Nanocrystalline ceria coatings on solid oxide fuel cell anodes: the role of organic surfactant pretreatments on coating microstructures and sulfur tolerance

• Chieh-Chun Wu,
• Ling Tang and
• Mark R. De Guire

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.181

• involve the formation of low-melting, volatile Ni(OH)2 in the presence of the H2O formed at the anode [37]. A ceria shell around the metal network may act as a physical barrier to impede Ni(OH)2 formation or evaporation, with the most continuous coatings being most effective. Conclusion Overall, this work

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• + ions was also tested. PBS served as a negative control and 250 µg Ag+ ions from silver acetate served as a positive control. Twenty-four hours after instillation, rats were killed under deep anaesthesia. The lungs were inflated at tidal volume with low-melting agarose, excised and fixed in ice-cold

• saline. Cylinders (8 mm diameter) of lung tissue were punched out and cut into 200 µm thick slices (precision-cut lung slices, PCLS). Four PCLS were incubated in full medium in each well of 24-well tissue culture plates. The plates were put into a 37 °C tissue culture incubator, and the melting agarose

A study on the consequence of swift heavy ion irradiation of Zn–silica nanocomposite thin films: electronic sputtering

• Compesh Pannu,
• Udai B. Singh,
• Dinesh. C. Agarwal,
• Saif A. Khan,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Ramesh Chandra,
• Hiro Amekura,
• Debdulal Kabiraj and
• Devesh. K. Avasthi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1691–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.179

• the track temperature above the melting temperature of gold and silica for nanoparticles with small radii, but in the case of larger nanoparticles gold does not melt. In SHI irradiation of nanocomposite thin films, along with change in size and shape of nanoclusters, the phenomenon of sputtering also

• electronic energy loss regime [16]. However as we proceed from bulk to nanodimensional system, materials properties, such as melting point and surface to volume ratio, change drastically. Therefore, sputtering is expected to be appreciable and affected by several parameters such as substrate, grain size and

• therapy, anticorrosive coating and antimicrobial coatings, in chemical reaction as catalyst, galvanization of iron and steel [30][31]. Bulk Zn has a melting point of 419.6 °C and the melting point of Zn nanoparticle varies from 250 to 420 °C depending on the size of nanoparticle [32][33]. The melting

On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces

• K. Anantha Padmanabhan and
• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1603–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.172

• there are many CSL orientations that do not result in low energy boundaries. Likewise, some cusps in the energy–misorientation plots disappear with increasing temperature, although the order in the grain boundary remains intact below the melting point. This shows that the effects of interfacial entropy

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• melting point, not well suited. Other ILs such as acetates or formates would likely be more suitable candidates. TGA/DTA (Figure 10, Table 5) and IR spectroscopy (Figure 9) show that the mineralization of calcium phosphate in the presence of NaOH yields materials with significantly lower degrees of

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• off-resonance interactions of the nanoparticles with laser pulses [58] which eventually leads to a breakdown of nanoparticles and hence size reduction (Figure 2A). Basically, three mechanisms for PLFL in liquid have been postulated. The first one is a heating-melting-evaporation-mechanism, which

• second post-irradiation strategy, particularly suitable for the synthesis of larger particles is pulsed laser melting in liquid (PLML), which requires aggregated starting material [71] to be post-irradiated at moderate laser fluence. This process is reported to follow a heating-melting-evaporation

• -mechanism as stated by Pyatenko et al. [72]. When a nanoparticle aggregate in solution is irradiated by a nanosecond laser pulse exceeding a certain energy threshold, the structure melts and forms a liquid droplet. This melting process is highly localized in the vicinity of the particle due to high

Synthesis of hydrophobic photoluminescent carbon nanodots by using L-tyrosine and citric acid through a thermal oxidation route

• Venkatesh Gude

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1513–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.164

• commonly available laboratory equipment. The CNDs were prepared by using citric acid and L-tyrosine precursors through a thermal oxidation process in air at two temperatures 220 °C and 300 °C, and they exhibit characteristic emission properties. The two chosen temperatures are below the melting point of L

• -tyrosine (344 °C) and above the melting point of citric acid (154 °C). During the carbonization process a selective transformation of the L-tyrosine molecule was observed and the benzylic protons as well as the phenyl ring bearing a hydroxy group did not participate in the reaction at 220 °C. This tyrosine

Formation of Cu_xAu_1−x phases by cold homogenization of Au/Cu nanocrystalline thin films

• Alona Tynkova,
• Gabor L. Katona,
• Gabor A. Langer,
• Sergey I. Sidorenko,
• Svetlana M. Voloshko and
• Dezso L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.162

• component with lower melting point, is asymmetric: The process is faster in the Au layer. In Au(25nm)/Cu(50nm) samples, according to Figure 1f and Figure 2d, the final state is the ordered AuCu3 phase. Decreasing the film thicknesses (see the results obtained in Au(10nm)/Cu(25nm) and shown in Figure 3b and

Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition

• Sheng Zhong,
• Thomas Koch,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Harald Rösner,
• Eberhard Nold,
• Aaron Kobler,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Di Wang,
• Christian Kübel,
• Mu Wang,
• Horst Hahn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1285–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.142

• . The concentration of electrolyte is higher than the initial concentration due to the segregation effect. (b) Applying a constant voltage across the two electrodes let the silver grow from the cathode into the electrolyte. (c) Cooling is stopped and the temperature rises after deposition. After melting

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• increasing gold content. This is probably due to partial melting and subsequent coalescence of the gold-NPs [39], which results in a smaller surface to bulk ratio, i.e., a lower fraction of thiol binding sites. In contrast to this, the dodecanethiol uptake capacity of zeolite-supported gold-NPs pyrolyzed at

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• the MLD type. Polyureas Polyureas are tough elastomers with a high melting point. They are especially useful as protective coatings. The polymers form with a reaction between an isocyanate and an amine. Depending on the diisocyanate used to fabricate the polymer, polyureas can be divided to either

Nanoforging – Innovation in three-dimensional processing and shaping of nanoscaled structures

• Andreas Landefeld and
• Joachim Rösler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1066–1070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.118

• also limited by the surface tension of the cast-material. Some complex three dimensional shapes were realized by casting of metal with a low melting temperature [3][4]. Dimensions of cast details are in the submillimeter- and microscale, and due to the mentioned limitations, applications in the

Volcano plots in hydrogen electrocatalysis – uses and abuses

• Paola Quaino,
• Fernanda Juarez,
• Elizabeth Santos and
• Wolfgang Schmickler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 846–854, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.96

• proposed with a host of other metal characteristics: work function, latent heat of melting, lattice constants, etc. A fairly complete list has been given by Petrii and Tsirlina [11] and makes for an amusing read. They are not based on any sound principle like Sabatier’s, and it is not surprising that none

Cyclodextrin-poly(ε-caprolactone) based nanoparticles able to complex phenolphthalein and adamantyl carboxylate

• Daniela Ailincai and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.76

• polyester. The melting point was 77 °C. The success of the click reaction between the poly(ε-caprolactone) with an acetylenic final group and the modified β-CD was also proved by FTIR analysis. The polyester presented one peak at 2096 cm−1 corresponding to the acetylenic group, while the modified β-CD

Nanoscale particles in technological processes of beneficiation

• Sergey I. Popel,
• Vitaly V. Adushkin and
• Anatoly P. Golub'

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 458–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.53

• pressure inside the collapsing bubbles, which are filled with carbon-containing gas is sufficient for the synthesis of diamonds. The mechanism of cavitation melting was discussed in [7] while explaining the origin of microscopic globules found in cavities and fractures of vein quartz from mesothermal gold

• cavitation bubbles. On the basis of this theory, the maximum dimensions of cavitation bubbles were estimated, as well as the size of globules generated due to the melting of particles of different mineral composition under cavitation effects in hydrothermal fluids. It was shown that the cavitation mechanism

• and pressure that can induce melting of an ore microparticle attached to the bubble and lead to its subsequent separation into monomineral fractions. The monomineral fractions obtained by cavitation melting may afterward be divided using standard techniques, e.g., gravity or chemical separation. In [8

Optical near-fields & nearfield optics

• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Paul Leiderer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 186–187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.19

• of both the nanostructure itself by local melting and the substrate by ablation at the positions of the hot spots may be used. The interaction of plasmonic structures with their surroundings can be employed to tune their optical properties, e.g., by using a dielectric phase change material like

Manipulation of nanoparticles of different shapes inside a scanning electron microscope

• Boris Polyakov,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Leonid M. Dorogin,
• Jelena Butikova,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Sven Oras,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Ilmar Kink

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.13

• coatings of NPs for nanomanipulation experiments. NPs demonstrate many intriguing phenomena, which are important for nanotribology and nanotechnology in general, for example low-temperature melting [2], vanishing friction [3], contact aging [4], etc. The frictional properties of NPs have been extensively

• onto oxidized silicon wafers (Semiconductor Wafer Inc., 50 nm of thermal oxide). The samples were annealed for 1 h at 500 °C prior to every experiment to remove the surfactant. Rounded Ag NPs were produced by laser-induced (532 nm, Expla, NL200) partial melting [19] of pentagonal Ag nanowires (Blue

• –Rayleigh instability [19]. All Ag NPs produced by laser induced melting appear almost spherical in the SEM micrographs (Figure 3b). There are two possible scenarios for the formation of Ag NPs. In the first scenario the molten nanostructures are able to detach from the substrate surface and solidify before

Adsorption of the ionic liquid [BMP][TFSA] on Au(111) and Ag(111): substrate effects on the structure formation investigated by STM

• Benedikt Uhl,
• Florian Buchner,
• Dorothea Alwast,
• Nadja Wagner and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 903–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.102

• adsorption on Au(111). Thermal stability of the adlayer structure Further information on adsorbate–adsorbate interactions can be derived from the thermal stability and the melting temperature of the structures on the surface. This was investigated by slowly heating up samples in the STM from 100 K to room

• melting temperature (for the 2D glass structure it would be more correct to describe it as a glass transition when comparing to the notation in a bulk system, but for simplicity we use the term “melting temperature” for both adlayer structures). For the adlayer structures on the Au(111) surface, we could

• determine four different melting temperatures, which differ in a characteristic way: the 2D glass structure is stable up to a temperature of 113 ± 5 K in the submonolayer and up to 173 ± 5 K in the monolayer regime. The 2D crystalline structure is maintained up to 170 ± 5 K in the submonolayer and up to 225

Optimization of solution-processed oligothiophene:fullerene based organic solar cells by using solvent additives

• Gisela L. Schulz,
• Marta Urdanpilleta,
• Roland Fitzner,
• Eduard Brier,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Egon Reinold and
• Peter Bäuerle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 680–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.77

• couple (−5.1 eV). Melting points were determined using a Mettler Toledo DSC 823e and were not corrected. Elemental analyses were performed on an Elementar Vario EL. Plastic-sheets precoated with silica gel, Merck Si60 F254, were used for thin layer chromatography. Glass columns packed with Merck Silica

Preparation of electrochemically active silicon nanotubes in highly ordered arrays

• Tobias Grünzel,
• Young Joo Lee,
• Karsten Kuepper and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 655–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.73

• considered as alternatives to Mg for the reduction of SiO2, lithium stands out. Indeed, it is also a strong reductant and provides a negative reaction driving force. Furthermore, lithium also possesses a significant vapor pressure in the range of temperatures considered (Table 1). Its low melting point of

Mapping of plasmonic resonances in nanotriangles

• Simon Dickreuter,
• Julia Gleixner,
• Andreas Kolloch,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Elke Scheer and
• Paul Leiderer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 588–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.66

• these structures with short laser pulses and imaging the resulting ablation and melting patterns. The triangular gold structures were prepared on Si substrates and had a thickness of 40 nm and a side length of ca. 500 nm. Irradiation was carried out with single femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses at

• a wavelength of 800 nm, which excited higher order plasmon modes in these triangles. The ablation distribution as well as the local melting of small parts of the nanostructures reflect the regions of large near-field enhancement. The observed patterns are reproduced in great detail by FDTD

• for the field enhancement are typically somewhat smaller than the calculated ones. The results demonstrate the caveats for FDTD simulations and the potential and the limitations of “near field photography” by local ablation and melting for the mapping of complex plasmon fields and their applications

Nanoglasses: a new kind of noncrystalline materials

• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 517–533, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.61

• the absolute melting temperature [1]. Work-hardening rate of (Al-1.6 at % Cu) crystals at room temperature after a solution treatment, water quenching, and aging at 190 °C for various times. The strain rate of the deformation process was 3 × 10−4 s−1. The aging at 190 °C results in a two-phase

Femtosecond-resolved ablation dynamics of Si in the near field of a small dielectric particle

• Paul Kühler,
• Daniel Puerto,
• Mario Mosbacher,
• Paul Leiderer,
• Francisco Javier Garcia de Abajo,
• Jan Siegel and
• Javier Solis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 501–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.59

• span from 0.1 ps to about 1 ns. Characteristic phenomena like electron plasma formation, ultrafast melting and ablation, along with their characteristic time scales are observed in the region surrounding the particle. The use of a time resolved imaging technique allows us recording simultaneously the

• associated to characteristic events, like plasma formation, ultrafast melting or material ablation. The material behavior in the near field region is consistent with a pronounced temporal shift of the characteristic interaction events with respect to that observed at the much lower fluences present outside

• ° for s-polarized light, this corresponds to an absorbed fluence of 0.44 J/cm2. Since the melting and ablation dynamics of c-Si upon fs-laser excitation has already been analyzed in detail [16][17] we will briefly describe only the main features of the process. To facilitate the description we have

Novel composite Zr/PBI-O-PhT membranes for HT-PEFC applications

• Mikhail S. Kondratenko,
• Igor I. Ponomarev,
• Marat O. Gallyamov,
• Dmitry Y. Razorenov,
• Yulia A. Volkova,
• Elena P. Kharitonova and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 481–492, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.57

• studied a model reaction of benzimidazole (BI) with Zr(acac)4 in a melt in the temperature range of 320–350 °C, which was also applied for heating the films. As a result of this interaction, a dark brown non-melting insoluble product of polymeric nature is formed. A mixture of BI with Zr(acac)4 (4:1 molar

Mechanical and thermal properties of bacterial-cellulose-fibre-reinforced Mater-Bi^® bionanocomposite

• Hamonangan Nainggolan,
• Saharman Gea,
• Emiliano Bilotti,
• Ton Peijs and
• Sabar D. Hutagalung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 325–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.37

• field emission scanning electron microscope was used to observe the morphology at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. The crystallinity (Tc) and melting temperature (Tm) were measured by DSC. Results showed a significant improvement in mechanical and thermal properties in accordance with the addition of

• toughness through energy absorption processes such as fibre pull-out. This increased in toughness is confirmed by the higher elongation at break of Mater-Bi/FBC in accordance with the increased of the volume fraction of FBC. The DSC thermograms of thermal behaviour including crystallinity and melting point

• groups by hydroxypropylation [17]. Meanwhile, the melting point of Mater-Bi/FBC composites increase when more FBC was added as a reinforcing agent (Table 1). The same phenomena is observed when short pulp fibre is incorporated into the corn starch with glycerol used as a plasticizer [17], and this is