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Search for "tension" in Full Text gives 189 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Intake of silica nanoparticles by giant lipid vesicles: influence of particle size and thermodynamic membrane state

  • Florian G. Strobl,
  • Florian Seitz,
  • Christoph Westerhausen,
  • Armin Reller,
  • Adriano A. Torrano,
  • Christoph Bräuchle,
  • Achim Wixforth and
  • Matthias F. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2468–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.256

Graphical Abstract
  • . Mechanical aspects of such a colloid–membrane interaction are treated by several theoretical models. A simple, purely mechanical picture of such an interaction involves at least three mechanical parameters: the adhesion energy per unit area gad, the bending stiffness of the membrane κ and its surface tension
  • mJ/m2 (see below). This results in rcrit = 14 nm. Hence, the bending stiffness of the membrane should be considered for particles in the nano-regime. As soon as the membrane under observation exhibits a finite surface tension, its area compressibility modulus gten has to be considered as well, since
  • membrane area is consumed during the wrapping process. Dietrich et al. introduced a model for vesicle–particle interaction in the large particle limit in which the wrapping process is mainly limited by the membrane tension [20]. This model is confirmed by experiments with latex beads in the micrometer
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Published 23 Dec 2014

Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference

  • Petra Ditsche and
  • Adam P. Summers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2424–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.252

Graphical Abstract
  • attachment mechanism of sessile aquatic animals and the aquatic realm presents many challenges to this mode of attachment. Viscous forces and the lack of surface tension under submerged conditions also affect frictional interactions in the aquatic environment. Moreover, the limitation of suction to the
  • separates two hydrophilic surfaces in air. Pulling the surfaces apart will create a larger air–water boundary surface area. The surface tension of the liquid will resist to this increase and this is manifest as an adhesive force. According to [3] Laplace's law ought to be applied: The pressure difference
  • (Δp) can be calculated from surface tension (γ), the overall radius of the liquid (ro) and the radius of the curved edge (re) (Figure 4). In contrast, under fully immersed conditions the surface tension should be zero, so that generally no capillary forces will occur under these conditions. This is an
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Published 17 Dec 2014

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

  • Li Shang,
  • Karin Nienhaus,
  • Xiue Jiang,
  • Linxiao Yang,
  • Katharina Landfester,
  • Volker Mailänder,
  • Thomas Simmet and
  • G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

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  • ligand densities and the receptor-ligand binding energy. It competes with the energy cost required to bend the membrane, which depends on the membrane tension and the NP curvature and, therefore, on the NP size. If the overall energy balance is equivalent to a localized decrease in the Gibbs free energy
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Published 11 Dec 2014

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

  • Isabel Schick,
  • Steffen Lorenz,
  • Dominik Gehrig,
  • Stefan Tenzer,
  • Wiebke Storck,
  • Karl Fischer,
  • Dennis Strand,
  • Frédéric Laquai and
  • Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

Graphical Abstract
  • interfacial tension of the oil/water interfacial significantly compared to similar uniform particles, thus confirming previous theoretical predictions (Figure 4). Furthermore, the interfacial activity is enhanced by increasing the amphiphilic character using long alkyl chain thiols. The theme of (self
  • permission from [29]. Copyright 2008 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (a) Schematic representation of bimetallic Janus particles at the hexane–water interface (gold: gold part with surfactant; gray: iron oxide part). (b) Interfacial tension vs time as measured by pendant drop tensiometry (NP: homogeneous
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Published 05 Dec 2014

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

  • Mildred Quintana,
  • Jesús Iván Tapia and
  • Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

Graphical Abstract
  • graphene sheets. For example, graphene can be produced by supercritical solvent exfoliation of graphite. In this procedure, solvents reach or exceed their critical point, presenting outstanding wetting properties, low interfacial tension, low viscosity, and high diffusion coefficients. Under these
  • surface. The strong molecular interactions between graphene layers and DMF or NMP molecules, in addition to the fact that both solvents have a high boiling point and high surface tension, make their complete evaporation or removal very difficult. The presence of these residual molecules modifies the
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Published 04 Dec 2014

Characterization of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers and their use in metal–insulator–metal tunnel devices

  • Saumya Sharma,
  • Mohamad Khawaja,
  • Manoj K. Ram,
  • D. Yogi Goswami and
  • Elias Stefanakos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2240–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.233

Graphical Abstract
  • (PDA) and their use in metal–insulator–metal (MIM) devices were studied. The Langmuir monolayer behavior of the PDA film was studied at the air/water interface using surface tension–area isotherms of polymeric and monomeric PDA. Langmuir–Blodgett (LB, vertical deposition) and Langmuir–Schaefer (LS
  • were characterized for suitability for small signal rectification in MIM tunnel diodes. The Langmuir monolayer behavior of PDA was studied at the air–water interface to find the ideal surface tension for a close-packed film at the water surface. This was followed by deposition of the film on silicon
  • (>99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich). Figure 1 shows the molecular structure and UV-polymerized structure of the PDA molecule. The pH value of the water subphase was found to be 6.8. Surface tension–area isotherms were obtained using the KSV NIMA Langmuir–Blodgett Trough system for samples with varying volume and
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Published 26 Nov 2014

Influence of stabilising agents and pH on the size of SnO2 nanoparticles

  • Olga Rac,
  • Patrycja Suchorska-Woźniak,
  • Marta Fiedot and
  • Helena Teterycz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2192–2201, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.228

Graphical Abstract
  • with Sn4+ ions, and then the precipitated nanoparticles are surrounded by a polymer, resulting in a polymer matrix which is formed on its surface (Figure 5). To facilitate this process, the corresponding change in the surface tension by the addition of a surfactant in the solution is required. To
  • showed that during the preparation of the tin dioxide nanoparticles (which result from the precipitation reaction), it is necessary to use both a polymer as well as a surfactant. This reduces the surface tension, making it easier to change the structure of the stabilising polymer chain. In addition, not
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Published 20 Nov 2014

Nanometer-resolved mechanical properties around GaN crystal surface steps

  • Jörg Buchwald,
  • Marina Sarmanova,
  • Bernd Rauschenbach and
  • Stefan G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2164–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.225

Graphical Abstract
  • the behavior below the step, i.e., for y < 0. The stress induced by the step does not only decrease along −y, but also along −z due to the fact that from this point of view, the stresses arising from the step are homogeneous along the x-axis only. This can be also expressed by a line tension Fi along
  • the step edge, which defines the non-zero elements of the edge elastic tensor diijj(ε)εjj := Fi(ε) − Fi(ε = 0). As a consequence of the line tension, the stressfield is spread cylindrically from its origin along −z and −y. Therefore, the following relation for the elastic constants is obtained: From
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Published 19 Nov 2014

Properties of plasmonic arrays produced by pulsed-laser nanostructuring of thin Au films

  • Katarzyna Grochowska,
  • Katarzyna Siuzdak,
  • Peter A. Atanasov,
  • Carla Bittencourt,
  • Anna Dikovska,
  • Nikolay N. Nedyalkov and
  • Gerard Śliwiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2102–2112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.219

Graphical Abstract
  • confirmed by investigation of the surface tension-driven flow leading to the Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability. The R–T process has been concluded from coincidence between the droplet dimension (0.5 μm) obtained from the experiment and the model simulations, and with values of the Weber number as reported
  • coalescence both result in the formation of the NP structure. The final geometry and NP distribution depends on the surface tension forces at equilibrium characterized by a minimal ratio of the NP surface-area-to-volume [31]. The short-range order observed for structures in Figure 1a–c confirms the NP self
  • postulated how the NP shapes depend on the equilibrium of the surface tension forces [34]. The partially spherical/spheroidal shapes correspond to the case of partial wetting of the substrate by the molten metal and are characterized by a contact angle value of less than 90°. This angle approaches 180° in
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Published 13 Nov 2014

Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their burrowing into Si due to synergistic effects of ion beam energy losses

  • Pravin Kumar,
  • Udai Bhan Singh,
  • Kedar Mal,
  • Sunil Ojha,
  • Indra Sulania,
  • Dinakar Kanjilal,
  • Dinesh Singh and
  • Vidya Nand Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1864–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.197

Graphical Abstract
  • coupling. The melting of materials along the ion trajectory generates a surface tension gradient due to an imbalance of the surface and the interface energies, which further gives rise to mass transport through capillary action. The migration of metallic atoms and subsequent agglomeration can result in the
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Published 24 Oct 2014

Equilibrium states and stability of pre-tensioned adhesive tapes

  • Carmine Putignano,
  • Luciano Afferrante,
  • Luigi Mangialardi and
  • Giuseppe Carbone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1725–1731, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.182

Graphical Abstract
  • , United Kingdom 10.3762/bjnano.5.182 Abstract In the present paper we propose a generalization of the model developed in Afferrante, L.; Carbone, G.; Demelio, G.; Pugno, N. Tribol. Lett. 2013, 52, 439–447 to take into account the effect of the pre-tension in the tape. A detailed analysis of the peeling
  • the presence of pre-tension in the tape does not modify the stability behavior of the system, but significantly affects the pull-off force which can be sustained by the tape before complete detachment. Moreover, above a critical value of the pre-tension, which depends on the surface energy of adhesion
  • hairy adhesive systems is pointed out. In this paper, we focus our attention on some yet unclear aspects of the peeling process and, in particular, on the stability of this mechanism in presence of a pre-tension. The peeling process of a thin elastic tape In this section, we extend the formulation given
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Published 07 Oct 2014

Surface topography and contact mechanics of dry and wet human skin

  • Alexander E. Kovalev,
  • Kirstin Dening,
  • Bo N. J. Persson and
  • Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1341–1348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.147

Graphical Abstract
  • regions covered by water is described by where γ is the surface tension of water. If ΔA is the surface area occupied by the capillary bridges then the attractive force is The contact area and the distribution of interfacial separations are determined by using the Persson contact mechanics model with the
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Published 22 Aug 2014

Model systems for studying cell adhesion and biomimetic actin networks

  • Dorothea Brüggemann,
  • Johannes P. Frohnmayer and
  • Joachim P. Spatz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1193–1202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.131

Graphical Abstract
  • regulation of morphological changes in such synthetic cells was explained by a balance of actomyosin cortical tension and mechanical resistance to rupture [71]. For the functional encapsulation of cytoskeletal proteins into lipid vesicles high physiological salt levels are mandatory and the fabrication
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Published 01 Aug 2014

Physical principles of fluid-mediated insect attachment - Shouldn’t insects slip?

  • Jan-Henning Dirks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1160–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.127

Graphical Abstract
  • , undeformable disk and substrate with a mediating continuous fluid-layer (see Figure 2 and [30][38][39][40][41][42]). In this simple model, the total adhesive force is basically the sum of three components: the surface tension of the fluid, the Laplace pressure (both often combined as “capillary forces”) and
  • mediating fluid volume should decline over time. In a static adhesive pad with a Newtonian fluid, only the (negligible) surface tension and the small Laplace pressure would thus determine the overall adhesive force of the insect foot (Table 1). Fluid-mediated friction forces In a fluid mediated system with
  • a continuous Newtonian fluid film, the friction forces between the substrates can in general be described by using two basic principles: the surface tension of the mediating fluid and the laws of hydrodynamic lubrication [55][56]. Surface tension The contribution of the surface tension of the
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Published 28 Jul 2014

Nanoforging – Innovation in three-dimensional processing and shaping of nanoscaled structures

  • Andreas Landefeld and
  • Joachim Rösler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1066–1070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.118

Graphical Abstract
  • also limited by the surface tension of the cast-material. Some complex three dimensional shapes were realized by casting of metal with a low melting temperature [3][4]. Dimensions of cast details are in the submillimeter- and microscale, and due to the mentioned limitations, applications in the
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Published 16 Jul 2014

The study of surface wetting, nanobubbles and boundary slip with an applied voltage: A review

  • Yunlu Pan,
  • Bharat Bhushan and
  • Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1042–1065, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.117

Graphical Abstract
  • section, a summary and an outlook are provided. Review 1 Contact angle and contact angle hysteresis with applied voltage When a voltage is applied to a droplet deposited on a solid surface, the surface tension between solid and liquid changes, which leads to a change of the wettability of the surface, the
  • so called electrowetting [10][11][64][65]. The surface tension between solid and liquid decreases with increasing applied voltage, leading to a decrease of the CA. The change of the CA with the applied voltage V can be expressed by the Young–Lippmann equation [64][66] as: where θ0 is the original CA
  • in the absence of an voltage, C is the capacitance of the dielectric layer, and γlv is the surface tension between liquid and vapor. In 1875, Lippmann found the electrowetting phenomenon and presented the Young–Lippmann equation, which is acknowledged as the basic of the electrowetting theory. In
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Published 15 Jul 2014

Direct observation of microcavitation in underwater adhesion of mushroom-shaped adhesive microstructure

  • Lars Heepe,
  • Alexander E. Kovalev and
  • Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 903–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.103

Graphical Abstract
  • negative pressure (tension), the pull-off forces were consistently lower, around 50%, of those measured under ambient conditions. This result supports the assumption that the recently observed strong underwater adhesion of MSAMS is due to an air layer between individual MSAMSs [Kizilkan, E.; Heepe, L
  • hypothesized that the enhanced underwater adhesion may be a result of cavitation under each individual MSAMS when entrapped water in the contact area is subjected to a negative pressure (tension) during pull-off and the liquid water turns into vapor at a certain cavitation threshold [19]. This effect would
  • a dry contact underwater, (2) MSAMS and glass are separated by (thin) water layer. Instead we observed that water inclusions present at the interface are subjected to negative pressure (tension) during applied pull-off. However, for individual MSAMSs used in this work, we did not observe higher
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Published 25 Jun 2014

The optimal shape of elastomer mushroom-like fibers for high and robust adhesion

  • Burak Aksak,
  • Korhan Sahin and
  • Metin Sitti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 630–638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.74

Graphical Abstract
  • increasing far field displacement causes a cohesive zone to form at the edge first. Since δc is relatively large for low χ, increase in tension does not immediately result in a crack to initiate at the edge. In the meantime the stress in the center gradually increases reaching σo at which a second cohesive
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Published 14 May 2014

Hairy suckers: the surface microstructure and its possible functional significance in the Octopus vulgaris sucker

  • Francesca Tramacere,
  • Esther Appel,
  • Barbara Mazzolai and
  • Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 561–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.66

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  • Figure 1g), responsible for the detachment of the acetabular protuberance from the upper surface of the side wall of the orifice, needs to be balanced. In [5], such a force is balanced by the cohesive forces of the water in the infundibular portion (the water under tension behaves like a solid) (please
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Published 02 May 2014

Calibration of quartz tuning fork spring constants for non-contact atomic force microscopy: direct mechanical measurements and simulations

  • Jens Falter,
  • Marvin Stiefermann,
  • Gernot Langewisch,
  • Philipp Schurig,
  • Hendrik Hölscher,
  • Harald Fuchs and
  • André Schirmeisen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.59

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  • , Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen) for the tension-test of the “Torr Seal” samples as well as Werner David and Stephan Diekmann (“Feinmechanische Werkstatt”, Physikalisches Institut, WWU Münster) for support and fruitful discussion. Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the
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Published 23 Apr 2014

Nanoscale particles in technological processes of beneficiation

  • Sergey I. Popel,
  • Vitaly V. Adushkin and
  • Anatoly P. Golub'

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 458–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.53

Graphical Abstract
  • side of the vapor, and η and σ are the viscosity and surface tension of the liquid, respectively. The set of equations of gas-dynamics, which is solved together with the van der Waals equation of state describes the vapor motion as well as the pressure, the temperature, and the internal energy inside
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Published 11 Apr 2014

Tensile properties of a boron/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube–graphene hybrid structure

  • Kang Xia,
  • Haifei Zhan,
  • Ye Wei and
  • Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 329–336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.37

Graphical Abstract
  • materials. Keywords: doping; graphene; molecular dynamics simulation; nanotubes; tension; Young’s modulus; Introduction In recent years, low-dimensional structures such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene have attracted huge attention of the scientific community, because of their excellent performance
  • and graphene sheets are connected. After the bonds begin to break, the hybrid structure quickly fails. This phenomenon is indicated by the sharp decrease of the stress (Figure 2a), which indicates a brittle behavior. Such brittle behavior can be easily explained as the tension loading direction is
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Published 20 Mar 2014

Fabrication of carbon nanomembranes by helium ion beam lithography

  • Xianghui Zhang,
  • Henning Vieker,
  • André Beyer and
  • Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 188–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.20

Graphical Abstract
  • approximately 200 µC/cm2 and approximately 480 µC/cm2, respectively. A possible explanation for this behaviour can be found by considering the in-plane tension of cross-linked SAMs. It is known that free-standing CNMs from fully cross-linked NBPT SAMs exhibit an in-plane tensile residual strain of about 1% [4
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Published 21 Feb 2014

Size-dependent characteristics of electrostatically actuated fluid-conveying carbon nanotubes based on modified couple stress theory

  • Mir Masoud Seyyed Fakhrabadi,
  • Abbas Rastgoo and
  • Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 771–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.88

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  • static pull-in voltage is decreased because of a lowered stiffness. This can be attributed to the axial force that is induced by the fluid flow. For the cantilevered CNT, the axial force is tension because the free end does not apply any external force on the system. However, for the doubly clamped
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Published 20 Nov 2013

Large-scale atomistic and quantum-mechanical simulations of a Nafion membrane: Morphology, proton solvation and charge transport

  • Pavel V. Komarov,
  • Pavel G. Khalatur and
  • Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 567–587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.65

Graphical Abstract
  • incompatible H and P units can form thin channels and slits permeating through a matrix of a majority hydrophobic component [76]. The origin of such morphologies has been discussed for these materials and the physical forces responsible are well recognized. Essentially interfacial tension controls their
  • morphologies. The interfacial tension tends to decrease interfacial stretching, thereby leading to the formation of highly curved monolayers consisting of amphiphilic units with their polar groups in contact with water and hydrophobic groups shielded from contacting the water. When the concentration of these
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Published 26 Sep 2013
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