Green fabrication of lanthanide-doped hydroxide-based phosphors: Y(OH)₃:Eu³⁺ nanoparticles for white light generation

• Tugrul Guner,
• Anilcan Kus,
• Mehmet Ozcan,
• Aziz Genc,
• Hasan Sahin and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.119

• (OH)3. Results and Discussion Structural characterization of Y(OH)3:Eu3+ particles Figure 1a presents the X-ray diffraction pattern of representative Y(OH)3:Eu3+ particles having 7.5% dopant ratio (Y(OH)3:7.5% Eu3+) prepared at various reaction times. The pattern of the starting material (i.e

• garnet (YAG:Ce3+, HB-4155H, Zhuhai HanboTrading Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China) was used as a yellow phosphor and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (SYLGARD 184 Kit, Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA) was used as the polymer matrix. The crystallographic properties of the crystals were characterized by X-ray

• diffraction (XRD; X’Pert Pro, Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), while their morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Quanta 250, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrographs were obtained using an FEI Tecnai F20 field emission gun

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• refluxing (3, 6 and 15 h). The structure, microstructure and composition of the resulting NPs were then investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), respectively. The magnetic properties were also evaluated using standard

• second series (x = 0.67), two attempts have been made in TriEG for 3 and 6 h, and only one in TetEG for 3 h. The main features of all prepared compositions are collected in Table 1. We have recorded the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of all cobalt ferrite samples (Figure 1). They are all matching very

A highly efficient porous rod-like Ce-doped ZnO photocatalyst for the degradation of dye contaminants in water

• Binjing Hu,
• Qiang Sun,
• Chengyi Zuo,
• Yunxin Pei,
• Siwei Yang,
• Hui Zheng and
• Fangming Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1157–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.115

• a sunlight simulator. The results showed that ZnO doped with 3% Ce exhibits the highest RhB degradation rate. To understand the crystal structure, elemental state, surface morphology and chemical composition, the photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• often on the external surface of clay minerals [8][11]. The particle shape and size have been evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) using the Scherrer equation, in addition to the spectroscopic information obtained from the shift of the UV–vis absorption band to

CuInSe₂ quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO₂ surfaces

• Henrique Limborço,
• Pedro M.P. Salomé,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Kamal Abderrafi,
• Joaquim P. Leitão,
• Juan C. Gonzalez and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

• tetragonal CIS [37]. Interplanar distances of 0.322, 0.185, and 0.322 nm were found from the nanodot diffraction spots (−112), (−220), and (−11−2), respectively. From the reference X-ray diffraction (XRD) database, the interplanar distances of (−112), (−220), and (−11−2) are 0.335, 0.205, and 0.335 nm

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a saturable absorber for giant chirped pulse generation

• Ji-Shu Liu,
• Xiao-Hui Li,
• Abdul Qyyum,
• Yi-Xuan Guo,
• Tong Chai,
• Hua Xu and
• Jie Jiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1065–1072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.107

• ) Nonlinear transmission measurement setup for the Fe3O4 SA. (d) Nonlinear optical absorption characteristics of the FONP-based SA. (a) Energy-dispersive spectroscopy, (b) Raman spectroscopy, (c) X-ray diffraction pattern, and (d) UV–vis–NIR spectrum of the as-prepared Fe3O4 cluster-structured nanoparticles

Tailoring the stability/aggregation of one-dimensional TiO₂(B)/titanate nanowires using surfactants

• Atiđa Selmani,
• Johannes Lützenkirchen,
• Kristina Kučanda,
• Dario Dabić,
• Engelbert Redel,
• Ida Delač Marion,
• Damir Kralj,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin and
• Maja Dutour Sikirić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1024–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.103

• mixed phase, TiO2(B) and trititanate layered TNW structure was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) as well as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The details can be found in Supporting Information File 1. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM

In situ AFM visualization of Li–O₂ battery discharge products during redox cycling in an atmospherically controlled sample cell

• Kumar Virwani,
• Younes Ansari,
• Khanh Nguyen,
• Francisco José Alía Moreno-Ortiz,
• Jangwoo Kim,
• Maxwell J. Giammona,
• Ho-Cheol Kim and
• Young-Hye La

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 930–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.94

• opposed to a single point. Yu et al. [21] performed in situ UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman vibrational spectroscopy and ex situ infrared spectroscopy of O2 reduction and evolution reactions respectively. Lim et al. [22] used X-ray diffraction to study surface changes resulting from

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

• Meguya Ryu,
• Reo Honda,
• Adrian Cernescu,
• Arturas Vailionis,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
• Jing-Liang Li,
• Denver P. Linklater,
• Elena P. Ivanova,
• Vygantas Mizeikis,
• Mark J. Tobin,
• Junko Morikawa and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

• follows: source voltage - 30 kV, pixel size - 3.15 μm, number of projections - 1600, exposure time - 10 s. The micro-CT dataset was reconstructed using the ZEISS Scout-and-Scan Reconstructor software (Figure 1). 2D X-ray diffraction of Bombyx mori silk was carried out on a Bruker D8 Venture single-crystal

• /I0, OD is the optical density, ω is the cyclic frequency of light, and c is the speed of light. The reflectance for the normal incidence from air is defined as R = [(n− 1)2 + κ2]/[(n + 1)2 + κ2]. Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction is the method of choice to reveal the internal structure of

• complex materials and to detect crystalline regions. Figure 1 and Figure 2a show 3D reconstructions of the Bombyx mori silk fibers bundled together and their X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, respectively. The period d corresponds to the most pronounced peaks at the diffraction angle 2θ, given by Bragg’s

Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with CdIn₂S₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

• Jingshuai Chen,
• Chang-Jie Mao,
• Helin Niu and
• Ji-Ming Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 912–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.92

• /CCN (CISCCN) composite products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). As shown in Figure 2, the (100) peak located at 13.1° displayed in pure g-C3N4 is attributed to the in-planar stacking of tris-triazine units [35]. The characteristic graphite-like nanosheet structure of g-C3N4 is

• , NEXUS-870, Nicolet Instrument Co. USA), X-ray diffraction (XRD, XD-3, Purkinje General, China, Cu Kα radiation), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Escalab 250Xi, America), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS, Hitachi U-4100) at a wavelength range of 200–800 nm, and fluorescence

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• ). Graphene oxide sheets (GOS) were synthesized via a modified Hummer's method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The method of Zhang was adopted for cracking of GOS. Then nano-graphene oxide was PEGylated with

• diffraction X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out to identify the structure of the cellular units (d-spacing) used for the confirmation of a successful GO synthesis. A Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54060 Å) was used. Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns. In the case of pure

• Excel, and the values (P* < 0.05) were considered statistically significant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of pure graphite and synthesized graphene oxide. Deviation of XRD peak at 2θ = 26.5° to 9.9° confirmed the successful oxidation of graphite sheets. FTIR spectra of nGO and PEG-nGO. Additional

Co-doped MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles: magnetic anisotropy and interparticle interactions

• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Parviz Kameli,
• Hadi Salamati,
• Giorgio Concas,
• Maria Salvador Fernandez,
• Alessandro Talone,
• Giuseppe Muscas and
• Davide Peddis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 856–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.86

• techniques and data treatments X-ray diffraction patterns were collected using Cu Kα (λ = 0.154 nm) radiation with a Philips EXPERT MPD diffractometer. The average crystallite size was obtained from the Debye–Scherrer equation: where w is the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peaks, θ is the Bragg

• Lorentzian shape. The components were a sextet and a doublet, corresponding to the magnetically ordered and non-ordered components, respectively. Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows the room temperature X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples. They confirm a cubic spinel structure, comparable with those

• for specific applications. Room temperature X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples. All diffraction peaks are compatible with the spinel structure. As an example of the size, shape and crystalline quality of the samples, TEM images of C0 (a) and C100 (b) samples are reported. The insets show the

Synthesis of MnO₂–CuO–Fe₂O₃/CNTs catalysts: low-temperature SCR activity and formation mechanism

• Yanbing Zhang,
• Lihua Liu,
• Yingzan Chen,
• Xianglong Cheng,
• Chengjian Song,
• Mingjie Ding and
• Haipeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 848–855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.85

• optimal load of 4%. Characterization techniques X-ray diffraction (XRD) was measured with an X'Pert Pro MPD X-ray diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) with a 2θ range from 5° to 80°. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on a JEOL model JEM 2010 EX instrument. Temperature

• -IWIM fabricated through incipient wetness impregnation, except for the 1% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs, and reached 69.9–87.9% between 140 to 180 °C. The SCR activity over 4% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs reached maximum values of 43.1–87.9% at 80–180 °C at a weight hourly space velocity of 280 L·gcat−1·h−1. X-ray

• diffraction measurements Figure 2 shows the XRD patterns of the acid-treated CNTs and the as-synthesized catalysts. All samples present the characteristic diffraction peaks at 26.3°, 42.6° and 53.7°, corresponding to the (002), (100), and (004) planes of graphite, respectively [18]. For MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• and a transmission electron microscope (JEOL JEM 2100) operating at 200 kV. The crystalline structure was identified using a Rigaku Rintz Ultima X-ray diffraction unit. Raman spectra were analyzed by a LabRAM HP 800 UV with a 632 nm He–Ne laser as the excitation source in the range of 100–3000 cm−1 at

• , PCNF, Cu/PCNF, TiO2 and Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2 nanocomposites were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as shown in Figure 3. XRD pattern of CNF and PCNF shows the most relevant characteristic peaks at 2θ = 25.4°, 44.2° and 2θ = 25.1°, 44.0°, respectively, which correspond to (002) and (101) planes with d

Towards rare-earth-free white light-emitting diode devices based on the combination of dicyanomethylene and pyranine as organic dyes supported on zinc single-layered hydroxide

• Jeff L. Nyalosaso,
• Rachod Boonsin,
• Pierre Vialat,
• Damien Boyer,
• Geneviève Chadeyron,
• Rachid Mahiou and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 760–770, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.75

• kV and using an Everhart–Thornley secondary-electron detector. Prior to observation, the sample was attached to adhesive carbon and then coated with Au. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of Zn-SLH was recorded with a Philips Xpert Pro diffractometer operating with Cu Kα1 radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) in

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

• Alberto Perrotta,
• Julian Pilz,
• Stefan Pachmajer,
• Antonella Milella and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

• doses below self-limiting values. Nanoporous ZnO thin films were subsequently obtained by calcination of the zincone-like layers between 100–600 °C. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were adopted in situ during calcination to investigate the removal of carbon impurities

• fractions. The calcination of the hybrid layers was investigated in situ with spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Oxygen plasma was used as co-reactant together with diethylzinc (DEZ) in a room-temperature plasma-enhanced ALD process and, as a function of the plasma time exposure

• technique can be found in [50][51]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to analyze the crystalline properties of the films in specular direction, that is, with the crystallographic planes parallel to the substrate. The diffractometer (Panalytical Empyrean), working in a θ/2θ-configuration, was equipped

An iridescent film of porous anodic aluminum oxide with alternatingly electrodeposited Cu and SiO₂ nanoparticles

• Menglei Chang,
• Huawen Hu,
• Haiyan Quan,
• Hongyang Wei,
• Zhangyi Xiong,
• Jiacong Lu,
• Pin Luo,
• Yaoheng Liang,
• Jianzhen Ou and
• Dongchu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 735–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.73

• measured using an ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–vis–NIR) spectrophotometer (UV-4100, Hitachi, Japan). Microstructure observation and phase-composition analyses were performed using a TD-3500 X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument. For measuring the thickness of the thin films formed on the sample, the

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• medium wavelength range of the ultraviolet C (UVC) and ultraviolet B (UVB) regions. In the present work, Mg2Al LDH materials were first organo-modified with histidine and phenylalanine using a co-precipitation method and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared

• interpretation of the XRD patterns based on a more detailed analysis of the position of the X-ray diffraction peaks and the matching between the surface area per unit charge of LDH host and the organic guest. Mg2Al/nitrate, as a reference sample, displays an X-ray diffraction pattern typical of lamellar

Ultrathin hydrophobic films based on the metal organic framework UiO-66-COOH(Zr)

• Miguel A. Andrés,
• Clemence Sicard,
• Christian Serre,
• Olivier Roubeau and
• Ignacio Gascón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 654–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.65

• substrates such as mica or glass up to 120°. These films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, revealing the formation of a continuous film where ODP molecules adopt an almost vertical

• OPD/MOF ultrathin films have been fabricated onto glass, calcium fluoride, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), Si(100) substrates and mica and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM

• of the MOF, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) studies were performed both on LB and drop-cast samples deposited onto Si(100) substrates (Figure 4 and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7). The GIXRD patterns of LB samples confirm the main peaks of UiO-66-COOH(Zr), at 7.4°, 8.5°, 12.1

Enhancement in thermoelectric properties due to Ag nanoparticles incorporated in Bi₂Te₃ matrix

• Srashti Gupta,
• Dinesh Chandra Agarwal,
• Bathula Sivaiah,
• Sankarakumar Amrithpandian,
• Kandasami Asokan,
• Ajay Dhar,
• Binaya Kumar Panigrahi,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Vinay Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 634–643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.63

• characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermoelectric measurements. XRD measurements were performed using a Bruker D8 Avance diffractometer with Cu Kα (1.5406 Å) radiation. TEM investigations were carried out using a LIBRA 200 FE HRTEM. Gatan software [22] was used

• using a commercial instrument (Ulvac, ZEM3). The instrument error during TE measurements is ±5%. Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy selected area electron diffraction X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of Bi2Te3 with different concentrations of Ag (0, 5 and 20 wt

• conduction transition. In order to gain further knowledge about phase transitions and carrier types, further studies such as synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction, heat capacity, Raman spectroscopy, Hall effect and or positron annihilation spectroscopy measurements would be required, which can be the part of

Topochemical engineering of composite hybrid fibers using layered double hydroxides and abietic acid

• Liji Sobhana,
• Lokesh Kesavan,
• Jan Gustafsson and
• Pedro Fardim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 589–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.60

• contour length of the fibers (LC), i.e., the real length of a fiber, regardless of shape and the length weighted average fiber length, L(l), were reported. X-ray diffraction: Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of the fiber samples were recorded with a Siemens D501 diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation

• fiber strands are also visible in the microscopy images of both the refined pulps, verifying the presence of the fine fractions (0–0.5 mm), measured in the fiber length investigations. Spectroscopic studies Structure and purity X-ray diffraction patterns of the pulp fibers (REF, C-F, HF, C-HF0.15M, C

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• carried out in a Hitachi SU8000 SEM microscope equipped with a Bruker AXS spectrometer with an operation voltage of 5 kV. X-ray diffraction of the freeze dried sample was conducted on a Philips PW 1820 diffractometer with monochromatic Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å, 40 kV, 30 mA, 5 s, Δθ = 0.02

• TEM images presented in Figure 2 demonstrate that the inorganic ceria nanoparticles were efficiently crystallized on the surface (Figure 2a,b shows the pristine sample NC and Figure 2c,d shows the hybrid sample, labeled as NC-CeO2). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the hybrid sample, shown in

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• @MWCNT composite. The cathode was fabricated by coating a slurry of S-3D-RGO@MWCNT, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and carbon black (mass ratio 8:1:1) on a carbon-coated Al foil. Materials characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the as-prepared 3D-RGO@MWCNT composite were obtained using XRD

Polymorphic self-assembly of pyrazine-based tectons at the solution–solid interface

• Achintya Jana,
• Puneet Mishra and
• Neeladri Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 494–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.50

• pyrazine ring at the para-positions, making an angle of 180° between the two binding sites, giving it a linear shape (Figure 1). Details of the synthesis of the molecule, and its characterization by means of FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction are provided in

• of the molecule estimated from statistical analysis of STM images is 1.4 ± 0.1 nm, which is consistent with that obtained from the detailed crystallographic analysis of the X-ray diffraction data. Moreover, the surface density of the molecules in polymorphs I and II, estimated from the STM images, is

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• heating at 130–190 °C for 5−20 h. It is observed that hydrothermal exposure of acid-treated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets at low temperature generated larger NFs, whereas QDs are formed at higher temperatures. The formation of GCN hybrid materials was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction

• are first examined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Figure 2 shows the PXRD patterns of pure g-C3N4 nanosheets and GCN hybrids. A broad peak at 2θ = 27.5° is observed for the g-C3N4 nanosheets, which is due to the interplanar stacking (002 plane) of aromatic C–N heterocycles present in g-C3N4 [32

• gas. Schematic representation of the preparation of C3N4 nanoflakes (NFs), quantum dots (QDs) and the rGO-supported C3N4 (GCN) hybrid material. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized rGO-supported C3N4 (GCN) hybrid materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the prepared GCN