of this phenomenon. Among these, one

• provide additional elements for a better comprehension of the hollowing process since the vacancy confinement in 1D nanostructures differs from the case of nanospheres. Another perspective is the possibility of monitoring the oxidation-induced hollowing process using in situ TEM carried out under

Structural transitions in electron beam deposited Co–carbonyl suspended nanowires at high electrical current densities

• Gian Carlo Gazzadi and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1298–1305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.134

• . The equilibrium phase of bulk cobalt at RT is HCP, and at 430 °C there is a transition to the FCC phase. Co is known to stabilize FCC at RT as a consequence of either rapid quenching from annealing above the transition temperature or of the grain size confinement to submicron range [30]. The