A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• inorganic compound is suspended in a liquid polyol and the suspension is stirred and heated to a certain temperature, which can approach the boiling point of the polyol [140]. The versatility that the polyols offer in the obtainment of AgNPs with different shapes and sizes makes this method interesting for

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• chemotherapeutic protocols. Keywords: CD44; EGFR; liquid tumors; molecular tumor targeting; myeloid leukemia; solid tumors; surface-engineered nanoparticles; Introduction The conventional chemotherapy regimens of both liquid (hematological) and solid tumors are challenged by their lack of targeting ability

• of individualized tumor signatures for a personalized therapy against cancers. The greatest interest regarding the development of targeted nanoscale drug delivery systems is related to solid tumors. However, liquid tumor targeting can greatly benefit from the application of nanomedicines during

• therapy. Unlike solid tumors, which necessitate nanoscale drug delivery system (NDDSs) to reach a specific site of action, liquid tumors are mainly spread throughout the blood circulation. In fact, the barriers that apply to the NDDSs for solid tumor targeting usually do not exist in the case of liquid

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• obtained via chemical methods [28][29] or via vapor–solid–liquid (VLS) and, less frequently, vapor–solid–solid (VSS) mechanisms. A metallic droplet (liquid or solid) acts as a catalyst, in chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or as a seed, in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), for the NW growth [7][30][31]. By

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• achieved [47]. Thermally reduced graphene oxide was tested before with different metals in ionic liquids [48][49]. The decoration of nanoparticles on rGO can be achieved in situ or by mixing previously prepared solutions [50]. Here, we chose the ionic liquid [BMIm][NTf2] for an in situ microwave

• molecular sieves in a nitrogen atmosphere. Final water contents measured by coulometric Karl Fischer titration (ECH/ANALYTIK JENA AQUA 40.00) did not exceed 10 ppm. Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (Ni(COD)2) was purchased from ABCR, stored at −4 °C and used without further purification. The ionic liquid

• was dried at 100 °C using a turbo molecular pump at 5 × 10−7 mbar for several days. Preparation of Ni@rGO in ionic liquid Nickel nanoparticles on rGO (Ni@rGO) were prepared in septum-sealed 10 mL microwave vessels (CEM GmbH, Germany) in a CEM Discover microwave under argon atmosphere. Ni(COD)2 (49.2

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• . 10 Hz m approaches a value around 4/3, which has been associated to the physical effect of hydrodynamic bending of the membrane [60]. As reference we used glass substrates and fixed osteoblasts, which exhibited m values of 2 in accordance with viscous stress of the liquid [59]. Subtle deviations from

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• > 99%) was performed from a Knudsen cell manufactured by Kentax. During evaporation the crucible temperature was kept at 330 °C. All STM/STS experiments were performed at liquid helium temperature (ca. 4.5 K) with electrochemically etched Pt–Ir tips used as probes. FePc molecules were evaporated at

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• , theory-supported STM measurements at liquid nitrogen temperatures have been selected as an ideal characterization technique. This is due to the fact that it not only allows high-resolution imaging on the nanoscale, but the STM tip may also act as a charge-injecting or depleting electrode for the

• with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope from Createc, an MCP LEED-Auger electronics from OCI, an IQE 11 sputter gun from Specs, for sample cleaning, and several evaporation sources from Createc. The STM measurements were performed in constant-current mode at liquid nitrogen temperature

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• generally stored in energy storage devices first. This can be performed by using a bridge rectifier and different types of capacitors. The charged capacitor is then used to power the target electronic devices, such as segmented LED display, liquid crystal display (LCD), and electroluminescence (EL) display

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• devices [94], organic light emitting diodes (OLED) [95], transparent conductive electrodes [96][97], artificial skin [98], liquid crystal display (LCD) [99][100], and smart windows [101][102]. AgNWs can be embedded in flexible touch-screen substrates and electronic displays to provide an enhanced decrease

• rate, and narrow size distribution can be achieved by this method [108]. The process uses a laser beam at high energy to ablate pure Ag from which the separated AgNPs, either in liquid or vapor form, are attained and confined in the surrounding ambient [109]. The formation of nanoparticles by laser

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• short tip that can be considered as a rigid body vertically attached to the tuning fork prong. However, soft biological samples, such as living cells and lipid membranes [13][14][15], must be immersed in a liquid environment to maintain their original properties. In order to avoid immersion of the

• tuning fork and the wiring in the liquid, a longer tip is required. By keeping the nodes of the tip in the higher-order modes close to the liquid surface, the frequency drift of the sensor can be effectively limited, maintaining a high Q factor [16][17]. By using a qPlus sensor with a long tip, atomic

• resolution and near-field optical images were obtained in liquid environments [15][18][19]. For some applications, it is required that the tip is not perpendicular to the prong of the tuning fork [20][21]. The advantage of a qPlus sensor with a long tilted tip (Figure 1) is that forces in multiple directions

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• of liquid nitrogen. In our model, the inert gas flow rate was set by the rate of thermal energy removal. However, since this effect is well enough understood, it was not considered in the present work and the simulation was conducted with only one cooling rate. Therefore, the main objective of the

• , when laser deposition was used, the nanoparticles found in [3] exhibited the FCC structure. In this case, during the deposition, the substrate was bombarded with liquid droplets of a Cu3Au nanoalloy. Once at the substrate, they spread out and acquired a round shape. As a result, after crystallization

• shape corresponding to a minimum of surface energy. Therefore, we can conclude that the Cu3Au clusters precisely hit the substrate in the liquid state through collision, which corroborates the HRTEM image of a flat 2D nanoparticle [3]. Since particles with a maximum size of 5.5 nm (approx. 7000 atoms

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• in a liquid electrolyte. Here, an electrical device design is not necessarily required and the results are relatively straightforward. In contrast, in the two- or four-point methods, a device, such as a supercapacitor or a battery, is produced and the electrode is tested in interaction with second

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• thin layers of insulators may allow for electron transport across these layers if tunnelling occurs. It will be shown in the next sections that, for the thinnest deposited layers, this process is responsible for electrical currents passing across bulk solid/Al2O3/liquid interfaces. A special feature of

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• resolution using electron and ion microscopy techniques. Depending on the sample under investigation, biological samples prepared for HIM might include structures such as bacterial cells, biofilms, exopolymeric substances (EPS), or minerals. The high vacuum applied in HIM means that any liquid remaining in a

• sample is subject to surface tension, which can lead to damage of the specimen during imaging. To overcome this issue, researchers typically focus on removing any liquid water from a sample whilst, at the same time, maintaining the cellular integrity. This is usually achieved by chemical fixation

• gaseous state. Through this process the sample is dried without ever crossing the liquid–gaseous boundary and, thus, avoiding surface tension, which is so damaging to the sample. The operating procedures for CPD vary depending on the sample or instrument, with some being automated and others manually

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• due to the interaction between the CNT walls and the encapsulated nanoparticles [38]. The liquid-nitrogen Mössbauer spectrum (Figure 7) displays a superposition of two magnetic components and a superparamagnetic component. The Mössbauer parameters are presented in Table 2. The area of the doublet

• : magnified spectra near the Fermi level. The circle indicates DOS at the Fermi level. Liquid-nitrogen Mössbauer spectrum of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs. (a) Survey scan of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs. Core level XPS spectra of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs: (b) C 1s, (c) Fe 2p, (d) Mn 2p, and (e) O 1s. (a) Hysteresis loops of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs at 300

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• is correct in the unitary Kondo regime and it leads to a local Fermi-liquid behavior at zero temperature. It gives reliable results of the linear conductance also for systems with weakly broken symmetry. The results obtained are in good agreement with experiments and with renormalization group

• calculations [27][28]. The SBMFA method best describes systems close to the Kondo fixed point, that is, for the case of deep fully degenerate atomic levels at low temperatures. This approximation correctly describes spin or pseudospin fluctuations and reproduces local Fermi-liquid behavior at zero temperature

• Fermi-liquid relationships and that the Kondo effect is absent at the particle–hole symmetry point. Simple higher-order truncations remove the latter drawback [72]. There are also attempts to recover Fermi-liquid behavior at low energy in the EOM formalism [73] but, to our knowledge, without full

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• . First, a liquid precursor consisting of toluene (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich) and 5 wt % of ferrocene (98%, Aldrich, purified via sublimation at 90 °C prior to use) was injected into the furnace with Ar gas flow at 2000 sccm in a first precursor line (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3) for 3 min. In a

• structures was as follows (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). First, a liquid precursor consisting of toluene and 5 wt % of ferrocene was injected into the furnace for 5 min. Next, a solution of benzyalmine (≥99%, Fluka) without ferrocene was injected for 15 min. Then, the same solution of toluene

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• compared with ion beams such as lithium, beryllium, boron, and silicon, obtained from a mass-separated FIB using a liquid metal alloy ion source (LMAIS) with respect to the imaging and milling resolution, as well as the current stability. Simulations were carried out to investigate whether the

• resolution of Ne+ from a gas field ion source. The comparison allows one to select the best possible ion species for the specific demands in terms of resolution, beam current, and volume to be drilled. Keywords: focused ion beam; gas field ion source; liquid metal alloy ion source; resolution; Introduction

• ]. Currently, the majority of such instruments use a gallium liquid metal ion source (Ga-LMIS), but the demand in research as well as in the industry for other ion species is increasing permanently. Today, nearly half of the elements of the periodic table are demonstrated to be usable in FIB applications [2

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• stored overnight at 4 °C. The different DOX-loaded formulations were centrifugated 3–5 times for separating unencapsulated drugs. The supernatant liquid was stored for measuring the absorbance at 480 nm by UV–vis spectroscopy according to the preestablished standard curve. The drug loading efficiency (LE

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• out in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber with a base pressure of 2.3 × 10−10 mbar. The Cu(111) sample could be heated up to 1100 K via a tungsten filament and electron bombardment and cooled down to 20 K by using liquid helium. The hBN layer was grown by dosing the precursor borazine [(HBNH)3] into the

• liquid borazine using liquid N2 and pumping away the gas phase above the frozen borazine. The composition of the gas phase in the borazine source was monitored by a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). It was considered suitable for hBN preparation when the signals for H2 (a product of the decomposition

Piezoelectric sensor based on graphene-doped PVDF nanofibers for sign language translation

• Shuai Yang,
• Xiaojing Cui,
• Rui Guo,
• Zhiyi Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Hulin Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1655–1662, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.148

• ) are ultrasonically dispersed in deionized water (10 mL) for 1 h to obtain the spray solution. The liquid is transferred into a spray can and sprayed evenly on the surface of the fiber membrane. Then, the fiber membrane is dried at 60 °C for 5 min. After attaching copper wires on both sides, the

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• solve the problems that could not be solved when analogues were used to measure the variation in electrical conductance. This can be exemplified by the new quantum mechanism of selective detection in gaseous and liquid media [10] and by the possibility of real-time detection of carcinogenic strains of

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

• Figure 3c. The statistical analysis was performed on two sample sets whereby the PTCDA molecules were deposited either on a sample held at room temperature (total of about 750 molecules) or with the sample support cooled by liquid nitrogen (more than 300 molecules). As apparent from the height

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• hydrothermal methods, chemical bath deposition, laser ablation in liquid reverse microemulsion, electrospinning, sol–gel, electrochemical method, template method, sonochemical method, and hydrochemical bath deposition [10][11][12][13]. The size of Ag2S NPs depends on the preparation conditions [14]. Ag2S NPs

• Ag2S NPs were prepared by laser ablation of a high-purity silver target in an aqueous solution of thiourea (Tu, CH4N2S) mixed with an aqueous solution of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, C19H42BrN). To prepare the ablation liquid, 0.39 g of Tu was dissolved in 10 mL of double

• taking into account the transmittance of the ablation liquid at 1064 nm. The ablation time for each sample was set to 20 min. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the pulsed laser ablation system used in this work. A rotating motor was used to help prevent the aggregation and agglomeration of particles during

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• totally different from its application in the previously reported work [34]. In the latter, the undulated elastic electrode configuration was utilized to harvest the impact from the water waves together with a solid–liquid interface generator to collect the electrostatic energy from the water body. In