Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

•  6b,c shows the aggregation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in some areas, in analogy with what has been reported in [25]. The formation of aggregates was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In correspondence with the agglomeration we observed a higher intensity of the O, Fe, and Co

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• work [10]. The uniformly distributed pores present in the films lead to the retention of liquid electrolytes, thereby increasing the overall ionic conductivity of the electrolyte films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were also recorded to check the crystallinity of the synthesized material. The

• polymer gel electrolytes were calculated from the XRD plot by using the Debye–Scherrer equation [34], which is given by Equation 1: where d is the size of the crystal, K is the constant, λ is the X-ray wavelength at 1.54 Å for Cu Kα radiation, β is the full width at half maximum of the peak (in radians

• two weeks, free-standing polymer gel electrolyte films of ≈400–500 µm thickness were obtained. Measurements and characterization X-ray diffraction studies of the polymer electrolyte films were recorded using a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer with the Bragg angle (2θ) ranging from 10 to 60° and under

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• electrode resulting in a sensor prototype and were later used for UV-assisted acetone sensing. Figure 12a and Figure 12b show SEM images of top-view morphology and thickness of the sample at low and high magnifications, respectively. Figure 12c shows an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• fibres. In this study, cobalt-decorated fibres are prepared, and the influence of carbonisation temperature on the resulting particle decoration, as well as on fibre structure and morphology is discussed. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron

• electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In addition, the fibres were analysed in terms of their

• samples were attached to the sample holder using Cu tape. X-ray diffractograms were recorded with a PANalytical Empyrean Series 2 (Malvern PANalytical B.V., Netherlands) in Bragg–Brentano geometry at room temperature using a copper X-ray source (λ(Kα1) = 1.54056 Å, λ(Kα2) = 1.54493 Å). For the measurement

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• influence the rate of precursor molecule fragmentation. The chosen value of the deposited energy can be verified by comparing the dependence of surface coverage of precursor elements on the electron dose with the experimental data measured by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electron energy

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• ) images, which were obtained using the JOEL-JEM 2100F TEM 200 kV, USA. For TEM imaging, re-dispersed nanoparticle samples were diluted and 10 µL was loaded on a formvar coated Cu grid. The sample was dried using an infrared lamp. The images obtained were analyzed using the ImageJ software. X-ray

• nanoparticles. (a) Dynamic light scattering plot of number (%) v/s size (nm) of the nanoparticles in solution at the end of synthesis (n = 3). (b) Transmission electron microscopy image with a 50 nm scale bar. (c) X-ray diffraction plot indicating the Bragg’s 2θ diffraction angles identical to peaks observed

• synthesis (n = 3). (b) Transmission electron microscopy image with a 50 nm scale bar. (c) X-ray diffraction pattern indicating the Bragg’s angle corresponding to those observed in iron oxide. (d) FTIR plot of transmittance v/s wavenumber depicting functional groups of iron oxide. Drug release profile over

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• as a result of rigid controlled lattice growth conditions, poor elastic properties, and high cost for mass production [45]. Recently, a new cubic crystal structure of tin monoselenide (π-SnSe) (analogous to π-SnS [46]) has been characterized within binary phase by using X-ray diffraction and

• the space group of P213 (no. 198) of the 64-atom unit cell with an exceptionally large lattice parameter of 11.9702 Å according to X-ray diffraction using the Rietveld method [47]. The unit cell of π-SnSe is presented in Figure 1. There are 64 atoms (Sn = 32, Se = 32) in the primitive unit cell of the

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• ; photolithography; and Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung or lithography, electroplating, moulding (LIGA), using deep X-ray lithography, are the most extensively used manufacturing technologies for microneedle fabrication, although fabrication of longer microneedles (>400 μm) is difficult with some of these

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• after 30 min. There were still type III structures found consisting of type II particles. After 8 h, the dispersion started to turn brownish in color. The amorphous, spherically shaped type II nanoparticles (see X-ray diffraction spectrometry, XRD in Figure 2 below) began to form the first crystalline

• sample in the form of a highly diluted solution. The drive frequency was kept constant during the imaging, while the drive amplitude was set to 7171 mV. EDX Elemental analysis was performed with an EDAX X-ray detector (Octane Elect Plus) attached to the SEM. The SEM was run with an acceleration voltage

• nanoparticles after different reaction times: (a) TEM, 2 min, (b) TEM, 5 min, (c) TEM, 30 min, (d) SEM, 12 h, (e) SEM, 16 h, and (f) SEM, 30 h. X-ray diffractograms of a sample after a reaction time of (a) 30 min and (b) 18 h (the red lines correspond to stibnite, COD 9003460). Histograms showing the size

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• University, 70200, Karaman, Turkey Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.12.74 Abstract In this present work, CuNiCoS4 thiospinel nanocrystals were synthesized by hot injection and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), high-resolution

• transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD, EDS, and HR-TEM analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of CuNiCoS4. The obtained CuNiCoS4 thiospinel nanocrystals were tested for photodiode and capacitance applications as interfacial layer between Au and

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• and orientations, as well as the strain of crystalline samples [25]. A detailed overview of this technique can be found in [26]. EBSD can be used for phase identification, which makes it a powerful complementary technique to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• ]. As early as 1871, de Bary proposed the designation “crystal” for the wax structures [10]. This hypothesis was later verified by X-ray diffraction [11][12]. The most common crystalline structure of epicuticular wax crystals is the orthorhombic order [13]. Studies of growing plant waxes showed that wax

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• systems. Guar-gum-fabricated gold nanoparticles (GA-GNPs) in a DES were synthesized for the use as X-ray contrast agent. The precursors for the DES used were choline chloride, gallic acid and glycerol. The X-ray attenuation coefficient of GA-GNPs was three times higher than that of the clinically used

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• widely applicable for different image segmentation tasks encompassing both 2D and 3D image types. The authors demonstrated segmentation of membranes, mitochondria, and nuclei for images of a mouse brain slice using different microscopic techniques such as CT X-ray microscopy, electron tomography

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• studied the nucleation of silver on halloysite substrates modified by chemical treatment with NaOH. The resulting stabilized Ag-NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The nucleation was characterized by thermogravimetric

• . Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed in a Jeol JEM-1400 plus (480 keV), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a Zeiss EVO MA15, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in a simultaneous thermal analyzer

• Netzsch STA 449 F3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were carried out using a Shimadzu diffractometer, model XRD-7000, with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm). Substrate preparation To prepare the substrates for silver nucleation, halloysite was treated in a NaOH(aq) bath. Three HNT suspensions were

9.1% efficient zinc oxide/silicon solar cells on a 50 μm thick Si absorber

• Rafal Pietruszka,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Monika Ozga,
• Katarzyna Gwozdz,
• Ewa Placzek-Popko and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 766–774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.60

• deposited via ALD. The use of ALD here is very advantageous, since this technique allows for a uniform and conformal coating of the rods. In the same ALD process, MZO was deposited on a polished silicon substrate (sample B). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to estimate the atomic concentrations

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• TEM data revealed quite interesting results. Incubation of AgNO3 in the liver and brain homogenates led to the formation of small AgNPs as presented in Figure 4d and Figure 4e, which was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (Figure 4f and Figure 4g). Transformation of different

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• alignment on a large scale and were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and PL spectroscopy. The luminescent AgNWs exhibited red emission, which was accredited to deep holes. The SEM results confirmed the formation of AgNWs of 3.3 to 4.7 µm in

• spectrophotometer in the 400–800 nm wavelength range. A Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer, operating at 35 mA and 40 keV, was used to scan the sample from 20° to 85° at room temperature. To examine the surface morphology of as-synthesized powder samples, the scanning electron microscopes (Nova Nano SEM 450

• purity of the product. The crystalline purity and structure of as-synthesized AgNWs was studied by X-ray diffraction. The different diffraction peaks were matched with the JCPDS card numbers 04-0783 and 99-0094 used for AgNWs. The results clearly indicate that the prepared AgNWs have a face-centered

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• characteristics of the obtained Pt/C materials, we used the powder diffraction method. An ARL X’TRA powder diffractometer with a Bragg–Brentano geometry (θ-θ), Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154056 nm) at room temperature, was used to record X-ray diffraction patterns. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples under

• study were recorded in the angle range of 5 ≤ 2θ ≤ 90 degrees by the step-by-step scanning method with a detector movement step of 0.02 degrees. The X-ray diffraction patterns were processed by using the SciDavis software to properly extract the parameters of the peaks and this was of particular

• File 1. Results and Discussion The X-ray diffraction patterns of the catalysts that we have synthesized and the commercial analogs with different platinum contents have a similar shape, typical for Pt/C materials (Figure 1). The presence of nanosized platinum crystallites causes a broadening of the

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• ) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations were conducted to obtain structural details of the devices. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with depth profiling was used to examine interface structure and changes in the elemental content and chemical bonds. The photoluminescence (PL

• performed by applying a Prevac setup equipped with a Scienta R4000 hemispherical analyzer (pass energy of 200 eV) and a monochromatic X-ray tube (Al Kα of 1486.7 eV). The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 4f7/2 Au line measured under the same experimental conditions was 0.6 eV. The O 1s orbital, Al

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• et al. used high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction and normal incidence X-ray standing wave techniques to detect the large separation of 3.24 Å between the h-BN sheet and the topmost Cu(111) layer [29]. They found almost no height difference between B and N atoms and excluded significant

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• nanoparticles when they are subjected to chloride-containing biological media [34]. The generation of AgCl leads, for example, to a partial passivation of the silver surface for further reactions. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to confirm the presence of chloride on the Ag SERS substrates

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• , of one hundred particles were calculated using ImageJ software. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were conducted using Thermo Scientific’s SuperX G2 and Gatans’ Enfinium ER, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (PerkinElmer TGA7) was

• nanoceria and their fate and effects. Transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images of NM-212 and its chemical composition determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. (A, B) TEM images, (B) is a part of (A) at higher magnification

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• Tübingen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.39 Abstract We study interface properties of CoPcFx and FePcFx (x = 0 or 16) on niobium-doped SrTiO3(100) surfaces using mainly X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. For all studied molecules, a rather complex, bidirectional charge

• 100 (X-ray photoelectron diffraction) or 150 (monochromatized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) hemispherical analyzers (SPECS), and a four-grid LEED optics (SpectaLEED, Omicron, Germany). The PES binding energy scale is calibrated to reproduce the binding energies of Cu 2p3/2 (932.6 eV), Ag 3d5/2

• (368.2 eV), and Au 4f7/2 (84.0 eV). For X-ray photoelectron diffraction measurements, the angular acceptance of the analyzer was set to ±4°. Angular distribution curves were measured for the Sr 3d, Ti 2p, and O 1s photoemission peaks at two azimuths ([100] and [110], determined by LEED); the step width