Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• by such features as a flux creep and the change in the IVC curvature associated with the crossover from the flux flow to Josephson junction behavior [44]. That is why, as it will be shown below, in the region of low temperatures, the agreement between the experiment and the numerical calculation is

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• was conducted at 200 °C. The second kind of dielectric layer was TiO2. It was prepared by radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering using an Omicron Nanotechnology four targets sputter system. A Ti target (99.9%) was sputtered in an argon–oxygen atmosphere (Ar/O2 flow ratio: 5 sccm:30 sccm

• about 50 min in argon–oxygen atmosphere (Ar/O2 flow ratio: 5 sccm:30 sccm) at a power of 40 W. This resulted in deposited films with a thickness of ca. 300 nm (deposition rate ca. 0.1 Å/s). The deposition process of TeO2:Eu films was described in our previous work [27]. The preparation of all TiO2, TeO2

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• effective slip length. Finally, potential applications of nanofluidics with a tunable slip length are discussed and future directions related to slip boundary conditions for nanoscale flow systems are addressed. Keywords: boundary condition; interfacial properties; nanofluidics; slip length; unconventional

• addition, as downsizing can result in an increased surface-to-volume ratio, the solid–liquid interfacial properties, such as wettability and surface roughness, become key factors in the determination of liquid properties near the interface of nanosized systems, and may dramatically affect the slip flow

• the no-slip boundary condition is no longer valid. The slip length, a quantity that reflects the amount of slip at a given surface, can reach orders of magnitude of many microns [13]. The impetus to investigate flow boundary conditions, which are valid in nanoscale fluidic systems, lies in the

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• gradient or a thermal gradient. The diffusivity and dynamic viscosity affect the way in which mass is transported on the substrate. These gradients cause a circulatory flow of fluid, influence the mass transport, and eventually result in differently patterned fractal structures. The effects are

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• devices. Another important TE parameter is the electrical conductivity, which is shown in Figure 9b for the cubic π-SnSe alloy as a function of temperature. The electrical conductivity parameter describes the flow of charge carriers from high- to low-temperature regions. We found that the electrical

• conductivity value of the π-SnSe alloy is 4.63 × 1018 Ω−1·m−1·s−1 at 1000 K. In solids, the total thermal conductivity (κtot) originates due to holes/electrons drifting throughout the crystals along with phonons and heat flow. It is the combination of the electronic part of the thermal conductivity (κe) and

Criteria ruling particle agglomeration

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1093–1100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.81

• leads to the conclusion that in these cases, the criterion of maximal entropy is not applicable for the description of the agglomeration of particles. Flow chart of the algorithm to calculate the agglomeration of an ensemble in the direction of a maximum entropy. Plot of the distribution function after

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• in a study which integrated hollow silicon microneedles with a reservoir unit, a piezoelectric actuator system, and a flow sensor for real-time measurements of fluid dynamics [46]. In other research, much smaller microneedles – just 8 μm in height and 1 μm in diameter – were fabricated by DRIE for

• or height, and shaft and tip shape. Other parameters including fluid flow rates, biocompatibility, penetration force, fragility, relative simplicity, and cost of fabrication are all key design considerations. The final design will depend on the limitations of the fabrication method and the mechanical

• (small wrinkles) and hair, while the passage of cells through hollow microneedles depends on their internal lumen diameter, which must be large enough to ensure the flow of microscopic entities, including larger objects such as white blood cells (leukocytes), which are tens of microns in diameter. Other

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• regarding the development of more efficient metal–semiconductor devices such as photodiodes, photodetectors, and transistors [14][15][16]. The interfacial layer controls the current flow between metal and semiconductor and produces charge carriers under illumination [17][18]. Thiospinel CuNiCoS4

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• 0.9 М H2O2 for 30 min at room temperature. Characterization of the morphology of the AAO templates and NEAs was carried out using scanning electron microscopes (SEM) Carl Zeiss NVision 40 and Leo Supra 50VP. The flow chart of the NEA preparation: (a) deposition of Cu current collector and subsequent

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• amounts of deposited mass. This phenomenon known as “coffee ring effect” is caused by capillary flow of the solvent from the middle of the droplet towards its three-phase (solid–liquid–air) contact line. During evaporation, the molecules are aggregated on the outer edge of the droplet where evaporation is

In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• into the polydomain state, which gradually turns into the opposite parallel state. The polydomain state is manifested by a profound enhancement of resistance caused by a flux-flow phenomenon, triggered by domain stray fields. The scissor state represents the noncollinear magnetic state in which the

• states in micro- or nanoscale S/F devices are established. The situation is complicated by a variety of coexisting phenomena: (i) Both singlet and triplet currents with short- and long-range components can flow through S/F heterostructures [12]. Therefore, even a long-range supercurrent cannot be

• state, and polydomain states. We observe that the domain state is manifested by a profound enhancement of resistance. Analysis of the Hall effect reveals that those maxima are associated with the flux-flow phenomenon, caused by motion of Abrikosov vortices induced by domain stray fields. From a device

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• provided evidence that during the expansion phase of MB-triggered cavitation there is a net influx of gas into the MB. The bubbles expand until they reach their resonant size with low amplitude oscillations in a linear direction. These stable oscillations result in the creation of a liquid flow surrounding

• 2 MDa FITC-dextrans loaded into MBs as model drugs using flow cytometry and FACSCaliburTM (Flow cytometer). They blocked the endocytic pathway and interestingly found two different cell subpopulations after US exposure which had either low or high uptake of FITC-dextran. They found that the “low

• continuous sonication is applied in which a continuous flow of both the inner gas and the shell precursor material are simultaneously sonicated in a uniform tank [156]. Microfluidic systems have recently been used as a method for MB production based on an interface between a liquid flow and a gas flow. T

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• , respectively. After staining, the presence of oil vacuoles confirmed the adipogenic differentiation (Figure 1C). Also, the redness of the nodules indicated the presence of mineralized compartments as a result of the osteogenic confirmation (Figure 1D). Phenotypical characterization of BM-MSCs Flow cytometry

• 10% FBS. The cells were cultured in an incubator until the cells reached 70–80% confluence. Characterization of MSCs Flow cytometry as well as multilineage differentiation were used for the confirmation of BM-MSCs as reported earlier by Fathi and Vietor [42]. For this purpose, 1 × 105 BM-MSCs were

• analyzed using Graph Pad Prism version 6.01. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's tests was used to determine any significant differences among the groups. Quantitative real-time PCR and flow-cytometry were analyzed using REST 2009 and FlowJo software, respectively. Statistical significance was

Reducing molecular simulation time for AFM images based on super-resolution methods

• Zhipeng Dou,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Rui Lin,
• Jianhai Wang,
• Peng Cheng and
• Zeyu Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 775–785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.61

• simulated image [35]. Filters of spatial sizes of 9 × 9, 5 × 5, and 5 × 5 were used. The flow chart of the proposed SRCNN reconstruction method is shown in Figure 4. First, we use molecular dynamics simulation to obtain energy maps of the tip–sample interaction with low-resolution. Different from the full

• to reconstruct the complete image. The flow chart of the proposed SRCNN reconstruction method. First, the low-resolution simulated image is obtained, then the SRCNN method is used to reconstruct the high-resolution image. The SRCNN consists of three layers to implement feature extraction, non-linear

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• density into a translational motion. The acoustic movement of the Janus microstructure is based on the selection of materials with different densities and shapes. Experiments show that density asymmetry causes uneven oscillations and generates a flow at the boundary. Geometric asymmetry enhances the flow

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• of the pad since the fluid is able to flow through the gaps between the rods when the pad deforms [129][131]. The fluid, which is released from the smooth pad or from the insect hairy pads into the contact area, may have several functions (Figure 9). It can enhance the contact initialisation due to

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• . The electron wind force, which arises during the transmission of the momentum by the conduction electrons, pushes the ions in the direction of the electron flow. As a result, the diffusion processes in the material become anisotropic and directed. This results in the exchange of atoms and the

• neighboring vacancies in the direction of electron flow leading to an accumulation of atoms at the anode and vacancies at the cathode [1][2]. Current trends in computer technology, namely, reducing the size of integrated circuits, increasing their power, and increasing the density of elements, have led to an

• concentration field on the first growing layer is given by the equation of the reaction–diffusion type in the following form: where R(x) is responsible for the reaction component, describing quasichemical reactions (birth–death processes), J is the surface flow of the adsorbate on the substrate associated with

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• energy supplies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were used as electronic skin for pressure detection and material identification [50][51]. Pressure sensors based on piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) were used to detect tiny pressure deviations from water droplets [52][53], wind flow [53][54][55

• generates electrical impulses when exposed to gas flow or pressure [91]. The material of the electronic skin can react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air, such as ethanol, as shown in Figure 2h. In addition to detecting whether the air contains VOCs, the output open-circuit voltage of the

• ) converts the energy of blood flow into electrical energy in the heart, which is used to detect changes in EP in real time [29]. The SEPS was implanted in the left atrium of a Yorkshire pig. Figure 3c shows the output voltages during cardiac contraction and relaxation. The changes in the output voltage

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• selective helium ion irradiation has since been used to manipulate heat flow in suspended crystalline silicon membranes, patterning concentric circles at variable dose to demonstrate a microscale thermal cloak [35] (Figure 2h). In a subsequent study by Jin et al., dose-controlled localized helium ion

• the beam energy and current, the growth of single-crystal nanowires was also shown. This is reminiscent of nanowire growth by the vapor–solid–liquid mechanism, except here the process was performed at room temperature and without the flow of a gaseous precursor. In the HIM case it was proposed that

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• nanoceria material [33]. Nanoceria dissolution was determined using two methods, a continuous flow system (CFS) and a dialysis system. The influence of immobilized phosphate on the nanoceria dissolution rate was determined by addition of two phosphate-containing resins to the dialysis system. The influence

• above. The primary particle diameter was estimated from 100 particles. Nanoceria dissolution The continuous flow system has been described [36][37]. It consists of phagolysosomal simulant fluid (Aleks Stefaniak’s PSF medium at pH 4.5 [38]), the flow-through cell, a flow regulating pump, and an

• autosampler. In the PSF reservoir, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filters prevent clogging of the ultrafiltration membrane in the flow cell. For the standard conditions, 1 mg of ENM was placed on a 5,000 MWCO, 47 mm cellulose triacetate membrane (Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• charge flow of a TENG is shown in Figure 1. When the two triboelectric materials contact each other, different charges are generated on the surface. When they are separated, the induced electrons of the upper surface electrode will flow to the lower surface electrode, forming a current flow. When the two

• triboelectric materials approach, the electrons of the electrode on the lower surface will flow back to the electrode on the upper surface, forming a downward current until the two triboelectric materials contact each other. A simplified model of a two-dimensional TENG was set up in COMSOL (Figure 2). Two

• work is helpful for the development of self-powered TENG-bases gas sensors. Charge flow in a triboelectric nanogenerator. Two-dimensional model of a contact separation TENG. Simulation diagram for (a) ds = 1 mm and (b) ds = 0.1 mm. (c) Potential difference between the outer surfaces of the upper and

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• term "plasmon" was introduced by Pines and Bohm (1952) and it means, in a very brief way, that electrons move as a group inside of a metal. Together, the electrons alternately flow back and forth while being attracted to the positive ions, which make up the crystal structure, and are repelled when they

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• that include, but are not limited to, turbulent flow, heat and mass transfer, dendritic formation, and biological growth [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. According to this law: “For a flow system to persist in time (to live), it must evolve in such a way that it provides easier access to the imposed

• (global) currents that flow through it” [1]. The main distinction between the classical laws of thermodynamics and constructal law is the former only describes the final equilibrium state of the system while the latter describes how and through what pathway(s) the system naturally progresses to achieve

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• layer of silicone rubber and the middle layer of SCGMs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image (Figure 1b) and the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurement (Figure 1c) show that the SCGMs are evenly dispersed across the silicone rubber. Figure 1d presents the flow chart for the

• frictional layer and silicon rubber are separating (Figure 2a-III), the negative charges on the silicone rubber surface drive the electrons of the SCGMs to flow to ground, generating a reverse triboelectric potential. When frictional layer and silicone rubber are entirely separated, the electrostatic

• devices. (a) The structural design of the single-electrode mode TENG. (b) SEM and (c) EDS measurements of the SCGM surface. (d) Flow chart for the fabrication process of the S-TENG. (e) Photographs of the S-TENG (original, stretched, twisted and rolled). (a) Schematic of the working principle of the S

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• hematopoiesis. The blood flow is supported by the nutrient arteries, which supply the marrow with nutrients, the periosteal artery, arterioles, and the capillary circulation, which forms a sinusoidal network of vessels comprising a single endothelial cell layer lacking supporting cells. The barrier between the