Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup

• Lars Kool,
• Floris Dekker,
• Anton Bunschoten,
• Glen J. Smales,
• Brian R. Pauw,
• Aldrik H. Velders and
• Vittorio Saggiomo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 16–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.2

• PVA in water and adding the AgNP solution to reach a ratio of 0.2% w/w of Ag in PVA, and then evaporating the water in a 70 °C oven until the plastic material was dried. The AgNP@PVA presents the same dichroic effect of the AgNP solution, showing a greenish reflection and yellowish transmission

• in a brown coloured solution. We speculate that, as both nanoparticles are not coated with strong ligands, they are prone to metallic exchange between them. To avoid this, we embedded gold and silver nanoparticles separately in PVA for manufacturing AuNP@PVA and Ag@PVA nanocomposites (Supporting

• Lycurgus cup might be possible by studying the reflectance and transmittance spectra from the Lycurgus cup and matching them with freshly synthesised Au and Ag nanoparticles in PVA. However, such spectra are missing in literature and the only few present are hand-drawn [13], making it impossible to

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• between the band areas, AD/AG; the higher the ratio, the more disordered the carbon material [43][44][45]. We assume that with higher reaction temperatures the amorphous NCS samples become more ordered through rearrangement to turbostratic-type carbon, indicated by a declining AD/AG ratio (2.7 to 1.9) and

• a simultaneously decreasing full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the D band. As a result of the structural change from amorphous (disordered) to more graphitic carbon, the AD/AG ratio of g-NCS-850 (1.2) and g-NCS-1000 (1.0) as well as the FWHM of the D band drop significantly. In addition, the D

• ., ca. 860 cm−1 and ca. 2440 cm−1 is described in detail by Kawashima and Dresselhaus and co-workers [46][48]. Higher N contents result in more defects of the carbon lattice and lead to an increase of the AD/AG ratio. Accordingly, NCS-700 and g-NCS-700, which exhibit the highest N content, show the

Synthesis and acetone sensing properties of ZnFe₂O₄/rGO gas sensors

• Kaidi Wu,
• Yifan Luo,
• Ying Li and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2516–2526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.242

• morphology [16]. Some researchers also found that Ag-activated hollow spheres of ZnFe2O4 exhibited an excellent acetone gas-sensing performance at 175 °C [17]. Moreover, ZnFe2O4/ZnO composites showed an excellent response and recovery performance, which was attributed to their nanostructure and synergistic

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• can be oxides, noble metals, phosphates or polymers [3][4]. Compositions of materials that are immiscible in the bulk state, such as Mo–Cu [5], Ag–Si [6], Ag–Cu [7], Au–Ni [8], are of special interest. Shells can have both a smooth spherical or a polyhedral shape, can have mesopores [9] or dendrites

Label-free highly sensitive probe detection with novel hierarchical SERS substrates fabricated by nanoindentation and chemical reaction methods

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Yongda Yan,
• Li Wang,
• Peng Miao,
• Yimin Han,
• Xinming Zhang,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Yanquan Geng,
• Zhankun Weng,
• Daniel Laipple and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2483–2496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.239

• nanoindentation process and chemical redox reaction to machine a hierarchical SERS substrate. The micro/nanostructures are first formed on a Cu(110) plane and then Ag nanoparticles are generated on the structured copper surface. The effect of the indentation process parameters and the corrosion time in the AgNO3

• solution on the Raman intensities of the SERS substrate with hierarchical structures are experimentally studied. The intensity and distribution of the electric field of single and multiple Ag nanoparticles on the surface of a plane and with multiple micro/nanostructures are studied with COMSOL software

• sensitive, hierarchical SERS substrate. Keywords: Ag nanoparticles; hierarchical substrates; malachite green molecules; nanoindentation; nanostructures; R6G; SERS; Introduction Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has triggered significant research interest due to its suitability as an analytical tool

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• , Kengaraga 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/a, 35131 Padova, Italy, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia 10.3762/bjnano.10.237 Abstract In this study, pentagonal Ag and Au nanowires (NWs) were bent

• withstand severe deformation in the elastic regime without fracture. The coating may possibly prevent formation of dislocations. Mechanical durability under high and inhomogeneous strain fields is an important aspect of exploiting Ag and Au NWs in applications like waveguiding or conductive networks in

• flexible polymer composite materials. Keywords: finite element method; mechanical properties; molecular dynamics; nanowires; Introduction Nanostructures comprised of noble metals with face centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure (Au, Ag and Cu according to the most common physical definition) prepared via

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• chemical methods [20]. Until now, semitransparency aspects of Sb2S3 solar cells have only been studied by Zimmermann et al., who reported a PCE of 4.25% for a tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)/TiO2/Sb2S3/poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/Ag solar cell with a 50–70 nm thick Sb2S3 absorber and a

• nontransparent 125 nm Ag back contact [21]. TiO2 is the most commonly used electron transport material (ETM) in Sb2S3 solar cells [18][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. SnO2 and ZnO have also been employed as the planar ETM, with varying success [33][34]. Conjugated polymers, e.g., P3HT, Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2',7,7

• previously been demonstrated for structured ETA-Sb2S3 cells [14]. In a study of SnO:F/CdS/Sb2(S,Se)3/C/Ag solar cells of 20–80 mm2 area, a similar trend of lower PCE in larger cells was described (from 6.2% at 20 mm2 to 5.7% at 60 mm2) [64]. We perceive the most concerning issues with up-scaling of planar

Polyvinylpyrrolidone as additive for perovskite solar cells with water and isopropanol as solvents

• Chen Du,
• Shuo Wang,
• Xu Miao,
• Wenhai Sun,
• Yu Zhu,
• Chengyan Wang and
• Ruixin Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.228

• primarily due to the suitability of PVP as an additive to enhance the photoelectric performance. Using PVP as an interlayer between the [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron transport layer (ETL) and the Ag cathode in a high-performance inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar

The role of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Al³⁺ adions in the SERS turn-on effect of anionic analytes

• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu,
• Loredana F. Leopold and
• Nicolae Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.224

• -Napoca, Romania 10.3762/bjnano.10.224 Abstract In our recent studies we highlighted the role of adsorbed ions (adions) in turning on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect in a specific mode for anionic and cationic analytes. In this work, we emphasize the role of Ag+, Ca2+, Pb2+ and Al3

• + adions in the specific adsorption of anionic analytes such as the citrate capping agent and three organic acids. Our results suggest an adion-specific adsorption mechanism: the adsorption of anionic analytes is facilitated by positively charged adions such as Ag+, Ca2+, Pb2+ or Al3+, which provide

• adsorbate and the metal nanosurface, the coupling to the silver surface being mediated by adsorbed atoms (adatoms) such as Ag+, Cl−, I−, Br− [3][4][5][6]. In this context, several reports explain the SERS enhancement by the formation of stable surface complexes of atomic scale roughness. For example, a Ag

Adsorption and desorption of self-assembled L-cysteine monolayers on nanoporous gold monitored by in situ resistometry

• Elisabeth Hengge,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Rupert Bachler,
• Alexander Dennig,
• Bernd Nidetzky and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2275–2279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.219

• commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode (saturated KCl with a 3 M KNO3 salt bridge), relative to which all potentials will be stated in the following. Whenever the cell electrolyte was changed, the setup was immersed in distilled water for several hours for rinsing. Dealloying was performed in 0.1 M HClO4

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• ) (PTB7) blended with [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) have shown PCEs of >2% and >7%, respectively, with standard electrodes (Al, Ag) deposited through a high-vacuum evaporation process [26][27][28][29]. In our previous work [30][31][32][33], we used the eutectic Field’s metal (FM) as

• a classical three-electrode electrolytic cell. The working electrode was an ITO electrode, the reference electrode was made of Ag+/Ag0 (0.01 M AgNO3/0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate in acetonitrile) and the counter electrode was made of platinum. All CV measurements were carried out in dry

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• using constant-potential amperometry at a working electrode potential of −200 mV vs pseudo-reference Ag/AgCl. The mixed solution containing H2O2 (1 µmol·L−1) and hydroquinone (HQ, 10 µmol·L−1) was injected into the electrochemical cell, and the signal was monitored. The HRP-Fe(III) immobilized on the

• working carbon electrodes combined with one pseudo-reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) and one auxiliary electrode (carbon). The microfluidic system was set up with an injection pump (NE-1000 programmable Single Syringe Pump, New Era Pump System, Farmingdale, USA) and an injection valve with a sample loop of

Green and scalable synthesis of nanocrystalline kuramite

• Andrea Giaccherini,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Stefano Martinuzzi,
• Enrico Berretti,
• Werner Oberhauser,
• Alessandro Lavacchi,
• Giovanni Orazio Lepore,
• Giordano Montegrossi,
• Maurizio Romanelli,
• Antonio De Luca,
• Massimo Innocenti,
• Vanni Moggi Cecchi,
• Matteo Mannini,
• Antonella Buccianti and
• Francesco Di Benedetto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2073–2083, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.202

• Haën AG), thiourea SC(NH2)2 (TU, Merck), and ethylene glycol (EG, 99%, Alfa Aesar). The solvothermal approach used in this work exploits TU as a sulfide source in a one-pot synthesis with the solvent and the metal salts similar to the synthesis of FeS2 and Cu2ZnSnS4 [35][45] nanopowders. In a two-neck

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• (Resomer® RGP d 50155) were obtained from Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany). Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and methanol were purchased from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetone, acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Poly

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• silver nanocapsules with pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel cores. The Au nanoparticles act as nucleation sites (templating agents) for the growth of the Ag shells. Without these templating agents, the core–shell particles fail to form, leading to the exclusive formation of free metal particles and aggregated

• and the similarities between gold and silver, we anticipated that THPC-Au seeds would also serve as reliable templating agents for the growth of Ag nanocapsules [77]. The growth of a continuous silver metal nanocapsule on the THPC gold hydrogel core was accomplished using an appropriate reducing agent

• , such as formaldehyde, following a seeded-growth method [77]. Figure 4a and Figure 4c confirm that the particles are well-dispersed after nanocapsule growth with no aggregation, and the diameters of 929 ± 42 nm and 920 ± 58 nm were determined for the porous and smooth Ag nanocapsules, respectively

Pulsed laser synthesis of highly active Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts

• Kenneth A. Kane and
• Massimo F. Bertino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1958–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.192

• Kenneth A. Kane Massimo F. Bertino Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23220, USA 10.3762/bjnano.10.192 Abstract Ag, Pt, and Rh monometallic colloids were produced via laser ablation. Separate Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt heterostructures were formed by mixing and

• resulted in groupings of Rh/Pt nanoparticles adsorbing to the concavities of the larger Ag nanostructures. The 400 nm Ag plasmonic absorption peak was slightly blue-shifted for Ag–Pt and red-shifted for Ag–Rh heterostructures. Catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol increased significantly

• for Ag–Pt and Ag–Rh compared to the monometallic constituents, and persisted at lower loading ratios and consecutive reduction cycles. The enhancement is attributed to the Rh and Pt nanoparticles forming antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts with the Ag nanostructures. Keywords: Ag; antenna

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• -C16 (Plantacare® 2000 UP) were kindly provided from BASF AG (Germany). The preservative was composed of 90% (w/w) 2-phenoxyethanol and 10% (w/w) of 1,2-propanediol as ready to use mixture (Euxyl® 9010) and was obtained from Schülke & Mayr GmbH (Germany). Purified water was obtained from a PURELAB Flex

Charge-transfer interactions between fullerenes and a mesoporous tetrathiafulvalene-based metal–organic framework

• Manuel Souto,
• Joaquín Calbo,
• Samuel Mañas-Valero,
• Aron Walsh and
• Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.183

• linkers was found to be 1.1 V (vs Ag/AgCl) [53] and the redox potential of C60 is −0.33 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Gas sorption measurements The porosity of C60@MUV-2 was studied by means of N2 and CO2 adsorption isotherm measurements (Figure 4). The measurement of nitrogen at 77 K yielded a combination of type-I

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• , reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis induction and DNA damage in murine fibroblast cells (L929), while ecotoxicity was tested using the aquatic model organism Daphnia magna. The toxicity of these nanoparticles was considerably lower compared to their ionic metal forms (i.e., Ag+ and Au3

• studies have discussed that AgNP toxicity cannot be explained solely by the release of Ag+ ions into the system [18][19]. Studies on AuNP toxicity provide conflicting results, with some authors claiming no toxicity was found [20][21][22][23][24][25], while others reported adverse effects caused by AuNPs

• circulation via different routes [40][41][42][43]. Absorbed or intravenously applied NPs will accumulate in different body compartments [44][45][46]. AgNPs are prone to oxidative dissolution in biological media and the released Ag+ reacts with thiolate groups of sulfur-containing biomolecules [47], which may

Growth dynamics and light scattering of gold nanoparticles in situ synthesized at high concentration in thin polymer films

• Corentin Guyot,
• Philippe Vandestrick,
• Ingrid Marenne,
• Olivier Deparis and
• Michel Voué

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1768–1777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.172

• % hydrolyzed, MW 13000–23000) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. All syntheses were carried out using 18 MΩ·cm Milli-Q water. Nanocomposite preparation The in situ synthesis method is based on the one used in previous studies of Voué and co-workers [35][36] to prepare Ag–PVA films. The

• initial experimental protocol for Ag–PVA nanocomposites is that of Porel and co-workers [37]. With respect to the experimental protocols presented in [35][36], the main changes are a) the use of a gold salt and of a PVA with lower molecular weight and b) the spinning conditions (lower speed but longer

The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98

• Simon Krause,
• Volodymyr Bon,
• Hongchu Du,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,
• Ulrich Stoeck,
• Irena Senkovska and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.169

• , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany Central Facility for Electron Microscopy (GFE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.10.169 Abstract In this

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• were referenced to the C 1s peak of hydrocarbon at 285.0 eV binding energy, controlled by means of the well-known photoelectron peaks of metallic Cu, Ag, and Au. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The carbon surface fiber morphology was investigated in a Zeiss Supra 55 SEM with primary electron

• Reference 3000 instrument from Gamry with a Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a platinum mesh as a counter electrode. A modified configuration developed by Fink et al. was used as the setup for the working electrode (WE) [31]. The configuration was modified so that punched-out disks (Ø = 6 mm) of the felts

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• ) with a Moticam camera and the software Motic Images Plus at 100, 400, and 1,000-fold magnification. SEM was performed at 10,000-fold magnification using a Zeiss DSM950 (Carl Zeiss AG, Germany) instrument. The samples were sputter-coated with gold–palladium in an argon atmosphere at 15–20 kV at 0.05

• is required, i.e., a rotary evaporator with a volume of about 20 L. Large rotary evaporators are available up to volumes of 200 L (e.g., from GlasKeller AG, Basel, Switzerland). That means that in one loading process, 5 kg of smartPearls are sufficient to produce 1000 kg of final product. This

Giant magnetoresistance ratio in a current-perpendicular-to-plane spin valve based on an inverse Heusler alloy Ti₂NiAl

• Yu Feng,
• Zhou Cui,
• Bo Wu,
• Jianwei Li,
• Hongkuan Yuan and
• Hong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1658–1665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.161

• -metallic Heusler alloys (HMHAs) are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for electrode materials in CPP-SV owing to their high Curie temperature, tunable electronic structure and small lattice mismatch with Ag or Cu. Moreover, the majority spin bands of HMHA across the Fermi level show typical

• electronic structure and magnetic properties, and they deserve to be further studied and applied in spintronics devices. In this study, we built a CPP-SV device employing a half-metallic inverse Heusler alloy Ti2NiAl as the electrode and Ag as the spacer. Different atomic-terminated interfaces are considered

• employed as a semi-infinite left and right electrode, and Ag is selected to be the middle spacer layer. For bulk Ti2NiAl, one Ti atom locates at the (0, 0, 0) site, which is described as TiA, and the other locates at the (0.25, 0.25, 0.25) site, which is described as TiB, where Ni and Al sit at (0.5, 0.5

Subsurface imaging of flexible circuits via contact resonance atomic force microscopy

• Wenting Wang,
• Chengfu Ma,
• Yuhang Chen,
• Lei Zheng,
• Huarong Liu and
• Jiaru Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1636–1647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.159

• Research, Santa Barbara, CA) with the dual AC resonance tracking (DART) module applied for CR-AFM subsurface imaging. Three types of cantilevers were used: ContAl-G (BudgetSensors, Innovative Solutions Bulgaria Ltd., Bulgaria), PPP-FM (NanoSensors, NanoWorld AG, Switzerland) and ASYELEC-01 (Oxford

• (PC) and polyimide (PI) for the bottom and top layers, and Au, Cu, Ti, Ag and Mg for the middle layer. The mechanical parameters of these materials are listed in Table 2. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the silicon substrate are 160 GPa and 0.278, respectively. Cantilever vibration model

• top and bottom layers, while the metallic materials Au, Cu, Ti, Ag and Mg were used for the circuits. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the considered materials are listed in Table 2. The thicknesses were 50, 300 and 3500 nm for the top, middle and bottom layers, respectively. The calculated