Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• fluorescence based on ZnO nanoscaled films is different from the metal enhancement. The use of ZnO nanosubstrates for enhanced biomedical detection has received great attention due to their optical properties and other great advantages. Early detection of disease markers and the measurement of specific protein

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• local crystalline structure [17]. This is in good agreement with Raman spectrum data for glassy carbon [17][18] and confirms that the carbon microneedles fabricated here are glassy in nature. Figure 5 shows the XRD measurement of the glassy carbon tubules. The single sharp peak is indicative of

The role of sulfonate groups and hydrogen bonding in the proton conductivity of two coordination networks

• Ali Javed,
• Felix Steinke,
• Stephan Wöhlbrandt,
• Hana Bunzen,
• Norbert Stock and
• Michael Tiemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 437–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.36

• the frequency range from 1 Hz to 4.61 MHz at an applied voltage of 0.1 V. Temperature and humidity were controlled by an Espec SH-242 climate chamber. Prior to each measurement, samples were allowed to equilibrate for 24 h. Crystal structures of [Mg(H2O)2(H3L)]·H2O) (left) and [Pb2(HL)]·H2O) (right

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• pharmaceuticals [16][17][18], environmental protection [19], and industrial areas (especially food production) [20][21][22][23][24][25]. Measurement techniques including fluorescence [26][27], luminescence [28], spectrometry [29][30], and electrochemistry [31][32][33] are widely used for H2O2 determination

• response and, as a consequence, the selectivity of the sensor. This type of sensor is characterized by good reproducibility of measurement, low production cost, fast response, high sensitivity and selectivity, and chemical and mechanical stability in aggressive environments [40][41][42][43][44][45][46

• mechanical stability, and can, thus, be easily damaged during production, storage, and measurement. These disadvantages can be avoided by using an in situ growth process of CuO nanostructures directly on a copper substrate, in the presence of certain surfactants or additives. This method makes it possible to

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• (Figure 5). The characterization system consists of mass flow controllers (Bronkhorst High-Tech) for setting the required gas concentration, a source-meter (Keithley, Model 2400) for resistance measurement of active layers, an air-tight chamber with electrical feedthroughs for the sensor array, a relay

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• sandpaper with a grain diameter of 0.3 µm (ITW Test & Measurement GmbH, Esslingen, Germany). We performed the indentations normal to the cross section of the tibiae. This resulted in the measurement of the elastic moduli of the tibial cuticle in the longitudinal direction (along the axis of tibia) (Figure 1

• ). The specimens were indented using a SA2 Nanoindenter (MTS Nano Instruments, Oak Ridge, TN, USA) equipped with a Berkovich diamond tip. The elastic modulus of the specimens was measured using the continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) technique. CSM is a well-established technique for obtaining the

• have smaller surface areas with respect to their total volume. It must be clarified whether the desiccation discussed here happens during the nanoindentation measurement instead of during the freezing process. Water content of locust tibial cuticle According to previous reports, the water content of

Selected properties of Al_xZn_yO thin films prepared by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering using a two-element Zn/Al target

• Witold Posadowski,
• Artur Wiatrowski,
• Jarosław Domaradzki and
• Michał Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 344–354, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.29

• -needle distance of 1.00 mm. The measurement was carried out such that the line connecting the four needles was perpendicular to the longest dimension (350 mm) of the glass stripe. The optical properties were evaluated on the basis of the transmission spectra. The characteristics were acquired using an

• measurement performed on the back side of the glass substrate (Figure 4, RY(back)). The surface resistance measured at the place corresponding to the target center was seven to eight orders lower than on the front side. The lowest resistance, about 103 Ω/sq, was measured directly near the target axis

• less than 10% aluminium [26][27][28][29] taking into account Al, Zn, and O. In this work, the material composition was measured using EDS, in which the measurement of X-ray intensities of light elements, such as oxygen, can be difficult and often subject to systematic errors. Therefore, in the case of

Controllable two- and three-state magnetization switching in single-layer epitaxial Pd_1−xFe_x films and an epitaxial Pd_0.92Fe_0.08/Ag/Pd_0.96Fe_0.04 heterostructure

• Igor V. Yanilkin,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Gulnaz F. Gizzatullina,
• Roman V. Yusupov and
• Lenar R. Tagirov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 334–343, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.28

• throughout the core part of the sample supplied with the potential terminals. The magnetic hysteresis loops for the Pd0.92Fe0.08(20 nm)/Ag(20 nm)/Pd0.96Fe0.04(20 nm) heterostructure were obtained via vibrational sample magnetometry since the AMR measurement for this system is useless due to a short cut by

• Figure 1. Let us consider in more detail the dependence of ρxy on the magnetic field applied at φH = 6° (Figure 3a). The measurement started from the saturation in the positive direction of the field (not shown). This direction is close to the hard axis; therefore, on the field value decrease, at its

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• measurements of N2 and CO2, the membrane was swept by the target gas for at least 10 min to remove other gaseous species from the measurement system. Then, the side of the ZIF-8 selective layer was fed with pressurized target gas to provide a driving force for the gas to permeate through the membrane. The

• area. The ideal separation factor α of gas species i with respect to gas species j was defined by the following equation: where Pi and Pj are the permeances of gas component i and j, respectively. The permeation flow volume of the target gas was recorded every 30 min during the measurement until the

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• concentration of Myr: 0.5 mg·mL−1). Measurement of ROS scavenging. (a) UV–vis absorption spectra of ABTS solution incubated with different concentrations of MZG nanoparticles for 5 min (a sample picture is shown in the inset, equivalent concentration of Myr: 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 µg·mL−1). (b) The scavenging rate

Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure

• Damian Wojcieszak,
• Jarosław Domaradzki,
• Michał Mazur,
• Tomasz Kotwica and
• Danuta Kaczmarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21

• energies of the spectra were referred to the Fermi level (EF) determined from a cleaned reference Au sample. Measurement results were analyzed with the aid of CasaXPS software. In the case of XPS and UPS measurements, the results were averaged over a certain surface area, that is, the beam diameter was

• is the occurrence of the forming process, which occurs when the structure under test is first stimulated by an electric current (or voltage) in a cyclic I–V measurement. Conclusion The paper presents the results of investigations of the memory effect observed in a thin-film structure with a U-shape

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• quadratic fit of the correlation function. The particle size distribution was measured using the inbuilt DTS (nano) software. Samples were equilibrated for 1 min before measurement. All measurements were performed in triplicates. Hyperthermia effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters in solution The Fe3O4

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• a scanning electron microscope (QUANTA 400F Field Emission SEM, Holland). The average diameters of the resulting nanofibers were calculated by the measurement of 100 single nanofibers from SEM images using the ImageJ analysis software (National Institutes of Health, USA). Mechanical properties The

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• corrosion on nanoscale friction. The evolution of friction upon repeated scanning cycles on the corroded surfaces reveals a bilayer surface oxide film, of which the outer layer is removed by the scanning tip. The measurement of friction and adhesion allows one to compare the physicochemical processes of

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

• Max Mennicken,
• Sophia Katharina Peter,
• Corinna Kaulen,
• Ulrich Simon and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

• gaps almost unaffected. Thus, only a part of the orbitals relevant for a continuous conductive path from one electrode to the other is shifted into the respective voltage window defined by the measurement conditions. This kind of voltage divider, determined by the few-Ru(MPTP)2–AuNP device geometry, in

• time evolution of the current measured for Ru(TP)2 nanowire devices shows very short pulses corresponding to the light switching event. The time constant of these spike-like features could not be resolved in our measurement apparatus. However, they appear also in empty nanogap devices and are

Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement

• Zafar Javed,
• Lybah Rafiq,
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer,
• Saqib Siddiqui,
• Muhammad Babar Ramzan,
• Muhammad Qamar Khan and
• Muhammad Salman Naeem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14

• as well. Under high dynamic strain more output voltage is generated than under low dynamic strain. The maximum current density shown by the device is 172.5 nA/cm2. The developed piezoelectric nanofiber sensor was then integrated into a knitted fabric through stitching to be used for angle measurement

• . Keywords: electrospinning; human body angle measurement; nanofibers; piezoelectric; PVDF; Introduction Smart textiles are normally elevated to value-added textile products with improved properties and characteristics [1]. They exhibit properties of a textile with some added characteristics. Smart textiles

• (DMF) and acetone from Sigma-Aldrich were used as solvents without any further purification. A conductive tape was used to make electrodes. Knitted fabric was used for the integration of the nanofibrous mesh for human body angle measurement. Fabrication of the nanofibrous mesh and its characterization

Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)₆)

• Po-Yuan Shih,
• Maicol Cipriani,
• Christian Felix Hermanns,
• Jens Oster,
• Klaus Edinger,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13

• with an integrated Oxford EDX detector. The elemental composition of Mo(CO)6 FEBID deposits obtained by EDX measurement is shown in Table 3. Figure 4 shows the corresponding EDX spectrum along with the SEM image of the deposit. Traces of the EDX signal are discernable from the Au and Si components of

• . Elemental composition of Mo(CO)6 FEBID deposits obtained by EDX measurement of a 1 μm2 pad deposited on a 100 nm thick polycrystalline gold substrate on a 4 inch silicon wafer. Funding This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie

Thermal oxidation process on Si(113)-(3 × 2) investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

• Hiroya Tanaka,
• Shinya Ohno,
• Kazushi Miki and
• Masatoshi Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 172–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.12

• the literature. Initial oxidation processes were identified based on high-resolution STM images. Keywords: high-index Si surface; in situ measurement; oxidation; scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); Introduction High-index silicon surfaces have drawn considerable interest for their usefulness in

• was degassed over 12 h at 870 K and then cleaned by flashing to 1370 K for 10 s several times. The sample was observed at both room temperature (RT) and high temperatures. To reduce contamination effectively, we used a tip made of PtIr or Nb for the measurement at RT and a tip made of W for the

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• overestimates the diameter in comparison with the data obtained from microphotographs. This may be related to the specificity of the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method (hydrodynamic diameter measurement). A mechanism of detecting hydrocarbons with a sensor based on a 3D PhC: (a, b) swelling of colloidal

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• density after the measurement point at 30 min, there was no further growth of the cells. In contrast, the cells in the control group (in normal growth medium) continued to strongly grow over the course of the experiment. For better comparability, the optical density values here were normalized to the

• –8 °C. Every month an aliquot per batch was analyzed for the amount of released hemoglobin. As shown in Figure 3, the concentration of free hemoglobin remained almost constant over the measurement period in the range of 1 to 1.5 mg/mL and, thus, in a similar range as the amount of free hemoglobin

• increase in optical density at the measurement point after 30 min. However, this drops back to the initial value in the further course of the experiment. Thus, there is no growth of either bacterial strains in this experimental arrangement. EDTA as a chelating agent is known to bind divalent cations

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• sputter deposition processes [44]. In Thornton’s report, the probe used for the heat flux measurement, whose temperature increases when submitted to the sputtering plasma, was a stainless-steel body weighing 200 mg. Ultimately, in the case of a solid substrate, the heat transfer and resulting increase of

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• |ceria, ceria|electron conductor, and electron conductor|electron conductor). Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based measurement method that can measure the local surface potential (or Volta potential) of the sample [18][19]. The surface potential is a sensitive

• as it would be for the more common dual-pass experiment). To yield a surface potential measurement, an AC potential with a certain frequency and amplitude is applied to the AFM tip. This AC potential is fixed by an additional external voltage UDC. The external voltage compensates the surface

• electrochemical studies. The surface potential at the direct contact point of the measuring tip can be determined from the KPFM measurement data at different times after the end of polarization. The results usually follow an exponential rule if plotting ΔΦSP versus time. By fitting of the expontential function

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• (10 µg/mL) and FITC-Phalloidin (100 nM), respectively, for 30 min and 5 min. The cytoskeleton and cell nuclei were investigated by laser confocal microscopy. AFM measurement The slides with grown cells were transferred to the sample table. Then, culture medium was added both to the cell slide surface

• measurement errors, it is not accurate to utilize the Young's modulus of one single cell to represent the nanomechanical properties of one cell type. Therefore, the Young’s modulus of different cells (≥30) of the same cell type were measured to obtain more accurate cell mechanical properties. Supporting

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• measurement unit with the bias applied to the tip, while the substrate was grounded. (a) SEM image of a Cr/Ge deposit with nanowires (b) growing in a tapering manner. Linear EDX analysis along a single nanowire. (a, c) Dark-field HRTEM images, (b) SAED of a nanowire piece, and (d) HRTEM image of a NW top

• (b) the Cr 2p3/2 region after 90 s of Ar+ ion sputtering. (a) I–V characteristics of the nanowire–deposit system; (b) SEM image of a contacted single CrGex nanowire before the resistivity measurement. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 94: Analysis of CrGex nanowires, experimental

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• physical property measurement system (PPMS) was used to evaluate magnetic properties of MFe2O4 NPs. Hysteresis loops were measured at room temperature upon an applied field of 2.0 T. The samples clearly showed ferromagnetic behavior with different saturation magnetization Ms (emu/g) and coercivity Hc (Oe

• determine the genotoxicity of drug-loaded NPs in HepG2 and HT144 cells (Figure 7a). The olive tail moment was measured for each sample and a relative calculation with respect to NTC was performed as a measurement of DNA damage (Figure 7b). The genotoxic effect of NPs may arise from their direct interaction

• transmission electron microscopy (JEM 2100F) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (TESCAN-VEGA3), respectively. The magnetic behavior was determined by using a physical property measurement system (Quantum Design, USA). The colloidal stability and hydrodynamic size of NPs were studied by using a Zetasizer Nano