Natural and artificial binders of polyriboadenylic acid and their effect on RNA structure

• Giovanni N. Roviello,
• Domenica Musumeci,
• Valentina Roviello,
• Marina Pirtskhalava,
• Alexander Egoyan and
• Merab Mirtskhulava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1338–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.138

• melting transition in circular dichroism experiments [31]. Giri and Kumar [32][33] reported that the isoquinoline alkaloid sanguinarine (Figure 3) was able to strongly interact with single-stranded poly(rA) with an association constant of about 4 × 106 M−1. Such binding induced the formation of self

• -structures in poly(rA) strands and led to cooperative melting transitions, as revealed in circular dichroism, UV and calorimetry studies. Finally, the fluorescence data showed that sanguinarine acts as an intercalator, while calorimetry experiments indicated that its binding is enthalpy-driven. In another

• an affinity of about 104 M−1. Furthermore, fluorescence quenching studies evidenced that berberine and palmatine act as partial intercalators of RNA double helices, while coralyne provides a complete intercalation. The interaction with these alkaloids significantly stabilises the melting of poly(rA

Improved optical limiting performance of laser-ablation-generated metal nanoparticles due to silica-microsphere-induced local field enhancement

• Zheren Du,
• Lianwei Chen,
• Tsung-Sheng Kao,
• Mengxue Wu and
• Minghui Hong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1199–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.122

• absorbed laser energy. Hence, the size of the laser-generated Ag nanoparticles is larger. Au and Ag have different physical properties, such as the absorption spectrum of the laser light, melting point, boiling point and thermal conductivity, which all can contribute to the size difference. The laser

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• theoretical energy capacity. Some general differences between lithium and sodium cells are immediately apparent: The lower melting point of sodium (Tm,Na = 98 °C) as compared to lithium (Tm,Li = 181 °C) and its generally higher chemical reactivity pose additional safety issues for cells using metal anodes. On

Effects of swift heavy ion irradiation on structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of ZnO–CuO nanocomposites prepared by carbothermal evaporation method

• Sini Kuriakose,
• D. K. Avasthi and
• Satyabrata Mohapatra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 928–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.96

• Cu mixture led to the deposition of ZnO–CuO nanocomposite film with excess Zn onto the substrate. When this as-deposited film is annealed at 600 °C for 1 h in oxygen atmosphere, it led to the formation of Cu–Zn eutectic nanodroplets at the film surface. Since the melting point of Zn is low (419 °C

• through an oriented attachment mechanism, leading to the formation of ZnO nanorods and nanosheets on the surface of the nanocomposites. The schematic diagram depicting the growth mechanism is shown in Figure 5. Irradiation of the ZnO–CuO nanocomposite with 90 MeV Ni7+ ions results in localized melting and

Nanostructuring of GeTiO amorphous films by pulsed laser irradiation

• Valentin S. Teodorescu,
• Cornel Ghica,
• Adrian V. Maraloiu,
• Mihai Vlaicu,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Magdalena L. Ciurea,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Ana M. Lepadatu,
• Nicu D. Scarisoreanu,
• Andreea Andrei,
• Valentin Ion and
• Maria Dinescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 893–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.92

• are segregated in spherical amorphous nanoparticles as a result of the fast diffusion of Ge atoms in the amorphous GeTiO matrix. The temperature estimation of the film surface during the laser pulses shows a maximum of about 500 °C, which is much lower than the melting temperature of the GeTiO matrix

• morphology cannot be considered as a sign of melting. All laser treatments were conducted at low fluences, so that the films remain practically in the solid state phase, as the surface temperature estimation shows. Before and after laser irradiation, the nanostructure of the film surfaces was observed by

• , the temperature grows up to about 500 °C for a laser fluence of 30 mJ/cm2, which is about double of the average fluence measured for the laser beam. Under these conditions, it is clear that the film surface does not melt during the laser pulse action. The melting temperature for Ge is about 900 °C [17

Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation

• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Sergey P. Bardakhanov,
• Makoto Schreiber,
• Dashima G. Bazarova,
• Nikolai A. Romanov,
• Boris B. Baldanov,
• Bair R. Radnaev and
• Viacheslav V. Syzrantsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 874–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.89

• system. In many cases, the surface tension of a liquid has a temperature dependence of the form which is valid for a certain temperature range above the melting temperature (Tm) of the material where σ(Tm) is the surface tension at the melting point of the material and dσ/dT is the rate of change of the

• surface tension with temperature [14]. The empirical dependence of the surface tension of copper with temperature is [15]. The surface tension of silicon varies as [16]. Below the melting point, when the materials are solid, the surface energy is the solid equivalent of the surface tension. The surface

• the surface energy of the particles by coating Cu with Si is likely to be the main driving force for making the Si–Cu vapour condense into Cu@silica particles. A mechanism of formation of Cu@silica particles can be proposed considering that both the melting and boiling temperatures of Si are higher

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: polymeric nanoparticle uptake and lineage differentiation

• Ivonne Brüstle,
• Thomas Simmet,
• Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Volker Mailänder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 383–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.38

• following program: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of PCR (95 °C for 10 s, annealing temperature (see Supporting Information File 1, Tables S2 and S3) for 10 s and 72 °C for 30 s and ending with a melting curve analysis (65 °C to 95 °C, increment 0.5 °C for 5 min). The primer

Nanoporous Ge thin film production combining Ge sputtering and dopant implantation

• Jacques Perrin Toinin,
• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Michaël Texier,
• Maxime Bertoglio,
• Sandrine Bernardini,
• Marco Abbarchi and
• Lee Chow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 336–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.32

• island formation or agglomeration at a temperature below the melting temperature of the film material. This phenomenon is generally undesirable in the field of micro- or nano-technology [34] yet has been reported to be interesting for the fabrication of nanocrystals. A wide range of materials can be used

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• the power to 40 W, the plasma effect was very prominent and dramatically affected the morphology of the scaffolds, which resulted in a melting of the fibers as shown in Figure 1c. The mild treatment conditions (high magnification of image in Figure 1b) resulted in the melting of the thinner fibers of

• functional groups are created. This leads to an increase in the polarity and the surface energy, resulting in a roughened topography. Higher plasma power (P = 40 W) significantly decreased Ra resulting into smoother nanofibrous surfaces compared to the untreated samples, due to the partial polymer melting

• the extensive polymer melting induced by the high power plasma treatment. The significant degradation of the chemical structure of the polymer in line with the deteriorated morphological and topographical characteristics observed through SEM and AFM imaging underline that the milder O2-plasma

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• , 37 °C). Prior to incubation, the PCLS were placed in a 24-well culture dish in the incubator for re-melting the agarose and washed for 1 h by changing the culture medium three times, in order to remove the agarose. Incubation of PCLS For viability testing, PCLS were incubated with 500 µL DMEM/F-12

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• material, resulting in lower binding energy per atom with decreasing particle size. A consequence of the reduced binding energy per atom is a reduction of the melting point temperature with the particle radius [19]. Nanoparticles have a very large surface area compared to their volume, which can interact

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• in Table 1 [27]. Conversely, in the DDMC/PTX complex samples 2 and 3, in spite of having normalized the vertical-axis scale to the PTX content, the endothermic peak at the melting point of 220.8 °C did not appear. From this, it is thought that PTX is carried as guest of the DDMC/PTX complex at the

Properties of plasmonic arrays produced by pulsed-laser nanostructuring of thin Au films

• Katarzyna Grochowska,
• Katarzyna Siuzdak,
• Peter A. Atanasov,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Anna Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov and
• Gerard Śliwiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2102–2112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.219

• obtained the different velocities of the metallic (Au and Ta) film surfaces of 0.6 m/s and 1.9 m/s below and above the melting threshold, respectively [24]. Interestingly, the velocity values in the range of 20–70 m/s characteristic of the instability driven processes (i.e., film detachment from Si

• nanosecond laser pulses of energy absorbed at the film surface, transferred and converted into heat. This results in fast material melting, dewetting of the substrate and fast cooling after termination of each pulse. The process of dewetting is typical for most liquid metals on SiO2 and is characterized by

Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their burrowing into Si due to synergistic effects of ion beam energy losses

• Pravin Kumar,
• Udai Bhan Singh,
• Kedar Mal,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Indra Sulania,
• Dinakar Kanjilal,
• Dinesh Singh and
• Vidya Nand Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1864–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.197

• local melting (thermal spike) [29] occurs along the ion trajectory due to the energy deposition into the electronic subsystem (within 10−16 s). The local thermalization of the electronic sub-system takes place within 10−14 s. The deposited energy is transferred to the atomic subsystem by electron–phonon

• coupling. The melting of materials along the ion trajectory generates a surface tension gradient due to an imbalance of the surface and the interface energies, which further gives rise to mass transport through capillary action. The migration of metallic atoms and subsequent agglomeration can result in the

• ]. The melting point of silicon is ≈1400 K and transient molten zones (giving rise to viscous flow of Pt atoms) in silicon are possible by ion irradiation. Since the temperature spike quenches via electron–phonon coupling within 10−11 s, a very small contribution by the viscous flow in Pt diffusion is

Nanocrystalline ceria coatings on solid oxide fuel cell anodes: the role of organic surfactant pretreatments on coating microstructures and sulfur tolerance

• Chieh-Chun Wu,
• Ling Tang and
• Mark R. De Guire

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.181

• involve the formation of low-melting, volatile Ni(OH)2 in the presence of the H2O formed at the anode [37]. A ceria shell around the metal network may act as a physical barrier to impede Ni(OH)2 formation or evaporation, with the most continuous coatings being most effective. Conclusion Overall, this work

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• + ions was also tested. PBS served as a negative control and 250 µg Ag+ ions from silver acetate served as a positive control. Twenty-four hours after instillation, rats were killed under deep anaesthesia. The lungs were inflated at tidal volume with low-melting agarose, excised and fixed in ice-cold

• saline. Cylinders (8 mm diameter) of lung tissue were punched out and cut into 200 µm thick slices (precision-cut lung slices, PCLS). Four PCLS were incubated in full medium in each well of 24-well tissue culture plates. The plates were put into a 37 °C tissue culture incubator, and the melting agarose

A study on the consequence of swift heavy ion irradiation of Zn–silica nanocomposite thin films: electronic sputtering

• Compesh Pannu,
• Udai B. Singh,
• Dinesh. C. Agarwal,
• Saif A. Khan,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Ramesh Chandra,
• Hiro Amekura,
• Debdulal Kabiraj and
• Devesh. K. Avasthi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1691–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.179

• the track temperature above the melting temperature of gold and silica for nanoparticles with small radii, but in the case of larger nanoparticles gold does not melt. In SHI irradiation of nanocomposite thin films, along with change in size and shape of nanoclusters, the phenomenon of sputtering also

• electronic energy loss regime [16]. However as we proceed from bulk to nanodimensional system, materials properties, such as melting point and surface to volume ratio, change drastically. Therefore, sputtering is expected to be appreciable and affected by several parameters such as substrate, grain size and

• therapy, anticorrosive coating and antimicrobial coatings, in chemical reaction as catalyst, galvanization of iron and steel [30][31]. Bulk Zn has a melting point of 419.6 °C and the melting point of Zn nanoparticle varies from 250 to 420 °C depending on the size of nanoparticle [32][33]. The melting

On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces

• K. Anantha Padmanabhan and
• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1603–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.172

• there are many CSL orientations that do not result in low energy boundaries. Likewise, some cusps in the energy–misorientation plots disappear with increasing temperature, although the order in the grain boundary remains intact below the melting point. This shows that the effects of interfacial entropy

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• melting point, not well suited. Other ILs such as acetates or formates would likely be more suitable candidates. TGA/DTA (Figure 10, Table 5) and IR spectroscopy (Figure 9) show that the mineralization of calcium phosphate in the presence of NaOH yields materials with significantly lower degrees of

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• off-resonance interactions of the nanoparticles with laser pulses [58] which eventually leads to a breakdown of nanoparticles and hence size reduction (Figure 2A). Basically, three mechanisms for PLFL in liquid have been postulated. The first one is a heating-melting-evaporation-mechanism, which

• second post-irradiation strategy, particularly suitable for the synthesis of larger particles is pulsed laser melting in liquid (PLML), which requires aggregated starting material [71] to be post-irradiated at moderate laser fluence. This process is reported to follow a heating-melting-evaporation

• -mechanism as stated by Pyatenko et al. [72]. When a nanoparticle aggregate in solution is irradiated by a nanosecond laser pulse exceeding a certain energy threshold, the structure melts and forms a liquid droplet. This melting process is highly localized in the vicinity of the particle due to high

Synthesis of hydrophobic photoluminescent carbon nanodots by using L-tyrosine and citric acid through a thermal oxidation route

• Venkatesh Gude

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1513–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.164

• commonly available laboratory equipment. The CNDs were prepared by using citric acid and L-tyrosine precursors through a thermal oxidation process in air at two temperatures 220 °C and 300 °C, and they exhibit characteristic emission properties. The two chosen temperatures are below the melting point of L

• -tyrosine (344 °C) and above the melting point of citric acid (154 °C). During the carbonization process a selective transformation of the L-tyrosine molecule was observed and the benzylic protons as well as the phenyl ring bearing a hydroxy group did not participate in the reaction at 220 °C. This tyrosine

Formation of Cu_xAu_1−x phases by cold homogenization of Au/Cu nanocrystalline thin films

• Alona Tynkova,
• Gabor L. Katona,
• Gabor A. Langer,
• Sergey I. Sidorenko,
• Svetlana M. Voloshko and
• Dezso L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.162

• component with lower melting point, is asymmetric: The process is faster in the Au layer. In Au(25nm)/Cu(50nm) samples, according to Figure 1f and Figure 2d, the final state is the ordered AuCu3 phase. Decreasing the film thicknesses (see the results obtained in Au(10nm)/Cu(25nm) and shown in Figure 3b and

Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition

• Sheng Zhong,
• Thomas Koch,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Harald Rösner,
• Eberhard Nold,
• Aaron Kobler,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Di Wang,
• Christian Kübel,
• Mu Wang,
• Horst Hahn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1285–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.142

• . The concentration of electrolyte is higher than the initial concentration due to the segregation effect. (b) Applying a constant voltage across the two electrodes let the silver grow from the cathode into the electrolyte. (c) Cooling is stopped and the temperature rises after deposition. After melting

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• increasing gold content. This is probably due to partial melting and subsequent coalescence of the gold-NPs [39], which results in a smaller surface to bulk ratio, i.e., a lower fraction of thiol binding sites. In contrast to this, the dodecanethiol uptake capacity of zeolite-supported gold-NPs pyrolyzed at

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• the MLD type. Polyureas Polyureas are tough elastomers with a high melting point. They are especially useful as protective coatings. The polymers form with a reaction between an isocyanate and an amine. Depending on the diisocyanate used to fabricate the polymer, polyureas can be divided to either