An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• Chemistry, including reactivity, hydrophobicity” [53]. Secondly, this required consideration of which corresponding Material file “Characteristics […]” and/or Assay file “Measurement Value […]” columns needed to be defined - as well as, in some cases, which “Parameter Value […]” columns needed to be defined

Electrospray deposition of organic molecules on bulk insulator surfaces

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1927–1934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.195

• reactivity, depositing molecules by thermal evaporation becomes challenging. A recent way to deposit molecules in clean conditions is Electrospray Ionization (ESI). ESI keeps the possibility to work with large molecules, to introduce them in vacuum, and to deposit them on a large variety of surfaces. Here

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

• ). The reactivity of the SEs with precursor molecules is thus critical in determining the spatial resolution of the deposit. This is even more important with regard to achievable aspect ratios of vertical structures as both backward and forward scattered primary electrons (PEs) and SEs will reach the

Temperature-dependent breakdown of hydrogen peroxide-treated ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticle agglomerates

• Sinan Sabuncu and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1897–1903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.193

• compounds. However, the products formed from its decomposition (water and oxygen) are harmless. The treatment of MONPs with hydrogen peroxide is a new approach and there are only a few studies that focus on the reactivity of hydrogen peroxide with respect to the surface chemistry of MONPs [20][21][22

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• mechanisms for hydrides Reactivity of hydrides with lithium ions predicted from thermodynamic rules and experimentally confirmed for different hydrides is assumed to be a conversion reaction as MHx + xLi → M + xLiH. While this general mechanism is obvious, more complex reactions path involving the formation

• eV, respectively, and are not electronic conductors but insulators [31]. Figure 10 shows the poor electrochemical reactivity of commercially available tetragonal MgH2 vs Li+/Li0, with no electrochemical capacity during the first discharge. The addition of an electronic conductive material, such as

• particle size of the hydride but also enhances its reactivity vs Li-ions. In the case of the system Mg/MgH2, 5% of Super P carbon was mixed with the Mg powder in order to increase the thermal conductivity of the powder and to prevent the necking of particles during sorption cycles. Figure 13a and Figure

How decision analysis can further nanoinformatics

• Matthew E. Bates,
• Sabrina Larkin,
• Jeffrey M. Keisler and
• Igor Linkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1594–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.162

• selected as it is well suited for the classification of nanomaterials with uncertain or unavailable physiochemical properties. Five extrinsic characteristics (agglomeration, reactivity, critical functional groups, particle size and contaminant dissociation) and three factors that are dependent on the

DNA–melamine hybrid molecules: from self-assembly to nanostructures

• Rina Kumari,
• Shib Shankar Banerjee,
• Anil K. Bhowmick and
• Prolay Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.148

• of using DNA–organic hybrid structures over DNA-only based nanostructures, there are challenges regarding their solubility as well as reactivity issues. In most cases, a DNA synthesizer based on phosphoramidite chemistry is used to introduce chemical modifications in the oligonucleotides [13][14][15

Heterometal nanoparticles from Ru-based molecular clusters covalently anchored onto functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

• Deborah Vidick,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Michel Devillers,
• Claude Poleunis,
• Arnaud Delcorte,
• Pietro Moggi,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo and
• Sophie Hermans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1287–1297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.133

• )14(PPh3)2 (6), the size distribution of the large particles range between 15 and 20 nm, between 20 and 30 nm for Ru4Au2C(CO)12(PPh3)2 (7), and between 15 and 25 nm for Ru5PtAu2C(CO)15(PPh3)2 (8). The reactivity of the molecular cluster species with the functionalized surface thus has more influence

• and STEM-EDX analysis to prove their bimetal nature on the scale of an individual nanoparticle. This demonstrated that mixed-metal clusters are suitable precursors for ultrasmall heterometal nanoparticles of controlled composition if their reactivity is taken into account. The obtained Ru–Pt

Addition of Zn during the phosphine-based synthesis of indium phospide quantum dots: doping and surface passivation

• Natalia E. Mordvinova,
• Alexander A. Vinokurov,
• Oleg I. Lebedev,
• Tatiana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1237–1246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.127

• thermal decomposition of sililphosphides [11]. This is a quite complicated method because of the reactivity and inflammability of such substances. Recently, we developed the simplest way to date to produce such material by using phosphine (PH3) as a source of phosphorus [6] and indium carboxilates as a

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• numbers of tattoo parlours opening for business. However, despite this striking cultural shift we know very little about the biochemical reactivity of ink particles with skin cells and tissues (including some of the key constituent components, e.g., fibroblasts and associated collagen fibrillar networks

• to behave differently at the nanometre-level in comparison with samples at the bulk level.Nanoparticle surface atoms have an increased reactivity over bulk surface atoms [9]. However, on the whole, tattoo pigments do appear to be reasonably well tolerated by the skin, and no clear relationship

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• theoretical energy capacity. Some general differences between lithium and sodium cells are immediately apparent: The lower melting point of sodium (Tm,Na = 98 °C) as compared to lithium (Tm,Li = 181 °C) and its generally higher chemical reactivity pose additional safety issues for cells using metal anodes. On

• literature is available. Mostly aprotic electrolytes have been used and only one study on a mixed aprotic/aqueous electrolyte has been published. This may be due to the strong reactivity of sodium with water. Although research on Na/O2 cells started only in 2010 the number of publications now rapidly

• chosen for several reasons: Counteracting the sluggish cathode reactions, lowering the cell impedance, eliminating dendrites and minimizing interference with water and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the high reactivity towards the electrolyte was an issue. The cell discharged at 1.75 V (100 µA) and

Pt- and Pd-decorated MWCNTs for vapour and gas detection at room temperature

• Hamdi Baccar,
• Atef Thamri,
• Pierrick Clément,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 919–927, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.95

• , benzene, toluene, acetone, methanol and ethanol [21][22][23][24][25]. Instead of the typical functionalisation methods, it was possible to decorate the carbon nanotubes with various metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. These nanoparticles may show different reactivity to different chemical species, which

Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation

• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Sergey P. Bardakhanov,
• Makoto Schreiber,
• Dashima G. Bazarova,
• Nikolai A. Romanov,
• Boris B. Baldanov,
• Bair R. Radnaev and
• Viacheslav V. Syzrantsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 874–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.89

• components. These particles have been of interest as they can exhibit unique properties arising from the combination of core and shell material, geometry, and design [1][2]. Additionally, they have been designed so that the shell material can improve the reactivity, thermal stability, or oxidative stability

In situ observation of biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 and 9.5 by advanced optical microscopy

• Chiara Cappelli,
• Daniel Lamarca-Irisarri,
• Jordi Camas,
• F. Javier Huertas and
• Alexander E. S. Van Driessche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.67

• (IDAEA), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Structural Biology Brussel, VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium 10.3762/bjnano.6.67 Abstract Laser confocal differential interference contrast microscopy (LCM-DIM) allows for the study of the reactivity of surface minerals with slow

• observation; pH effect; Introduction The study of the reactivity of silicate minerals is essential to understand numerous bio-geochemical processes. Silicate weathering plays an important role in the carbon cycle, the formation of soil and the nutrition of plants [1]. Moreover, the release of cations from

• the reaction mechanisms under a wide range of experimental conditions. However, this experimental approach is rather unapt to deal with the reactivity of each crystal face, elucidate the face-specific dissolution–precipitation mechanisms and determine the specific location of the secondary mineral

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• spontaneously formed 3–6 nm thick layer of titanium oxides, mostly in the form of titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2). The outermost surface of the oxide is covered with a 2.8–9.5 Å thick hydroxy group layer [3], which determines the reactivity of titanium surfaces [4] and sets their isoelectric point in the range of 3.5

• wettability of the surface, yielding enhanced osteoblast differentiation [19]. The success of these modifications is highly dependent on the chemical state, reactivity and surface concentration of the hydroxy groups, as well as the presence of contaminants [12]. Therefore, one of the main objectives of this

• ) confluent films as a substrate-independent modification approach. The ability of PDA to adhere to solid surfaces stems from the reactivity of ortho-quinone/catechol moieties that form coordination bonds with surface metal oxides and covalent bonds with nucleophilic groups. In addition to this, the different

Palladium nanoparticles anchored to anatase TiO₂ for enhanced surface plasmon resonance-stimulated, visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Hong Ye Chu,
• Shaliza Ibrahim and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.43

• the TiO2 surface and promotes the application of a non-conventional energy resource. In the present study, a smart, easy and sustainable method for anchoring noble metal onto the surface of TiO2 is reported. Palladium was chosen as the noble metal for the study due to its high reactivity and

Synthesis, characterization, monolayer assembly and 2D lanthanide coordination of a linear terphenyl-di(propiolonitrile) linker on Ag(111)

• Zhi Chen,
• Svetlana Klyatskaya,
• José I. Urgel,
• David Écija,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Willi Auwärter,
• Johannes V. Barth and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 327–335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.31

• the remarkable coordination reactivity of carbonitrile groups, which are very well known in bulk coordination chemistry. The linker 2 was deposited by organic molecular beam epitaxy onto an atomically clean and flat Ag(111) surface kept at 300 K, followed by the controlled co-deposition of Gd atoms

• surface bonding, mobility and lateral interactions between metal centers and linkers [54]. We attribute the observed, reduced order to the high reactivity of the –C≡C– bonds in propiolonitrile groups. From bulk chemistry, it is well known that the activation of the acetylene group by noble metal

• related class of linkers of type 1, seems thus a generic property of the 2D carbonitrile–Ln coordination. Obviously, the high reactivity of the –C≡C– bonds in the propiolonitrile groups prevented the surface-confined molecular system from formation of regular metal–organic nanostructures or layers

Kelvin probe force microscopy in liquid using electrochemical force microscopy

• Liam Collins,
• Stephen Jesse,
• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Alexander Tselev,
• M. Baris Okatan,
• Sergei V. Kalinin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 201–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.19

• electrocatalytic activity of HOPG for many redox reactions in comparison to Au, as was previously demonstrated in Figure 1e. Mapping local electrochemical reactivity using EcFM Finally, the different electrochemical properties of HOPG and Au are leveraged to assess the spatial variability in the EcFM response for

• spatially-resolved mapping of electrochemical reactivity using force-based detection [38]. Statistical analysis of EcFM The complexity of the electrochemical processes taking place between tip and sample requires the adoption of a multidimensional approach to capture the bias (V) and time (t) dependence of

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• selective surface reactivity [12]. Carbon nanotubes have the highest length-to-diameter ratio of any material, with an extremely high specific strength [13]. Moreover, the single-walled types are either semiconducting or metallic ballistic conductors even at room temperature [14][15], and capable of

Chemoselective silicification of synthetic peptides and polyamines

• Maryna Abacilar,
• Fabian Daus and
• Armin Geyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 103–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.10

• of acylating reagent, toxin 5 was obtained directly in high regioselectivity for acylation without necessity of a N-protecting group on the triamine. Protecting groups on both primary amines lead to a complementary reactivity of bis(3-aminopropyl)amine, now enabling the secondary amine as the only

Size-dependent density of zirconia nanoparticles

• Agnieszka Opalinska,
• Iwona Malka,
• Wojciech Dzwolak,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Adam Presz and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 27–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.4

• as their chemical reactivity and hydrophilic properties. The hydroxy groups on the NP surface can also operate as effective adsorption sites for organic substances from the atmosphere [23]. Grave and colleagues attributed the increase of the nanopowder luminescence intensity with gain growth to the

• elimination of surface hydroxy (–OH) groups by heat treatment [24]. The influence of –OH groups on various properties of nano-oxides has been extensively examined [25][26][27][28]. Takeda reported that –OH groups on a SiO2 surface can function as effective reactive sites [23]. The surface reactivity of oxide

• films depends on the number of surface –OH groups. Moreover, the –OH groups on the nanomaterial surface can influence the surface reactivity and wetting [26]. Since hydroxy groups greatly affect the properties of zirconia nanoparticles, detecting their surface concentration and optimizing the synthesis

Formation of stable Si–O–C submonolayers on hydrogen-terminated silicon(111) under low-temperature conditions

• Yit Lung Khung,
• Siti Hawa Ngalim,
• Andrea Scaccabarozzi and
• Dario Narducci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 19–26, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.3

• alkyne. Alkynes were deliberately chosen due to their higher reactivity towards hydrogen-terminated silicon compared to alkenes. The main theme of this study is to examine whether hydrogen extraction is a probable mechanism for surface reaction at low temperatures. Two alkynes were selected, namely 4

• reaction can then be better understood from this experimental approach. Result and Discussion To help understand the role of oxygen during hydrosilylation, a direct comparison of the reactivity between both thermal and UV-initiated hydrosilylation was made for two different alkyne species. Trifluoroalkyne

• reactivity of the surface, an OH-terminated alkyne might react from both ends to the surface. Furthermore, by measuring the area under the peaks after a Shirley background subtraction and an automatically assigned Gaussian–Lorentzian fit with the XPS peaks software for both Si–O–C and the Si–C peaks, we

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• with biological systems, and thereby offers unique application possibilities [20]. All these factors affect the chemical reactivity of nanosized materials as well as their mechanical, optical, electric, and magnetic properties [21]. Nanoparticles offer numerous possibilities of application as catalysts

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• nanoparticles provide enormous advantages over spherical, desymmetrized nanoparticles because of the combination of intrinsically different surfaces with distinct reactivity. The design of heterostructured Janus particles began with organic Janus particles composed out of two different polymers forming an

• formation takes place in the “twilight zone” of kinetic and thermodynamic control, whereby a precise balance is needed for the formation of the desired size and shape. The evolution is further complicated by the interplay of atomic diffusion and exchange, facet-specific reactivity, or the influence of

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

• Mildred Quintana,
• Jesús Iván Tapia and
• Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

• . However, it was experimentally and theoretically shown [32] that functional moieties attack graphene at both faces. This provides the changed energetics allowing the formation of chemical bonds that would be unstable if only one surface was exposed. This mechanism explains the exceptional reactivity of

• types and amounts of defects, including damage in the carbon lattice, structural imperfections, adatoms, and solvent molecules randomly adsorbed. Thus, reactions occur at both faces of the graphene layer and different types of edges show different chemical reactivity. Additionally, defects such as

• such as nanoparticles, polymers or chromophores [38][39]. The appropriate design and construction of the graphene chemical surface are essential to reach the best material performance in the composite. Visualizing graphene reactivity Organic reactions might present different reactivity on the graphene