An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• surface. Fabrication of two-dimensional arrays of in-plane microneedles is very difficult, but it is easier to integrate in-plane microneedles with micropumps, sensors, microfluid chips, and electronic circuitry. On the other hand, it is significantly more convenient to fabricate arrays of out-of-plane

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• a promising absorption material for photovoltaic applications [2][3][4]. Furthermore, the material is also suitable for various electronic and optoelectronic applications, such as energy storage [5] or optical data storage [6]. Sb2S3 appears in two forms: an orange, amorphous form and a grayish

• deposition [13] methods. Up to now, the syntheses of Sb2S3 nanomaterials lack sufficient control of the growth conditions. The result are nanoparticles of which the size, shape, and crystallinity can only be tuned to a limited extent. However, for several applications, such as electronic circuits [14], it is

• ][40][41], while others proposed an indirect transition [42][43][44][45]. However, amorphous materials exhibit neither an indirect nor a direct transition as these materials are highly disordered and do not have a band structure based on the Bloch theorem. Nevertheless, the electronic states in

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• storage systems is essential for sustainable development [1][2]. Not only would it allow for a longer operation range of electronic devices such as mobile consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage systems. It would also reduce fossil fuel reliance and greenhouse gas emissions

• 10 A·g−1) [49]. Metallic and metal oxide compounds have also attracted much interest due to their electronic conductivity and their high polarity, which leads to strong chemical interaction with polysulfides. For instance, Yan et al. [50] reported an electrode with an excellent performance that is

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• Adem Kocyigit Adem Sarilmaz Teoman Ozturk Faruk Ozel Murat Yildirim Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, 76000 Igdir, Turkey Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational High School, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey

• great attention due their unique electronic, magnetic, optical, and gas sensing properties. Spinel compounds can be employed in data storage applications, lithium-ion batteries, gas sensors, and medical diagnostics [1][2]. Spinels have a cubic crystal structure with the general chemical formula AB2X4

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• interaction types is illustrated in Figure 1. The ions, irrespective of the ion species, interact with the sample atoms via nuclear and electronic interactions. The electronic interactions lead to secondary electron emission and polymerization while the nuclear interactions lead to sputtering, sample atom

• angles lies in the statistics of the ion–solid interactions and determines the application space for ion species. Higher energy (25–30 keV) He ions predominantly interact via electronic interactions while Ga ions of the same energy predominantly interact via nuclear interactions, making the latter an

• ideal candidate for sputtering applications. Neon interacts almost equally via electronic and nuclear interactions at those energies and allows for fast material removal per incident ion. As an inert ion species, neon has been proven advantageous for processing semiconducting materials in which Ga

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• their structural and electronic properties [1][2][3][4][5][6]. An important aspect to unravel their potential use in electronic and optoelectronic devices is how their functionality can be preserved when adsorbed on surfaces. Unfortunately, the (strong) interaction of the molecules with the metallic

• surface, for example, due to hybridization of molecular states with electronic bands from the metallic substrate, often alters the electronic properties of the molecules and, moreover, can even turn off their sought-after functionality. As a result of the (strong) interaction, the molecular scaffolds can

• also become distorted, electronic states may be significantly broadened and shifted, and vibronic states may even be quenched. Decoupling strategies offer unique opportunities to reduce these (strong) interactions. In the following, recent progress to decouple both single molecules and molecular

In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• Olena M. Kapran Roman Morari Taras Golod Evgenii A. Borodianskyi Vladimir Boian Andrei Prepelita Nikolay Klenov Anatoli S. Sidorenko Vladimir M. Krasnov Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden Institute of Electronic Engineering and

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• introduces new states in the electronic structure of the metal–adsorbate complex leading to an increase in the Raman scattering cross section of the analyte [17]. Consequently, the CE mechanism should be accompanied by a change of spectral properties of the analyte, which was not observed in this study. Thus

• modification (Figure 5, number 2). This result proves a sufficient charge reduction due to the introduction of the weakly basic amine groups to the Ag surface. The presence of a SERS signal for both analytes can be explained by additional donor–acceptor interactions between the Cu atom and electronic pairs of

• chloride, sodium citrate, and other reagents, if not mentioned otherwise, were purchased from Merck and used without additional purification. Instrumentation and Software Absorption and extinction spectra of the samples were measured using PB 2201 spectrometers (SOLAR, Belarus). Scanning electronic

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• using that association to categorize, identify, and isolate subsets of the data. Scanning probe microscopy measures multimodal surface properties, combining morphology with electronic, mechanical, and other characteristics. In this review, we focus on a subset of deep learning algorithms, that is

Reducing molecular simulation time for AFM images based on super-resolution methods

• Zhipeng Dou,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Rui Lin,
• Jianhai Wang,
• Peng Cheng and
• Zeyu Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 775–785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.61

• . For more complex sample structures and potentials, especially electronic structures, may take more time. In quasi-static simulations, we could find that the tip shapes have a great influence on the results and are convolved into the energy maps. Different simulation conditions would also affect the

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• in future research. Miskin et al. [33] researched a new type of electrochemical actuator, which is compatible with existing silicon electronic devices, has a controllable voltage, and can wake up a robot to move. For a long time, the lack of micro/nanoscale actuators has limited the development of

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• Micro- and nanorobots (MNRs) present challenges and prospects in the field of nanotechnology. MNRs have been a major direction of technological development and will be widely used in many fields such as biomedicine, electronic technology and sensing, and environmental remediation [1][2][3][4]. Therefore

• MNRs in biomedicine, electronic technology, and other fields. In the near future, the technology of magnetic MNRs will be more advanced and the scope of application will be further expanded. Working principle of MaBiDZ. Magnetic bead (MaB1)-bound DZa forms a catalytic core with DZb in the presence of

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• variation arises only from the structure. Further details on addition energy are given in section S1.2 of Supporting Information File 1. We now discuss the electronic properties of Co and Ru clusters adsorbed on MoS2. From the computed Bader charges, a metallic Co atom has 9.0 valence electrons, while a Co

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• Yicheng Shao Maoliang Shen Yuankai Zhou Xin Cui Lijie Li Yan Zhang School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi

• energy supplies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were used as electronic skin for pressure detection and material identification [50][51]. Pressure sensors based on piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) were used to detect tiny pressure deviations from water droplets [52][53], wind flow [53][54][55

• -powered sensors in data-driven intelligent systems are proposed. Review Human physiological data collection based on self-powered sensors Self-powered wearable sensors and electronic skin Self-powered wearable sensors to collect human motion data can provide a data set for medical diagnosis and

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• material are all dials to turn. The properties engineered span electronic, magnetic, optical, chemical, and thermal properties. In the case of 2D and thin-film materials supported on a substrate, defects induced by backscattered ions and sputtered atoms also need to be considered. A recent computational

• analysis of these substrate effects can be found in [18]. Electrical and electronic properties The majority of defect engineering studies using the HIM have focused on tuning electrical conductivity. First work in this area concentrated on graphene, seeking to locally modulate its 2D electronic structure

• ]. In addition, density functional theory has been used to model the effect of ion-induced defects on the electronic band structure of various 2D transition metal dichalcogenides [26][30][36], and band-excitation Kelvin probe microscopy has been used to probe the resulting changes in the local work

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• Conjugated polymers (CPs) as photocatalysts have evoked substantial interest. Their geometries and physical (e.g., chemical and thermal stability and solubility), optical (e.g., light absorption range), and electronic properties (e.g., charge carrier mobility, redox potential, and exciton binding energy) can

• tunable bandgaps, high charge carrier mobility, and efficient intramolecular charge transfer. In this minireview, recent advances of D–A polymers in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution are summarized with a particular focus on modulating the optical and electronic properties of CPs by varying the acceptor

• ), optical (e.g., light absorption range), and electronic properties (e.g., charge carrier mobility, redox potential and exciton binding energy) can be easily tuned via structural design. In addition, they are of light weight (i.e., mainly composed of C, N, O, and S) [8][9][10]. In 1985, the first CP-based

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• for aluminum-doped zinc oxide). Experimental GaAs surface treatment We used lightly Zn-doped GaAs single-crystal (100) wafer (p = 6.8 × 1016 cm−3, ρ = 3.2 × 10−1 Ω·cm, μ ≤ 225 cm2/Vs, d = 400 μm) (fabricated at the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, ITME) as the substrate. Before starting

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• morphology substantially modify graphene properties. A novel approach of graphene-based nanostructures are van der Waals heterostructures in which graphene is transferred onto another material with a different morphology and electronic properties [5]. However, in those kinds of structures several aspects

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland II. Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.46 Abstract Combined scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopy using a qPlus sensor enables the measurement of electronic and mechanic properties of two-dimensional

• for atomic and molecular adsorbates owing to its local electronic trapping potential due to the in-plane electric field. We obtain work function (Φ) variations on the h-BN/Cu(111) superstructure of the order of 100 meV using two independent methods, namely the shift of field emission resonances and

• the contact potential difference measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Using 3D force profiles of the same area we determine the relative stiffness of the Moiré region allowing us to analyse both electronic and mechanical properties of the 2D layer simultaneously. We obtain a sheet stiffness of

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• portable electronic devices [6][7]. The power supply is an important part of modern electronic equipment. A traditional battery has the disadvantages of short work life and heavy pollution. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to find a green and sustainable power supply for microelectronic devices

• [40]. It is attractive that, in addition to providing power for electronic devices, TENGs can also be used as self-powered sensors for pressure, vibration, speed, chemicals, and body motion. Regarding leaks in gas pipelines or harmful gases in underground coal mines, it is necessary to detect the

• that of the right-angled side. It can be concluded that the rectangular TENG is economical and can achieve good electronic output. We considered designing a TENG-based gas sensor that could be used to detect different gases under real-life conditions. When, in contact separation mode, two triboelectric

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• at interfaces; strontium titanate; transition metal phthalocyanines; Introduction Interfaces between organic semiconductors and oxides are of increasing fundamental interest. Such interfaces determine key properties of a broad variety of electronic devices. Common examples are dye-sensitized solar

• general chemical structure of the chosen molecules is shown in Figure 1c. The electronic properties of transition metal phthalocyanines (TMPcs) can be widely chemically modified at both the central metal atom and the macrocycle. This chemical tunability allows for a broad variation of electronic

• effect has been observed [50]. It might be expected that the breaking of C–F bonds will significantly affect electronic interface properties. The bond breaking might be supported by the higher electronegativity difference between Ti or Sr and fluorine compared to C–F and the typically high Ti–F and Sr–F

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• semiconductor polymer, as a metal-free and visible-light-responsive photocatalyst, has attracted dramatically growing attention in the field of visible-light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It is characterized by facile synthesis, easy functionalization, attractive electronic band structure, and

• obtaining a highly efficient HER under visible light conditions [28][29]. One of the most effective methods to modify the electronic structure and improve photocatalytic properties, among so many options, seems to be non-metallic doping [30][31][32][33]. For instance, Ma et al. found that the doping of PCN

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• }, {100}, and possibly {110} exposed facets in AgNPs are different not only in the densities of the surface atoms, but also in their electronic structure, bonding, and chemical reactivity [34][35][36]. Figure 2 depicts these surfaces (facets) more clearly. Agnihotri et al. studied the bactericidal

• complementary way, the size, distribution, shape heterogeneity, morphology, dispersion, and aggregation can be directly evaluated via TEM in which the high spatial resolution facilitates the investigation of the electronic structure and chemical composition [156]. However, the disadvantages other than the

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• topological insulator Bi2Se3 can be used, for example, for the fabrication of 2D layered heterostructures with graphene. Thus, systems can be created to study the unusual interaction of Dirac fermions, opening up new possibilities for novel electronic and spintronic devices [5]. Another famous 2D insulator is

• computational suite [54][55]. The plane-wave expansion of the electronic wave function (charge density) was truncated using a 30 Ry (240 Ry) cutoff for the kinetic energy, as the pseudopotentials employed in this work were ultrasoft. We added a Gaussian smearing of 0.002 Rydberg to better describe the

• occupation of the electronic states of the metal around the Fermi energy. A 12 × 12 × 12 K-point grid was used to sample the Brillouin zone of the iridium bulk and the K-point grid was proportionally resized for all the following calculations. We chose not to add any dispersion correction, consistently with

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• from the current collector. Besides that, the Co3O4 electrode material suffers from low ionic and electronic conductivity, which influences its relatively slow charge/discharge rate [2][4]. In order to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks, some strategies have been proposed. One of them is related to

• frequently observed for pure and unmodified Co3O4 electrodes tested at current densities above 200 mA·g−1 [4][24][27]. It can be related to low ionic and electronic conductivity, which influences the charge/discharge at high current densities [2][4]. Interestingly, the cyclability test performed at 100 mA·g