Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• of Sn at the surface of SnO2 plays a role in the reversible transformation of the surface composition from Sn4+ cations to Sn2+, which leads to active centers in the surface chemical process [48]. Moreover, the OVs in SnO2 often appear when it is synthesized by chemical methods such as sol–gel

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• abilities in a single composition. Recently, we did report an exceptionally strong blue luminesce of branched PEI- (25 kDa) coated SPION nanoparticles [35]. Such strong luminescence in the visible range is very interesting considering that the fluorophore, which is branched PEI (bPEI), is directly attached

• , 48 h after transfection: a-c-e: 1.2 µg/mL pDNA loaded on 20.7 µg/mL SPION@bPEI-Erb; b-d-f: 1.2 µg/mL of pDNA loaded on 19.2 µg/mL SPION@bPEI. Images with subscribed as 1 are the merged images, and images subscribed as 2 are green fluorescence microscopy images. Scale bar = 100 µm. Composition of the

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• to differences in the material parameters of the two samples, such as the presence or absence of the additional Co layer or the different GdFe composition, leading to different domain-wall widths or, in the frame of the model of [27], to different temperatures relative to the angular momentum

• thermally oxidized SiOx layer and covered with a 3 nm Al capping layer to prevent oxidation. Composition and layer thicknesses were determined by calibrating the sputter rates with a quartz balance before the depositions. Thus, the sample structure was as follows: Al (3 nm)/Gd26Fe74 (15 nm)/Pt (5 nm)/SiOx

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• reported data; we will address the influence of the sputtering parameters (sputter power, current, voltage, sputter time, working gas pressure, and the type of sputtering plasma) and host liquid properties (composition, temperature, viscosity, and surface tension) on the NP formation as well as a detailed

• . Because of the size effects, NPs have unique properties that allow them to be used as components of advanced materials for a wide range of applications such as optics, catalysis, or biomedicine [1][2][3]. Since the properties of NPs strongly depend on their size, size distribution, shape, composition, and

• the composition of surrounding media, it is extremely important to control these parameters. Nowadays, an interested reader can find thousands of different recipes of NP synthesis allowing one to prepare stable colloidal solutions of monodisperse NPs. However, not all published synthetic procedures

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• temperature range above 800 °C [10][11][12], and microstructural as well as mechanical investigations and optimizations have been performed [13][14][15]. Especially for FeCo2O4 addition, the development of an additional electron-conductive phase (namely (Ce,Gd)(Fe,Co)O3), whose composition and abundance

• depends on the ceria/spinel ratio, has recently been discussed [16]. Current research efforts are aiming to improve the composition and microstructure of a dual-phase membrane with similar composition for application in a membrane reactor at considerably lower temperatures (below 600 °C) to perform

• nanometers are located on the FC2O side as outlined by the dashed line. The enlarged interface structure in the lower-right inset shows a good agreement with the CoO and Fe3−xCoxO4 structural model, respectively. Electrical conductivity The sample composition with Sm instead of Gd used for this study shows a

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• . The nanowires possessed a complex structure, namely a thin crystalline germanium core and amorphous CrGex coating. The composition of the nanowire coating was [Cr]/[Ge] = 1:(6–7). The resistance of the nanowire–deposit system was estimated to be 2.7 kΩ·cm using an unique vacuum contacting system

• resistivity component in the nanowire–deposit system. Conclusion Using CVD, we synthetized deposits containing CrGex NWs. The complex elemental composition was determined, the structure was elucidated, and resistivity measurements of individual NWs were performed and discussed. These measurements revealed the

• electron microscopy (SEM) setup (TESCAN Vega 3 InduSEM) equipped with an electron dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, Bruker XFlash Detector 5010) for detecting the elemental composition. A standard automatic instrumental background was applied for the estimation of elemental composition. Individual

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• programmed cell death [39]. However, the chemical composition of NPs plays an important role in determining cytotoxic behavior. For example, NPs with cores made up with toxic metals (e.g., Cd and Ag) cause cytotoxicity. Conversely, metals such as Fe and Zn are biocompatible and cause toxicity at higher doses

• of the (311) plane [30]: where D is the average crystallite size, K = 0.94, λ = 1.54 Å is the X-ray wavelength, β represents the full width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ represents the Bragg's diffraction angle. The surface morphology and major elemental composition were obtained by high-resolution

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• evaluated using nested cross-validation on this dataset. Models were initially developed for both lethality endpoints using multiple descriptors representing the composition of the core, shell and surface functional groups, as well as particle characteristics. However, interestingly, the 24 hours post

• composition of surface features was encoded using generalisable descriptors [28][29]. Most recently, Gousiadou et al. [30] developed the first models for diverse nanomaterial data from the NBI Knowledgebase where all chemical composition was encoded using calculated, numerical descriptors allowing for greater

• Knowledgebase by Karcher and co-workers [31]. In contrast to most previously published modelling studies of the NBI Knowledgebase (discussed above), we developed toxicity models using a variety of particle characteristics and variables calculated based upon the chemical composition of the core and organic

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• investigated by SEM and TEM, while the composition of oxides film was analyzed by XPS. Luminescence properties were studied on the basis of excitation and emission spectra. The experiments show that the additional dielectric layer enhances the luminescence intensity. Such structures could be potential

• CrossBeam 540 scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated at 2 kV was used. For microstructure analysis of the plasmonic structures, a TALOS F200X high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) was used. The chemical composition of the luminescent layers was investigated by X-ray photoelectron

• composition, layers were etched for 2, 6, and 8 min. Optical transmittance spectra of all prepared structures were measured using an Evolution 220 UV–visible spectrophotometer in the range of 200–1000 nm. Luminescence excitation and emission spectra were recorded using a Scinco FluoroMate FS-2 fluorescence

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• composition analysis was performed through EDX using the FESEM, equipped with a Bruker Quantax EDX setup capable of an energy resolution of 123 eV at Mn Kα. In order to prevent charging the samples were metalized with 20 nm of Cr using a Quorum Technologies Q150T ES sputter coater. All FTIR absorption spectra

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• polymer/ionic liquid blend {(PVdF-HFP)-[BDiMIM][Cl]} (4:6) in an optimized composition of liquid electrolytes PC-Mg(ClO4)2 (0.3 M), the ionic conductivity of the polymer gel electrolyte initially increases and reaches its maximum value at 20 wt % (σ = 8.9 × 10−3 S·cm−1) and thereafter it starts to

• conductivity values after 20 wt % of the (PVdF-HFP)-IL blend is due to the increased viscosity of the electrolyte system, which lowers the mobility of mobile species and hence the conductivity decreases thereafter. Finally, ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolytes with an optimized composition of ({(PVdF

• . This is due to the dissociation of ion aggregates at higher temperatures. Figure 9 shows the variation of tan δ as a function of frequency for an optimized composition of polymer gel electrolytes at different temperatures. From Figure 9 it can be seen that the values of tan δ increase as the frequency

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• and varies with the external driving force. In addition, depending on whether there is a true slip length, the amplitude of surface roughness has different influences on the effective slip length. The composition of surface textures, including isotropic and anisotropic textures, can also affect the

• can be achieved by the modification of solid–liquid interfacial properties including surface wettability, surface roughness, and surface chemical composition. Therefore, the flow drag resistance can be reduced if the surfaces are appropriately engineered, or if the liquid properties are directly

• amplitude of surface roughness are different depending on whether there is true slip length. Moreover, the effective slip length can also be affected by the composition of surface textures, including isotropic textures, anisotropic textures, and gas bubbles. Finally, the tunable slip length can be of great

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• ), pure pine dendritic BiVO4 (Figure 20c), and the BiVO4/rGO hybrid structure (Figure 20d). The hybrid material was used for the detection of triethylamine (TEA) gas. A detection of 10 ppm TEA with the highest response (5.91) was achieved with the hybrid composition of BiVO4 and rGO at 180 °C working

• nature: (a) human lung network, (b) snowflakes, (c) leaves, (d) clouds, (e) mountain peaks, and (f) coastline. Image credits: Figure 1a was reproduced from [46], Mary I. Townsley, “Structure and composition of pulmonary arteries, capillaries and veins”, Comprehensive Physiology, with permission from John

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• additives and those with metal additives can be hardly compared, because of the marked difference in the carbon XPS signal composition. However, even samples without metals have been reported to be converted to graphitic carbon when carbonised at temperatures above 1100 °C [12]. Nitrogen-type distribution

• composition of the fibres was determined using a combination of elemental analysis (nitrogen and carbon content) and ICP-OES (Figure 7a) and the distribution of nitrogen types was determined by XPS (Figure 7b). After carbonisation at 1100 °C less than 2 wt % of nitrogen are retained in the fibres in the

• the electrodes can be related to a certain extent to the characteristics of fibre structure and composition described in section “Physical characterisation”, although it is difficult to link individual behaviour found in one analysis directly to the electrochemical behaviour. It is rather necessary to

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• (SE) created in large numbers when a high-energy PE beam impinges on a substrate. Secondary electrons are emitted from the substrate and the deposit, substantially complicating the electron-induced chemistry that governs FEBID. As a result, the precise control of size, shape, and chemical composition

• ][8][9][10], which allow for simulations of the average characteristics of the process concerning local growth rates and the nanostructure composition. However, these approaches do not provide any molecular-level details regarding structure (crystalline, amorphous, or mixed) and the IDC involved. At

• the output of MD simulations [20]. In a pioneering study [13], IDMD was successfully applied for the simulation of FEBID of W(CO)6 precursors on a SiO2 surface and enabled to predict the morphology, molecular composition, and growth rate of tungsten-based nanostructures emerging on the surface during

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• and composition of nanostructures, the assembling behavior and stability in aqueous solution, the loading/encapsulation ratio of drugs, and the toxicity of nanostructures to living organisms still need to be overcome by researchers. Moreover, little research has been done on the biocompatibility of

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• interaction, we believe, is due to the electronegative nature of the drug, which facilitates the interaction with positively charged IONPs at an acidic pH. Furthermore, considering the similarity in structure and basic chemical composition of fluoroquinolones, we expect this to be applicable to the other

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• electron beam, which caused the particles to appear larger. Consequently, the stacked deflection peaks (Figure 5b, 14.7 nm, red and green mark) correspond to a nanoparticle cluster similar to those found in Figure 4b. Chemical composition To confirm the XRD results for stibnite and to examine the

• composition of the amorphous particles, an EDX analysis was performed in conjunction with SEM for selected samples obtained after reaction time points from 2 min to 30 h. It was not possible to examine the samples obtained after 30 s since the yield was too low at this reaction stage. The sample that had

• found in high-temperature seeding processes from other metalloorganic syntheses [36]. A changing chemical composition could also be a reason for the nanoparticles to undergo a second hierarchical assembly. A similar behavior was found by Liu et al., who synthesized cobalt particles with a cobalt

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• holes. The stoichiometric composition of the CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals was analyzed with EDS, and the results are given in Figure 2e. The chemical composition of the nanocrystals was determined as Cu1.24(NiCo)2.08S4, which is close to the theoretical composition (CuCo2S4). The morphological characterization

• 2.87 Å. The EDX analysis confirmed the composition of the CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals. The CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals were inserted between Au and p-Si to fabricate a Au/CuNiCoS4/p-Si photodiode and characterized by I–V and C–V measurements for different illumination power densities and frequencies, respectively

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• multifunctional wax coating on their surfaces made of branched ß-diketone tubules. ß-diketone tubules have a different size, shape, and chemical composition than the well-described nonacosanol tubules of the superhydrophobic leaves of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). Until now the formation process of ß-diketone tubules

• protect plants from environmental stress [4]. Waxes are, thereby, essential for a variety of functions, especially in the wettability and self-cleaning ability of plant surfaces [5][6]. Plant waxes consist of a complex mixture of aliphatic and aromatic compounds. The exact chemical composition of the wax

• into the cutin matrix and the latter is deposited on the cutin layer, building the outermost layer of the cuticle. The two types of waxes may also differ in chemical composition [8][9]. Epicuticular waxes form various three-dimensional structures with different sizes (0.5–100 µm) and morphologies [5

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• possible to modulate the viscosity of DESs, especially NADES, by varying the composition ratio of hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor components [29]. Also, the growth mechanisms and nucleation processes of nanoparticles are highly modulated by the components of DESs through modifying reduction

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• temperature, pH, enzyme, redox potential, ionic strength, or solvent composition of the media. Other stimuli are external, such as heat, light, electric field, magnetic field, or ultrasound (US) [5][6][7]. Designing such single, dual, or multi-stimulus-responsive smart delivery vehicles provides an

• composition. Moreover, their biocompatibility, biodistribution, stability, capacity, and diagnostic efficacy are related to this factor. Lipid- and surfactant-based nanomaterials, polymeric nanomaterials, and metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials, in addition to micro- and nanomotors and some miscellaneous

• . Microfluidic systems are capable of producing multilayered MBs. Other advantages are the controllable size, adjustable shell and gas composition, uniformity of the bubbles, and their physical properties. On the other hand, the production rate of this system is not very high or efficient, which limits the

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• with NaOH to improve Ag-NP nucleation into the clay substrate. The resulting nanocomposite was evaluated in terms of chemical composition, morphology, and antimicrobial properties, while the nucleation process was characterized in terms of thermal behaviour and structural changes. We also investigated

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• the ferrimagnetic nanoparticles showed good temperature stability. The proposed new terahertz technology can be better applied to many fields such as chemical composition analysis and integrated circuit analysis. Hence, it can be seen that magnetic MNRs are widely used. From controlling individual

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• influence of different factors, such as substrate roughness and pad stiffness, on contact forces, and review the chemical composition of pad fluids, which is an important component of an adhesive function. Attachment systems are omnipresent in animals. We show parallel evolution of attachment structures on

• , and to suggest a rapid response and versatile adaptability of the AMS in a relatively short evolutionary time [163]. The Turing model indicates a fast response when animals face changes in surface composition, contributing to a flexible adaptability of the functionalized attachment surfaces. Similar

• . It contains a non-volatile, lipid-like substance that can be observed in footprints stained with Sudan black. It has been shown that the pad adhesive secretion of ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) consists of hydrocarbons and true waxes [80][259], which correspond to the composition of the cuticle