Experimental techniques for the characterization of carbon nanoparticles – a brief overview

• Wojciech Kempiński,
• Szymon Łoś,
• Mateusz Kempiński and
• Damian Markowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1760–1766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.186

• of controlled charge and spin localization within different systems based on nano-graphite or nano-graphene crystallites can be approached. Individual carbon nanoparticles – the structure Graphite crystals are layered materials with the strong carbon bonding within the atomic sheets and weak

• order of the crystallites can be calculated from the powder XRD data. The diffractograms presented in Figure 1 show a progressive decrease in the peak intensity as well as broadening of the linewidth. The most prominent peak of the hexagonal structure, (002), undergoes the strongest alteration. The

• first order spectra can be correlated with the in-plane size of the crystallites. The D peak intensity depends on the defect concentration and indicates the presence of a crystalline border [26]. It is suppressed by the perfectly organized carbon layer since it is a hexagonal ring breathing mode [14

Controlling the dispersion of supported polyoxometalate heterogeneous catalysts: impact of hybridization and the role of hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity balance and supramolecularity

• Gijo Raj,
• Colas Swalus,
• Eglantine Arendt,
• Pierre Eloy,
• Michel Devillers and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.185

• design heterogeneous catalyst design, in which the classical wet impregnation technique often leads to the formation of large crystallites, particularly at high POM loadings, on various inorganic and/or on hydrophobic supports [28]. The demonstrated hybridization strategy of POMs with DODA and the

On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces

• K. Anantha Padmanabhan and
• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1603–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.172

• Figure 2, one finds that they are comparable. Both phases (glassy component and the interfacial component) fluctuate structurally within a specimen by the same amount. In contrast, in a poly-crystalline or nano-grained material, the component of the spectrum associated with the crystallites is very

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• small crystallites, poor crystallinity, and poor crystallographic correlation, Figure 8. Patterns of neat microcrystalline cellulose show reflections at 15.1 and 22.8° 2θ; these can be attributed to the crystalline structure of the cellulose. XRD patterns of all samples show that the order of the

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143

• MOF’s crystallites, addition of Mg(TFSI)2 (i.e., weakly coordinating anion) was necessary to achieve a good conductivity (0.25 vs 0.0006 mS cm−1 in just phenolates/MOF). No results addressing the compatibility with magnesium metal or oxidative stability were provided. It may be possible that this system

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• deposits (such as the EBID deposits discussed before), but also on high purity Fe nanostructures. The latter can be prepared from Fe(CO)5 by EBID or EBISA, plus successive autocatalytic growth. The iron structures are typically composed of very pure (>90–95 atom %) cubic crystallites, as a result of the

• autocatalytic growth process [7][8][16][17][18][19]. The morphology ranges from scattered clusters for low electron doses and shorter growth times, to fused, polycrystalline patches of cubic crystallites for high electron doses and long growth times [7][8][16][17][18][19]. After preparation of the Fe deposits

• are composed of cubic crystallites of α-Fe(bcc). These crystallites are quite regular, and their vacuum interfaces consist mainly of low index {100} faces of these cubes. A representative structure is presented in Figure S2 of Supporting Information File 1. In the case of Co(CO)3NO, not very well

Optical and structural characterization of oleic acid-stabilized CdTe nanocrystals for solution thin film processing

• Claudio Davet Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Mauricio Ortega-López,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán,
• A. Mauricio Espinoza-Rivas,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• L. Gerardo Silva-Vidaurri,
• Virginia C. Castro-Peña and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 881–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.100

• . Interestingly, the CdTe crystallites preserve their size when deposited in the glass substrate, so testifying the suitable oleic acid stabilization. In regarding the Cd3P2 formation, it is thought that it was originated by reacting cadmium and phosphor ions, with the latter being provided by the TOP

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Ag–ZnO hybrid plasmonic nanostructures prepared by a facile wet chemical method

• Sini Kuriakose,
• Vandana Choudhary,
• Biswarup Satpati and
• Satyabrata Mohapatra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 639–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.75

• and prevent the accumulation of growth units on the (0001) surface. Because of this the growth of ZnO crystallites occurs along the six symmetric directions, producing ZnO nanodisks [38]. Thus the morphology of ZnO nanostructures can be easily altered by using trisodium citrate [39]. Detailed studies

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• formation [56]. Our EDX mapping studies [20] indicate that the crystallites initially formed onto SaOS-2 cells are not only rich in the elements calcium and phosphorous but also in carbon. We have taken this observation as a further indication that carbonate and phosphate deposits are co- or sequentially

• cells retain their capacity to synthesize HA crystallites. Furthermore, the mechanical properties, including surface roughness and hardness, of the hydrogel were determined. If silica is included in the hydrogel matrix, the encapsulated SaOS-2 cells were found to increasingly express the gene encoding

• SaOS-2 cells into the Na alginate, with the indicated supplements, and allowed the matrix to be passed through the capillary of the 3D printer (Figure 6). The arrays of strands were computed to 4 mm high blocks into which the cells remained viable and retained the capacity to form mineral crystallites

Plasma-assisted synthesis and high-resolution characterization of anisotropic elemental and bimetallic core–shell magnetic nanoparticles

• M. Hennes,
• A. Lotnyk and
• S. G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 466–475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.54

• crystallites with typical sizes of a few nm (Figure 7). A FFT of the grains yields lattice spacings that were attributed to Cu2O (JCPDS: 05-0667 a = 0.4252 nm), although the analysis is seriously impeded by pronounced distortions, small grain sizes and boundaries as well as surface effects. Conclusive evidence

Nanoscale particles in technological processes of beneficiation

• Sergey I. Popel,
• Vitaly V. Adushkin and
• Anatoly P. Golub'

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 458–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.53

• microsize structures. For example, more than thirty years ago, Galimov [5] predicted the possibility of diamond synthesis through a cavitation process. In 2003, this possibility was confirmed in experiments [6]. The particles formed in the cavitation process were an aggregation of nanosize crystallites. The

Oriented attachment explains cobalt ferrite nanoparticle growth in bioinspired syntheses

• Annalena Wolff,
• Walid Hetaba,
• Marco Wißbrock,
• Stefan Löffler,
• Nadine Mill,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Axel Dreyer,
• Inga Ennen,
• Norbert Sewald,
• Peter Schattschneider and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 210–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.23

• oriented substructures within the disc exist. EELS measurements show that incomplete discs, such as the diamond-shaped particle in Figure 3d, are of various non-stoichiometric phases with a compositional gradient. Non-aggregated areas, such as region 1, where crystallites are still visible, are of an iron

• representations of the reciprocal lattice of the nanoparticles. Sharp rings in the pattern as observed in the nanoparticle diffraction pattern after 5 minutes are caused by randomly oriented crystallites within the nanoparticle that lie in the same zone axis. The observed ring is diminished after 1 day showing

• that the crystallites start to orient along the same axis and that an increase in orientation with time occurs. Furthermore, a change in the zone axis and therefore top/bottom crystal face from [112] to [111] occurs after 2 days which indicates that a reorientation process takes place. In addition, the

3D-nanoarchitectured Pd/Ni catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition for the electrooxidation of formic acid

• Loïc Assaud,
• Evans Monyoncho,
• Kristina Pitzschel,
• Anis Allagui,
• Matthieu Petit,
• Margrit Hanbücken,
• Elena A. Baranova and
• Lionel Santinacci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 162–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.16

• cannot be attributed to the supporting NiO crystallites since their average size is in the range of 10–15 nm according to TEM cross section shown as supplemental material (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). The QCM, XPS and XRD measurements also attest the deposition of Pd onto the NiO layers

Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO₂ films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM

• Mohamed N. Ghazzal,
• Robert Wojcieszak,
• Gijo Raj and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 68–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.6

• sizes. AFM analysis shows that the growth of the CdS particles is a two-step process. The first step is the formation of new crystallites at each deposition cycle. In the next step the pre-deposited crystallites grow to form larger aggregates. Special attention is paid to the estimation of the CdS

• presence of few isolated crystallites (5 nm high), the lateral size of the crystals after 15 deposition cycles was remarkably larger than after 7 deposition cycles. This shows that increasing the number of deposition cycles leads to the growth of CdS nanocrytals in two forms; 1) the formation of new

• crystallites at each depositing cycle, and 2) the growth of pre-deposited crystallites into large aggregates. TEM analysis was performed for the 15×CdS/TiO2 sample (Figure 3). It was found that the majority of CdS nanoparticles have a nearly spherical shape with an average particle size of about 10 nm. The TEM

In situ growth optimization in focused electron-beam induced deposition

• Paul M. Weirich,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Christian H. Schwalb and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.103

• small Pt-crystallites between existing Pt-crystals in the nanogranular structure of Pt–C or to a growth of the previously present Pt-crystallites that leads to a reduction of the intergrain distance and therefore to a decreasing resistivity [33]. We found that, as already shown in previous experiments

Template based precursor route for the synthesis of CuInSe₂ nanorod arrays for potential solar cell applications

• Mikhail Pashchanka,
• Jonas Bang,
• Niklas S. A. Gora,
• Ildiko Balog,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 868–874, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.98

• rods are composed of nanocrystals of approximately 5–10 nm in size, which is in contrast to the determined mean crystallite size as obtained from the Scherrer equation. However, it can be seen that if one moves across an individual rod, the individual crystallites mostly overlap, thus their exact

• individual size cannot be determined. Possibly, smaller crystallites are distributed at the surface, and a crystal size enlargement takes place near the rod core, so that the average size equals to 30 nm. It has to be mentioned that the samples for TEM/SAED were dispersed in ethanol by ultrasonication before

• and TEM examination, smaller 5–10 nm crystallites are mainly concentrated on the surface and in the surface region of the rods, while the rod core presumably consists of larger nanocrystals. The crystalline chalcopyrite phase was also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, which suggested that there are no

Controlled synthesis and tunable properties of ultrathin silica nanotubes through spontaneous polycondensation on polyamine fibrils

• Jian-Jun Yuan,
• Pei-Xin Zhu,
• Daisuke Noda and
• Ren-Hua Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 793–804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.90

• -concentration of oligomer methoxysilane also accelerates the collapse of the LPEI crystallites. Effect of the alkali basicity. We also tried to use different alkalies to induce the room-temperature self-assembly of LPEI from the protonated state. The synthesis conditions are similar to that used for the silica

Simulation of electron transport during electron-beam-induced deposition of nanostructures

• Francesc Salvat-Pujol,
• Harald O. Jeschke and
• Roser Valentí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 781–792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.89

• nanostructure at the focus of the beam. In general, the obtained deposits exhibit a granular structure that consists of nanometer-sized metal crystallites, which are embedded in an insulating matrix. There are three main interactions that determine the growth of nanostructures in the EBID process: (1) the

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• matrix and produce FeF2 nanoparticles by reducing the CFx carbon backbone to graphitic carbon in a reactive intercalation process. The final material contains crystallites of FeF2 with diameters of a few nanometers, which are closely packed and embedded between graphitic carbon sheets. The graphitic

A facile synthesis of a carbon-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite and its performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries

• Raju Prakash,
• Katharina Fanselau,
• Shuhua Ren,
• Tapan Kumar Mandal,
• Christian Kübel,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.79

• bare Fe3O4 nanoparticles could also be observed (Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1). Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of various HRTEM images (of crystallites located inside or outside of carbon shells, see Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1) reveal that the observed lattice

Evolution of microstructure and related optical properties of ZnO grown by atomic layer deposition

• Adib Abou Chaaya,
• Roman Viter,
• Mikhael Bechelany,
• Zanda Alute,
• Donats Erts,
• Anastasiya Zalesskaya,
• Kristaps Kovalevskis,
• Vincent Rouessac,
• Valentyn Smyntyna and
• Philippe Miele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 690–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.78

• improvement of the crystalline structure of deposited samples. The structure of 25 nm thick films is amorphous. The films might contain crystallites with a size of less than 3 nm which are difficult to detect by XRD. In this case, a band gap broadening due to the quantum confinement effect would be expected

• . However, results obtained from 25 nm films do not show any significant increase of the band gap value. This hints at an absence of small crystallites in the amorphous structure of the films. Because of the disorder in amorphous and highly doped semiconductors, the absorption or the optical density D near

• the UV–vis PL bands [20]. In the present study the calculated UV–vis ratio of the PL band intensities of ZnO increase with the growth of film thickness. This may be associated with: improvement of the stoichiometry and the structure of ZnO crystallites grain growth and decreasing number of point

Site-selective growth of surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks on self-assembled monolayer patterns prepared by AFM nanografting

• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Alexander Welle,
• Stefan Heißler,
• Christof Wöll and
• Hartmut Gliemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 638–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.71

• , grafted areas and the matrix SAM. A higher density of crystallites can be found at the MHDA terminated surface areas. This is in contrast to the findings for the selective SURMOF grown on the MPA-terminated areas grafted in the DT SAM where no particulate material can be detected on the OD SAM (Figure 5

• growth and thiols that set up the matrix must be figured out, in order to avoid an undesirable and uncontrolled growth of SURMOF crystallites on the non-grafted areas. (This was observed for the SURMOFs based on MHDA grafted into an ODT matrix SAM.) Nevertheless the availability of such MOF-structures

AFM as an analysis tool for high-capacity sulfur cathodes for Li–S batteries

• Renate Hiesgen,
• Seniz Sörgel,
• Rémi Costa,
• Linus Carlé,
• Ines Galm,
• Natalia Cañas,
• Brigitta Pascucci and
• K. Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 611–624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.68

• approximately 2–3 μm are visible, which possess a high hardness, no conductivity, and show low deformation and energy dissipation. The region in between these crystallites exhibits a finite but very small conductivity, one order of magnitude smaller than before cycling. Here, several small conductive soft

Deformation-induced grain growth and twinning in nanocrystalline palladium thin films

• Aaron Kobler,
• Jochen Lohmiller,
• Jonathan Schäfer,
• Michael Kerber,
• Anna Castrup,
• Ankush Kashiwar,
• Patric A. Gruber,
• Karsten Albe,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 554–566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.64

• 0.15 and index greater than 20. Crystallite filtering: Removal of crystallites with an equivalent diameter <8 nm (ncPd 1) <10 nm (ncPd 2). No re-filling of any of the removed pixels was performed. Independent of the exact filter settings used in steps 2–4, the trends revealed in this study remain the

• equivalent diameters of the crystallites/grains. Only the histograms in Figure 4 show area weighted grain sizes. Here, a crystallite is defined as the smallest uniform crystallographic unit based on the disorientation to its neighbors. If a crystallite is separated from a neighbor by a twin boundary

• (recognized by the CSL Σ3 condition within the Brandon criteria) each of them are called twin crystallites. Grains can be single crystallites or consist of one or more twins. The twin density is defined as twin boundaries per grain. BF/DF-TEM analysis was performed using an image corrected FEI Titan 80-300

Nanoglasses: a new kind of noncrystalline materials

• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 517–533, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.61

• consists of nanometer-sized glassy regions (corresponding to the nanometer-sized crystallites in Figure 3c) connected by interfaces with an enhanced free volume due to the misfit between the atoms at the surfaces of adjacent glassy clusters. Due to the analogy of the nanometer-sized microstructures of both

• the nanoglass (Figure 12) the ferromagnetism is associated with the glass–glass interfaces. The results of the Mössbauer spectroscopy (Figure 12) seem to rule out crystallites of bcc-Fe or Fe-oxide crystallites as the origin of the ferromagnetism. Only small amounts (<10%) of nanometer-sized bcc-Fe

• crystallites were revealed in the low temperature Mössbauer spectra [17]. These crystallites are superparamagnetic at ambient temperature. Plastic deformation of nanoglasses Experimental observations: By using microcompression experiments [43], the deformation behaviors of the following two kinds of glasses