Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• . Furthermore, different surface functionalisations (plain-unmodified, amino, carboxylate) of the aSNPs were compared in order to study the impact of chemical surface properties on aSNP cytotoxicity in combination with lung surfactant. The alveolar epithelial cell line A549 was used in mono- and in coculture

• with the microvascular cell line ISO-HAS-1 in the form of different cytotoxicity assays (viability, membrane integrity, inflammatory responses such as IL-8 release). At a distinct concentration (100 µg/mL) aSNP–plain displayed the highest cytotoxicity and IL-8 release in monocultures of A549. aSNP–NH2

• caused a slight toxic effect, whereas aSNP–COOH did not exhibit any cytotoxicity. In combination with lung surfactant, aSNP–plain revealed an increased cytotoxicity in monocultures of A549, aSNP–NH2 caused a slightly augmented toxic effect, whereas aSNP–COOH did not show any toxic alterations. A549 in

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: polymeric nanoparticle uptake and lineage differentiation

• Ivonne Brüstle,
• Thomas Simmet,
• Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Volker Mailänder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 383–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.38

• differentiation studies, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of the particles were quantitatively determined by flow cytometry. After incubation with 300 µg/mL nanoparticles for 24 h, hMSCs showed a reasonable uptake of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS, Figure 1A). Since here only one population was detected in flow

• < 0.05). (B) Cytotoxicity study of the nanoparticles after 24 h incubation with 300 µg/mL particles analyzed by 7-AAD staining and flow cytometry. Dead cells were not included in the analysis because they constituted less than 1%. The amount of apoptotic cells is given in Supporting Information File 1

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• [7] are suggested. Gold nanorods were shown to have better optical imaging properties compared to spherical gold nanoparticles [8][9][10]. Importantly, the cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles depends on the surface coating. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), an important material during synthesis

• investigating nanoparticle cytotoxicity only short incubation times of 5 to 24 h were demonstrated. The recovery of ATP levels after 72 h could be attributed to ATP-consuming processes, such as the uptake of nanoparticles (decreased ATP levels after 24 h of incubation) [46]. Among the nanoparticles made up of

• surface functionalization and had the highest impact on the cell viability for the positively charged QDs. These findings confirmed the results of previous studies and further reinforce the fact that the cytotoxicity of positively charged nanoparticles is mainly due to impairment of cellular membranes

The effect of surface charge on nonspecific uptake and cytotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots

• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Anna Pietuch,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Thomas Basché and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 281–292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.26

• -Planck-Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics, Pattern Formation and Biocomplexity, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Goettingen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.6.26 Abstract In this work, cytotoxicity and cellular impedance response was compared for CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum

• -particle tracking), was shown to compromise the integrity of the cytoskeletal and plasma membrane dynamics, as evidenced by electric cell–substrate impedance sensing. Keywords: biocompatibility; CdSe/ZnS; cytotoxicity; ECIS; quantum dots; single-particle tracking; Introduction Quantum dots (QDs) are

• properties can easily be tuned over the entire range of the visible spectrum. Due to their hazardous inorganic content, together with their small size and considerably large surface area available for enzymatic degradation, potential toxic effects are of great concern [7]. High levels of cytotoxicity

Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques

• Anja Ostrowski,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Alexander Boreham,
• Cornelia Holzhausen,
• Lars Mundhenk,
• Christina Graf,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Annika Vogt,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Ulrike Alexiev and
• Achim D. Gruber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 263–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.25

• emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength [91]. UCNP feature a reduced cytotoxicity compared to QD and are, in contrast to fluorescent dyes or QD, excited by near infrared (NIR) light. By using long-wavelength NIR instead of ultra violet (UV) light, background autofluorescence

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• present reference study were mouse fibroblasts (L929). In Figure 4a and Figure 4b, the MTT results of the cytotoxicity levels of all the samples (i.e., control group, aluminum foil, untreated scaffold and mildly treated scaffold) in direct contact with the L929s are given. According to the findings, all

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• well-described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. A cytotoxicity assay of the synthesized nanohybrid was also carried out in PC12 cell lines (a widely used, in vitro Parkinson’s model for neurotoxicity studies) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in order

• material in order to eliminate the problems associated with the low solubility of SWCNTs [15]. We then further investigated the chemical interaction between SWCNT–COOH and LD and observed the release kinetic behaviour of LD from SWCNT–COOH. Cytotoxicity assays of the synthesized nanohybrid were also

• novelty for further development as a slow, sustained-release formulation. The MTT bioassay results showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity response from pure LD, whereas SWCNT–COOH and SWCNT–LD did not compromise the viability of PC12 cells, which remained almost constant throughout the experiments. This

Mechanical properties of MDCK II cells exposed to gold nanorods

• Anna Pietuch,
• Bastian Rouven Brückner,
• David Schneider,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Christina Rosman,
• Carsten Sönnichsen and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 223–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.21

• that have been focussed on. Cytoxicity of nanomaterial has been assessed by common cytotoxicity assays targeting enzymatic activity such as LDH, MTT and ECIS. So far, however, less attention has been paid to the mechanical parameters of cells exposed to gold particles, which is an important reporter on

• applications is the design of biocompatible NPs that do not impair with cell viability, proliferation, and adhesion. Therefore assessing the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles is pivotal for nanoparticle research in general [11]. In vitro nanocytotoxicity studies are therefore necessary to minimize possible risks

• in the context of human exposure to nanoparticles. Hence, biosensors with high sensitivity, selectivity, fast real-time readout, and non-invasiveness are desirable design criteria for screening toxicity of nanoparticles varying in size, shape, and surface functionalization. Most cytotoxicity assays

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• ENMs, there are several issues with the assessment of the possible toxic effects of BNNTs. In early studies, there was no clear consensus regarding their cytotoxicity. In some reports it was found that BNNTs were toxic [73], and in others, not [74]. Naturally, first, in vitro studies were undertaken to

• RunX2 gene expression of the osteoblast cells up to sevenfold. It was concluded that the positive effect of the BNNTs embedded into the scaffold on the cell proliferation was due to the natural affinity of proteins to the hydrophobic BNNTs [75]. Ciofani et al. investigated the cytotoxicity of GC–BNNTs

• studied the cells with MTT and fluorometric microculture cytotoxicity assay (FMCA). As an indirect cytotoxicity measurement technique, FMCA assesses the esterase activity of cells. In general, the results indicated that the BNNTs were cytotoxic for the studied cell types even at low concentrations. In

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• nanorods, which were applied to the basolateral side of the cells, has a recognizable influence on the growth behavior and thus the coating should be carefully selected for biomedical applications of nanoparticles. Keywords: basolateral application; cytotoxicity; electric cell–substrate impedance sensing

• surfactant [31], the amount of CTAB exposed to the cells correlates with the particle density inducing cytotoxicity. For the live cell imaging assay, we replaced the cell medium for imaging and culturing, possibly reducing or eventually removing the CTAB bilayer during incubation, which could have resulted

• uptake from patterned substrates, which implies that nanoparticle removal from implants by epithelial cells is negligible. Concerning cytotoxicity, apical exposure of CTAB nanorods reduced mitochondrial activity compared to untreated cells, whereas PEG nanorods showed no impact, regardless of end group

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• types and concentrations need to be tested in further studies. Keywords: cytokines; cytotoxicity; ex vivo; lung slices; nanoparticles; Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) are defined as materials with one dimension between 1–100 nm that occur naturally or anthropogenically. The class of synthetic NPs can

• dose-dependent cytotoxicity as determined by the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay and that incubation of PCLS with carbon nanotubes did not induce a cytotoxic response, whereas exposure to ZnO-NPs induced a strong cytotoxic response in PCLS [19][20]. The aim of the present study was to

• cytotoxicity test. The mitochondrial activity did not change significantly after 4 and 24 h of incubation with Ag-NPs and quartz particles in comparison to controls. However, WST-1 conversion was decreased after 4 and 24 h of exposure to ZnO-NPs to 47% and to positive control level (PCLS treated with 1% Triton

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• biodistribution. Polystyrene does not degrade in the cellular environment and exhibits no short-term cytotoxicity. Because polystyrene nanoparticles can be easily synthesized in a wide range of sizes with distinct surface functionalizations, they are perfectly suited as model particles to study the effects of the

• reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) signaling [29]. A carboxydextran shell around clinically used SPIO delays its cytotoxicity. However, nanoparticles accumulate within lysosomes, in which the lysosomal α-glucosidase degrades the carboxydextran

• polymer over time liberating finally molecular iron that subsequently catalyzes the generation of ROS in Fenton and Haber–Weiss reactions. Therefore, nanoparticles with thinner shells exhibit a higher cytotoxicity [30]. In line with these molecular mechanisms, ROS scavengers prevented the ROS-based

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• the traditional MTT assay with regard to sensitivity and cell cytotoxicity. The results of survival analysis in vitro by a direct MTT assay (WST8) are shown for PTX-resistant melanoma B16F10 cells (Figure 5a). The resistance of this melanoma cell line to PTX changed clearly, as can be seen from the

Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

• Christina Sengstock,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Thomas A. Schildhauer and
• Manfred Köller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2058–2069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.214

• microscopy, Ag-NP with a size of 80 nm (hydrodynamic diameter) were taken up into hMSCs as nanoparticulate material. After 24 h of incubation, these Ag-NP were mainly found in the endo-lysosomal cell compartment as agglomerated material. Cytotoxicity was observed for differentiated or undifferentiated hMSCs

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• with biomolecules was reported by the groups of Plonska-Brzezinska, Simionescu and Echegoyen in 2010 [36]. In the first step, small CNOs (6–8 shells) were oxidized by using conc. H2SO4/HNO3 and subsequently functionalized with PEG to study their cytotoxicity on rat dermal fibroblasts. The result was

• that no significant cytotoxicity was observable, which renders this CNO material ideal for future biological applications. Toward the fabrication of CNO-biosensors, gold electrodes were initially decorated with a self-assembled monolayer of cysteamine on which the oxidized CNOs were deposited by an

• , Escherichia coli and Caenorhabditis elegans [17][51]. In both studies, no toxic effects of the water-soluble CNOs on the investigated organisms were observed. We recently reported the weak inflammatory potential and low cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo of CNOs and their ability to be up-taken by antigen

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• down the release of the toxic silver ions. The formation of nanoscopic silver chloride may also be responsible for the cytotoxicity of silver [44]. The protein corona around silver nanoparticles It is now well accepted that nanoparticles acquire a protein corona after contact with biological media [45

• ][46][47]. This influences their dispersability in biological media, as we have shown for this particular kind of silver nanoparticles, and also their cytotoxicity [48]. This effect is, of course, not limited to silver nanoparticles [45][49][50][51][52][53]. The quantitative description of protein

• PCLS to silver nanoparticles (10, 20 and 30 µg mL−1) under submerged conditions for 4 and 24 h resulted in only weak cytotoxicity (LDH release), but did not induce a proinflammatory response (CXCL-1 and TNF-α release). Interestingly, multiphoton microscopy revealed that the silver nanoparticles were

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• compared to that of the bulk scale, investigating ND biocompatibility has been a priority in recent years. One of the first studies in this area was conducted by Yu and colleagues [69], who evaluated the cytotoxicity of fluorescent NDs by employing human embryonic kidney cells: they observed that NDs

Biocompatibility of cerium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles with endothelial cells

• Claudia Strobel,
• Martin Förster and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1795–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.190

• nanoparticles affect the protein expression of HaCaT cells [14]. In contrast, only low cytotoxicity to the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549, the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 [15] or to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [6] was observed. With respect to the CeO2 nanoparticles, several

• depletion of nutrients and oxygen. Nevertheless, according to Thomassen et al. [37] we expect that this influence is rather low. ATP values lower than the threshold for cytotoxicity (according to DIN EN ISO 10993-5:2009-10, distinct cytotoxic effects) were observed only for HUVEC. In comparison, CeO2

• lines in cytotoxicity examinations has a series of advantages and disadvantages. In particular, the phenotype of HUVEC should resemble the in vivo situation to a higher extent than immortalized ones, but require specific culture media conditions and life span in culture is limited. Immortalized cell

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• were shown to exhibit a dose-dependent cytotoxicity, whereas PEGylated poly(organosiloxane) NPs do not reduce the cell viability [16]. As emphasized in the introductory part of the results section, verification of the nanomaterial properties in biologically relevant media is crucial to correlate the

Influence of surface-modified maghemite nanoparticles on in vitro survival of human stem cells

• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Lyubov L. Lukash,
• Tetiana A. Ruban,
• Yurii N. Kolomiets,
• Svitlana P. Shpylova and
• Oksana A. Grypych

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1732–1737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.183

• -mannose- and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-coated γ-Fe2O3 particles exhibit much lower level of cytotoxicity than the non-coated γ-Fe2O3. Keywords: maghemite; magnetic; MTT assay; nanoparticles; stem cells; Introduction One of the most important applications of nanoparticles in biomedicine is the direct

• intracellular overload may cause cytotoxicity due to formation of free radicals. The cytotoxicity of non-coated, D-mannose- and PDMAAm-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was evaluated by using a MTT assay with 4BL human cells. The assay is dependent on the ability of viable cells to metabolise a water-soluble

• control and all of them revealed cytotoxic activity. At the same time, the data confirmed the tendency of decreasing particle cytotoxicity if coated with PDMAAm or D-mannose. The strongest cytotoxic effect was observed at the highest concentration of the colloid (100 µL/mL of medium). The PDMAAm-coated γ

Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Benjamin Michen,
• Fabian Blank,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1625–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.174

• . Inhibitors of clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis and phagocytosis were tested for their optimal concentration, exposure time and cell impairment in both cell types (Table 1 and Figure 3). The cell morphology was assessed by LSM (Figure 3) and the cytotoxicity by lactate

• study the uptake of the two different particle types. Visualization of the fluorescently tagged particles was done by LSM. LDH measurements revealed no cytotoxicity for the combined inhibitors and endocytotic protein markers for both cell types being analyzed. Additionally, inhibitors which negatively

• . Image acquisition was performed as described above. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay A 1 mL sample of the supernatant of each experiment was collected and stored at 4 °C to determine cytotoxicity. Triton X (0.2% in unsupplemented RPMI) was used for cell lysis as a positive control. The supernatant of

Precise quantification of silica and ceria nanoparticle uptake revealed by 3D fluorescence microscopy

• Adriano A. Torrano and
• Christoph Bräuchle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1616–1624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.173

• converters, fuel additives, and oxygen sensing [10][11][12][13]. Due to the extensive range of applications and to the potential risks of nanomaterials, a growing number of studies regarding the cytotoxicity of silica and ceria nanoparticles can be found in the literature. As regards silica nanoparticles

• barrier, but by inferring particle numbers based on the fluorescence intensity of particles. Cell type-dependent uptake of silica nanoparticles In a preceding publication [4] we found that both the uptake behavior and the cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles are cell type-dependent, but not interconnected

• influence the interaction between particles and cells. In fact, cytotoxicity measurements of labeled silica particles compared to unlabeled silica particles showed that the label did not influence the interaction between nanoparticles and cells. The size of the silica particles, 310 ± 37 nm, was determined

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• using either transmission electron microscopy or, in case of labelled NPs, by fluorescence analyses. Surprisingly, cells exposed at the ALI were less sensitive to silica NPs as evidenced by reduced cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses. Conclusion: Amorphous silica NPs induced qualitatively similar

• of silica NPs induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses under conventional submerged conditions. At the same nominal applied dose Aerosil200 NPs were more toxic than 50 nm silica NPs produced by the Stöber method. However, when considering the specific surface area both NPs show similar

• Life Technologies (Frankfurt am Main, Germany). Fetal calf serum (FCS) was from PAA (Cölbe, Germany). The cytotoxicity detection kit for determining release of LDH was from Roche (Mannheim, Germany). Enzyme-linked immuno assays (ELISA) for the detection of human IL-6 and IL-8 were from BD Biosciences

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• of the samples grown in the presence of GAA could well be related to issues of solubility products of the respective calcium phosphates in [Bmim][Cl] and these could be significantly different than in aqueous solution. Finally it is important to address the aspect of biocompatibility and cytotoxicity

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• the particles while adverse effects strongly increase as a certain threshold in the composition of the particle is reached. These findings could be reproduced by Grade et al. [148] who also found a steep increase of cytotoxicity as well as antimicrobial effects at GMF < 0.5 (Figure 13B). In many

• made with nanocomposites and do not necessarily apply to colloidal nanoparticles. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of AuAg alloy nanoparticles is likewise affected by the presence of surface ligands [148]. Here, citrate reduced cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects, while they