Charge carrier mobility and electronic properties of Al(Op)₃: impact of excimer formation

• Andrea Magri,
• Pascal Friederich,
• Bernhard Schäfer,
• Valeria Fattori,
• Xiangnan Sun,
• Timo Strunk,
• Velimir Meded,
• Luis E. Hueso,
• Wolfgang Wenzel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1107–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.112

• charge recombination confinement and thereby increasing the efficiency of organic LED devices. As a result of the electron-deficient quinoline ligand, Alq3 is characterized by HOMO and LUMO energy levels of ≈−5.95 and ≈−3.0 eV, respectively [13][14]. The LUMO and HOMO energy levels are fundamental

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

Observing the morphology of single-layered embedded silicon nanocrystals by using temperature-stable TEM membranes

• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Jan Laube,
• Margit Zacharias and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 964–970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.99

• -normal distribution. The results strongly reflect the ability to control the Si NC size by geometrical one-dimensional confinement of the SRON layers. Furthermore, the influence of the SRON stoichiometry on Si nanoparticle formation is demonstrated in Figure 4c–e. Interestingly, increasing the Si excess

• exhibits a similar effect on the Si NC size and shape as the SRON thickness increase. The transition from clustering to spinodal-like decomposition [46][47][48] is obviously a sensitive function of the SRON thickness as well as of the stoichiometry. Due to the one dimensional geometrical confinement

Structural, optical, opto-thermal and thermal properties of ZnS–PVA nanofluids synthesized through a radiolytic approach

• Alireza Kharazmi,
• Nastaran Faraji,
• Roslina Mat Hussin,
• Elias Saion,
• W. Mahmood Mat Yunus and
• Kasra Behzad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 529–536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.55

• to increasing particles size; however, these values are generally higher than the band gap energy of bulk ZnS 3.6 eV [1]. The band gap energy implies a very weak quantum confinement effect. Since the wave functions of electrons and holes are still overlapped, the movement of the excitons instigates a

• weak confinement [28]. The thermal conductivity of distilled water, PVA and ZnS nanofluids were measured and are listed in Table 2. The thermal conductivity of distilled water was measured to calibrate the set-up and agreed well with the reported value of the literature [29]. The thermal conductivity

• groups in the PVA structure, respectively. The band gap of ZnS NPs varied from 3.74 to 3.68 eV from lower to higher irradiation doses, which hints to a weak quantum confinement. Thermal conductivity and effusivity of the samples exhibited an increment upon the irradiation due to the chain scission of PVA

Synergic combination of the sol–gel method with dip coating for plasmonic devices

• Cristiana Figus,
• Maddalena Patrini,
• Francesco Floris,
• Lucia Fornasari,
• Paola Pellacani,
• Gerardo Marchesini,
• Andrea Valsesia,
• Flavia Artizzu,
• Daniela Marongiu,
• Michele Saba,
• Franco Marabelli,
• Andrea Mura,
• Giovanni Bongiovanni and
• Francesco Quochi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 500–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.52

• be exploited in innovative technological applications. SPR is a phenomena arising from the interaction between the incident electromagnetic radiation and the conduction electrons present on a metal surface. Such coupling leads to an enhancement and a spatial confinement of the electromagnetic field

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires

• Alberto Milani,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Valeria Russo,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Franco Cataldo and
• Carlo S. Casari

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 480–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.49

• powerful tool for the characterization of carbon materials and nanostructures due to its sensitivity to the vibration of C–C bonds. For instance, strong electron–phonon coupling and resonance effects allow for the measurement of single carbon nanostructures and together with confinement effects, provides

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• interesting to study water and ion transport in confinement [15][16]. Coated templates are also attractive to synthesize extremely thin nanowires for the investigation of finite size and quantum size effects [17]. Atomic layer deposition is based on cycles of self-limiting chemical reactions between the gas

A surface acoustic wave-driven micropump for particle uptake investigation under physiological flow conditions in very small volumes

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Dominik Breyer,
• Phillip Link,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Matthias F. Schneider and
• Achim Wixforth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 414–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.41

• coupling the sound waves into the fluid medium. Additionally, the angle of incidence of the generated fluid jet in this design is equal to the Rayleigh angle of about 23° and thus favors the desired generation of shear force in the x–y plane without the need for a confinement of the flow profile. Moreover

Carrier multiplication in silicon nanocrystals: ab initio results

• Ivan Marri,
• Marco Govoni and
• Stefano Ossicini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 343–352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.33

• devices. The possibility of exploiting features that derive from the reduced dimensionality of the nanocrystalline phase, and in particular, features induced by the quantum confinement effect [1][2][3][4][5] can lead to a better use of the carrier excess energy, and can increase solar cell thermodynamic

• momentum conservation and by fast phonon relaxation processes, CM is often inefficient in bulk semiconductors. On the nanoscale, CM is favored (a) by quantum confinement that enhances the carrier–carrier Coulomb interaction [7], (b) by the lack of restrictions imposed by the conservation of momentum [8

Nanoporous Ge thin film production combining Ge sputtering and dopant implantation

• Jacques Perrin Toinin,
• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Michaël Texier,
• Maxime Bertoglio,
• Sandrine Bernardini,
• Marco Abbarchi and
• Lee Chow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 336–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.32

• making the material quasi-direct through the process of Brillouin zone folding [3]. For example, non-phonon processes were shown to dominate in the case of porous Si under strong confinement potential [4][5][6]. In addition, Q-effects in porous semiconductors can be interesting for photovoltaic

Synthesis, characterization, monolayer assembly and 2D lanthanide coordination of a linear terphenyl-di(propiolonitrile) linker on Ag(111)

• Zhi Chen,
• Svetlana Klyatskaya,
• José I. Urgel,
• David Écija,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Willi Auwärter,
• Johannes V. Barth and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 327–335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.31

• "-di(propiolonitrile) (2) linker, whereby the latter has been synthesized and characterized herein (Figure 1). A class of terphenyl-4,4"-dicarbonitrile derivatives, NC–Ph3–CN, was intensively studied as a linker in molecular and metal coordination assemblies under 2D confinement [20][22][24][43]. With

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• indices (n,m). In single-walled carbon nanotubes, quantum confinement of the electronic wave function around the circumference of the tube results in one third of the tubes being metallic (when n − m = 3 × integer), while the remaining two thirds are semiconducting with band gaps proportional to their

Exploring plasmonic coupling in hole-cap arrays

• Thomas M. Schmidt,
• Maj Frederiksen,
• Vladimir Bochenkov and
• Duncan S. Sutherland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.1

• results from the large structural asymmetry between the cap and the BW-SPP. The field distributions, particularly for the two anti-symmetric modes (peak at 803 nm and dip at 1045 nm) show a strong field confinement between the cap and the hole with field enhancement up to 25 and 29. Figure 8 shows the

Bright photoluminescence from ordered arrays of SiGe nanowires grown on Si(111)

• D. J. Lockwood,
• N. L. Rowell,
• A. Benkouider,
• A. Ronda,
• L. Favre and
• I. Berbezier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2498–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.259

• = 0.14. Both of these concentrations values, as determined from PL, are in agreement with the target value. The NWs are too large in diameter for a quantum confinement induced energy shift in the band gap. Nevertheless, NW PL is readily observed, indicating that efficient carrier recombination is

• ) quantum confinement in conjunction with their associated optical properties [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, in order to fully implement these new properties, strict control is needed over the NW location, uniformity, composition, and size. By exploiting such band gap engineering, directly allowed transitions

• volume of 0.006 µm3) and thus the carriers have to be recombining efficiently within the wires to produce this light emission at the SiGe-alloy band gap energy. We know from earlier studies of SiGe etched wires [32] and dots [33] that just the spatial confinement of carriers is sufficient to produce the

Si/Ge intermixing during Ge Stranski–Krastanov growth

• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Antoine Ronda,
• Dominique Mangelinck and
• Isabelle Berbezier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.246

• important to stress that the Ge dot composition can have a significant impact on Ge-dot-based device properties, such as electron confinement and optical properties, for example. Consequently, the measurement of the Ge island composition versus growth conditions is of great interest for: (1) understanding

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• by using the successive ion layer adhesion and reaction (SILAR) technique (Figure 2b). Upon the gradual change of the composition in radial direction, a bathochromic shift of the photoluminescence-band was observed due to the reduced confinement (Figure 2a). This goes along with the enhanced quantum

Characterization of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers and their use in metal–insulator–metal tunnel devices

• Saumya Sharma,
• Mohamad Khawaja,
• Manoj K. Ram,
• D. Yogi Goswami and
• Elias Stefanakos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2240–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.233

• surface area by 2.5 cm2 (making it 15% more compact), which is close to the maximum confinement before the breaking point. Infrared spectrum of a 20 monolayer PDA sample with and without UV exposure. The inset shows a magnified view of the C=C bending vibrations around 650–750 cm−1. Cyclic voltammetry

Biopolymer colloids for controlling and templating inorganic synthesis

• Laura C. Preiss,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2129–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.222

• gold salts. Like other gel biopolymer templates, gelatin has also been used in silicate sol–gel processes [72][85][86]. Ethirajan et al. [87] used the confinement provided by gelatin particles prepared through a miniemulsion to template the crystallization of hydroxyapatite (Figure 7). A further

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• carboxylate functional groups, together with the defective nature of the CNOs, also led to the observed fluorescence emission in the visible and NIR, which was imposed by spontaneous surface passivation and quantum confinement and allowed for multicolor biological imaging. The specimens were fed with

The impact of the confinement of reactants on the metal distribution in bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized in reverse micelles

• Concha Tojo,
• Elena González and
• Nuria Vila-Romeu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1966–1979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.206

• affected by an increase in reactant quantity than the Au rate. This implies that the influence of metal amount on the actual metal production rates is different in Au than in Pt. To gain more insight into how confinement influences chemical reactivity, the reaction rate of each metal was calculated from

• confinement will strongly affect the Pt reduction rate. This is because while there is enough reactant inside a micelle, the Pt reduction proceeds without depending on a new intermicellar exchange. This results in an increase of the Pt reduction rate due to the cage-like effect. This cage-like effect does not

• rate obtained from simulation data. Our assumption is that the large difference between both curves is due to the cage-like effect. The resulting gap is larger as concentration is higher, as is expected. Summarizing, reactant confinement affects slow and fast reducting metals in different ways. The

Silicon and germanium nanocrystals: properties and characterization

• Ivana Capan,
• Alexandra Carvalho and
• José Coutinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1787–1794, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.189

• comparable to traditional photovoltaic semiconductors, has been demonstrated [3]. Different approaches have been made to achieve light emission from group-IV semiconductor nanostructures despite the indirect nature of the energy gaps. The quantum confinement of carriers has led to efficient luminescence and

• gap of small Si QD by more than 100% with respect to bulk Si. Within a "particle-in-a-box" description, the effect was simply cast as a power law Egap = Ebulk + α/Rn [9], where R is the particle size, α is a confinement factor and n is usually 1 < n < 2, depending mostly on the surface termination and

• as 2 nm, the spatially averaged electronic screening within the core is virtually identical to that in bulk, decreasing to the vacuum value close to the polarized surface [16]. Confinement due to underscreening is essentially a surface/interface effect that manifests itself when the surface-to-volume

An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• organic matrices. Inorganic materials with unique properties such as an enhanced absorption with varied particle sizes due to quantum confinement effect, relatively high electron mobility, high surface area and good thermal stability can provide an alternative path for the development of organic

Sublattice asymmetry of impurity doping in graphene: A review

• James A. Lawlor and
• Mauro S. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1210–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.133

• , rendering it useless as a logic device [5][6][7]. The most natural way to approach this issue is therefore to introduce a sizeable band gap and hence allowing more control over the current flow. Although several methods exist to induce a band gap, for example 1D quantum confinement by construction of

Functionalized nanostructures for enhanced photocatalytic performance under solar light

• Liejin Guo,
• Dengwei Jing,
• Maochang Liu,
• Yubin Chen,
• Shaohua Shen,
• Jinwen Shi and
• Kai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 994–1004, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.113

• confinement effect is considered to be crucial. As the recombination of photogenerated charges within TiO2 could be neglected, the rate-determining step for photocatalytic reaction is the electron transfer from TiO2 to H+ in the solution. Therefore, deposition of Pt as cocatalyst is indispensable for an

• high crystallinity, high surface area and unique microstructure [63]. As the crystal size of the semiconductor is close to the exciton Bohr radius, its bandgap can be enlarged with a reduced crystal size due to the quantum confinement effect. Therefore, we have synthesized Co3O4 quantum dots (3–4 nm

Optimizing the synthesis of CdS/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals for bioimaging applications

• Li-wei Liu,
• Si-yi Hu,
• Ying Pan,
• Jia-qi Zhang,
• Yue-shu Feng and
• Xi-he Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.105

• redshift of about 45–55 nm for CdS/ZnS QDs. This is due to the quantum confinement. CdS/ZnS QDs were further characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), as shown in Figure 3. The spectra exhibit the composition of the CdS/ZnS QDs and indicating Cd, S, and Zn as components of the CdS/ZnS