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Search for "step" in Full Text gives 1459 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

  • Bin Liu,
  • Etienne Duguet and
  • Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

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  • -controlled step-growth polymerization, in which the reactivity of the patches is independent of the chain length [38]. At longer times (t > 2 h), one can observe that no longer varies linearly with time (Figure 6b). The polymerization of 2-PSN seems to follow a different pathway that is, most likely, a
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Published 06 Jan 2023

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

  • Chang-Ming Wang,
  • Hong-Sheng Chan,
  • Chia-Li Liao,
  • Che-Wei Chang and
  • Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

Graphical Abstract
  • nanoscale surface patterns, whereas conventional photolithography methods are limited by diffraction during the illumination step and under/overetching during the development process [17]. In soft lithography, the deformation and collapsing of rubber stamp structures occur due to the adhesion between the
  • the rectangle function in ZEN 2012 Service Pack 2 software (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Jena, Germany). XPS spectra after each surface modification step were collected with ULVAC-PHI X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (PHI QuanteraII, Kanagawa, Japan). Selective wet chemical etching processes and metal
  • the surface chemical composition after each intermediate step in the CLL process (Figure 1B). As expected, prominent peaks indicating the presence of C–H and C–O bonds can be observed for substrates covered with MCU SAM, and a spectrum with similar peaks is obtained after partial SAM removal with an
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Published 04 Jan 2023

The influence of structure and local structural defects on the magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms

  • Alexander Vakhrushev,
  • Aleksey Fedotov,
  • Olesya Severyukhina and
  • Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 23–33, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.3

Graphical Abstract
  • spin distribution at the final moment is shown in Figure 4. The time for the spin distributions of the atoms are shown in Figure 4 corresponds to 100 ps. In order to catch the smallest changes in the spin behavior of the material and to take them into account, an integration step of 0.1 fs was chosen
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Published 04 Jan 2023

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

  • Mykhailo Nahorniak,
  • Pamela Pasetto,
  • Jean-Marc Greneche,
  • Volodymyr Samaryk,
  • Sandy Auguste,
  • Anthony Rousseau,
  • Nataliya Nosova and
  • Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

Graphical Abstract
  • 250–320 °C in the presence of oleic acid and a solvent with a high boiling point [22]. We found no publications about the two-step single-reactor synthesis of iron oxide NPM by thermal decomposition in which Fe(III) acetylacetonate can be used as starting compound for the synthesis of alkanoates
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Published 03 Jan 2023

Atmospheric water harvesting using functionalized carbon nanocones

  • Fernanda R. Leivas and
  • Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.1

Graphical Abstract
  • , and ai,eff = ai − σ/2 is the effective radius available for water σ = 3.1589. Nsteps = 104 is the total number of steps used to calculate the flux, and δt = 0.1 fs is the time step. Figure 10 shows the flux Ji as a function of the region (length) ci (Figure 3) of the nanocone for different values of
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Published 02 Jan 2023

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

  • Abdelbaki Hacini,
  • Ahmad Hadi Ali,
  • Nurul Nadia Adnan and
  • Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

Graphical Abstract
  • and a repetition rate of 1 Hz. Different energies from 80 to 240 mJ with a step of 40 mJ were used. The samples were placed in a closed metal cube under nitrogen during annealing to avoid contamination and interaction with particles. A converging lens was placed between the laser and the sample, and
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Published 28 Dec 2022

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

  • Roger Cattaneo,
  • Mikhail A. Galin and
  • Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

Graphical Abstract
  • oscillating state. We use an external detector to measure the emission of electromagnetic waves. The emission power correlates with the step amplitude. Our results indicate that the emission is facilitated by the cavity modes in the electrodes. The modes are collectively excited by active junctions. In turn
  • profound step structure in the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. The resonances are caused by the formation of surface plasmon-type standing waves at the electrode–substrate interface [34]. Thus, the electrodes themselves act as a common external resonator, facilitating the effective indirect coupling
  • resonant step in the I–Vs, implying that the emission is facilitated by the cavity modes [9][32][33][34]. We conclude that the long electrodes in the studied arrays are acting both as external resonators and microwave antennas. The large length (approx. 1 cm) of the electrodes facilitates good impedance
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Published 28 Dec 2022

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

  • Polina M. Kalachikova,
  • Anastasia E. Goldt,
  • Eldar M. Khabushev,
  • Timofei V. Eremin,
  • Timofei S. Zatsepin,
  • Elena D. Obraztsova,
  • Konstantin V. Larionov,
  • Liubov Yu. Antipina,
  • Pavel B. Sorokin and
  • Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

Graphical Abstract
  • performance in both individualization and chirality separation of carbon nanotubes, excessive surfactant concentrations are usually required for their complete individualization [2][8][11]. Such excess subsequently introduces an additional step of surfactant removal to recover the SWCNTs in a pristine state
  • -step gel filtration. We found that the riboflavin molecules are selectively adsorbed on small-diameter semiconducting SWCNTs facilitating specific hydrophobic interactions between the nanotubes and gel extraction media consistent with first-principles calculations. Results and Discussion Riboflavin as
  • broad diameter distribution. The single-step extraction procedure is based on the gel filtration of SWCNTs dispersions, where manifold interactions between SWCNTs, surfactant molecules, and the polysaccharide gel govern the separation of nanotubes [22]. The classical route of gel filtration utilizes SDS
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Published 22 Dec 2022

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

  • Olga Shikimaka,
  • Mihaela Bivol,
  • Bogdan A. Sava,
  • Marius Dumitru,
  • Christu Tardei,
  • Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
  • Daria Grabco,
  • Constantin Pyrtsac,
  • Daria Topal,
  • Andrian Prisacaru,
  • Vitalie Cobzac and
  • Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

Graphical Abstract
  • was heated up to 240 °C in an electrical oven, than introduced in an alumina crucible and heated in an electric furnace in two steps, namely a pre-melting step at low heating rate of about 50 °C/h from 240 up to 800 °C, followed by a melting step, at a higher heating rate of 250 °C/h, up to the
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Published 12 Dec 2022

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

  • Abu Hashem,
  • M. A. Motalib Hossain,
  • Ab Rahman Marlinda,
  • Mohammad Al Mamun,
  • Khanom Simarani and
  • Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

Graphical Abstract
  • determined using CV at a scan rate ranging from 40 to 150 mV/s. The EIS analysis was performed at 0.20 V as the applied potential and at a frequency of 0.1–100 kHz with a 10 mV amplitude. The DPV was carried out with a step potential of 5.0 mV and modulation amplitude of 25 mV. All the tests were performed
  • and modified SPCE within the potential window of −0.1 to 0.6 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s vs Ag/AgCl. (c) DPV for SPCE and modified SPCE at a potential range from −0.1 to 0.6 V, a step potential of 5 mV, and modulation amplitude of 25 mV. (d) EIS for SPCE and modified SPCE was carried out at a
  • muscle samples. BTS stands for box turtle DNA isolated from a meat sample; ds: double stranded; CWS: cow sample, BFS: buffalo sample, HRS: horse sample, and DKS: duck sample. Step-by-step fabrication procedure of the electrochemical DNA biosensor for the detection of the BT cytb gene. Figure 8 was
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Published 06 Dec 2022

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

  • Mikhail A. Galin,
  • Vladimir M. Krasnov,
  • Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
  • Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
  • Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

Graphical Abstract
  • the array electrodes. This leads to a profound enhancement of resonant step amplitudes in the IVCs of the arrays, indicating that the state of one array is strongly affected by oscillations in another array. The inter-array coupling is manifested by a significant amplification of emitted power with a
  • oscillations in array-b lead to a pronounced enhancement of the resonant step in array-a at Va ≈ Vb while other steps are practically unaffected. The differential resistance in the center of this step Rd decreases by a factor of four, from Rd = 16 Ω to Rd = 4 Ω. Since the step amplitude reflects (approximately
  • at bias points 1–8 of array-b indicated in Figure 2a (red and blue curves). Here, we show eight fragments of separately measured IVCs close to the condition of phase locking Va ∼ Vb. It can be seen that at all bias points, Vb, a strong enhancement of the resonant step in array-a occurs compared to
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Published 06 Dec 2022

Density of states in the presence of spin-dependent scattering in SF bilayers: a numerical and analytical approach

  • Tairzhan Karabassov,
  • Valeriia D. Pashkovskaia,
  • Nikita A. Parkhomenko,
  • Anastasia V. Guravova,
  • Elena A. Kazakova,
  • Boris G. Lvov,
  • Alexander A. Golubov and
  • Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1418–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.117

Graphical Abstract
  • –orbit scattering. For practical reasons, we propose the analytical solution for the density of states in SF bilayers in the case of a thin ferromagnet and low transparency of the SF interface. This solution is confirmed by numerical calculations using a self-consistent two-step iterative method. The
  • spin–orbit scattering on the DOS behavior. Then, we provide a comparison with the exact numerical calculation using a self-consistent two-step iterative method. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the consequences of the different kinds of scattering on the current–voltage characteristics in SFIFS
  • boundary Nf(E) is normalized to the DOS in the normal state and can be written as where Nf↑(↓)(E) are the spin-resolved DOS written in terms of the spectral angle θ, To calculate Equation 10, we use a self-consistent two-step iterative method. In the first step, we calculate the pair potential coordinate
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Published 01 Dec 2022

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

  • Matthias Mail,
  • Stefan Walheim,
  • Thomas Schimmel,
  • Wilhelm Barthlott,
  • Stanislav N. Gorb and
  • Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

Graphical Abstract
  • with a thin gold layer (thickness 20 nm, Sputter Coater 108 auto, Cressington, Dortmund). Afterwards the samples have been analyzed using SEM (15 kV, CAMBRIDGE Stereoscan 200 SEM, Zeiss AG, Oberkochen). Results and Discussion As a first step of the investigation of the air retaining capabilities of
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Published 21 Nov 2022

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

  • Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
  • Nina Burduja,
  • Marco Abbate,
  • Claudio Stagno,
  • Guy Caljon,
  • Louis Maes,
  • Nicola Micale,
  • Massimiliano Cordaro,
  • Angela Scala,
  • Antonino Mazzaglia and
  • Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

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  • of NPs and that this step is preparatory for the subsequent deposition of the silver shell. Conversely, in the case of monometallic Ag NPs, the reduction of silver ions (usually mediated by ascorbic acid) takes place at sites which are not involved in the nucleation/growing process leading to poorly
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Published 18 Nov 2022

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

  • Wilfried Konrad,
  • Christoph Neinhuis and
  • Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

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  • creating the air layer should not exceed the capillary length, that is, surface forces should dominate forces trying to distort the gas/liquid interface (e.g., gravitational forces). The straight top-down pathway: Identifying and following obvious biological models As a first step, it appeared to be quite
  • the inequality Refer to Figure 5 for the definitions of θ and ε. If θ is given, the relation in Equation 1 restricts the acute cone angle to the interval The next step is to clarify whether such air layers (or rather the interfaces that separate them from the liquid iron) do exist in the first place
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Published 17 Nov 2022

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

  • Roopakala Kottayi,
  • Ilangovan Veerappan and
  • Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

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  • QDSCs. Physical characterization The crystalline structure and size of the synthesized QDs were examined by X-ray diffraction (Riganku Ultima IV XRD spectrometer with nickel-filtered Cu Kα radiation with a step width of 0.02°) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was carried out on a JEOL
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Published 14 Nov 2022

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

  • Vishal Dutta,
  • Ankush Chauhan,
  • Ritesh Verma,
  • C. Gopalkrishnan and
  • Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

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  • increase in the overlap between Bi 6s and O 2p orbitals, a reduced charge transfer route, and strange floating features. In another approach, Huang et al. reported a one-step hydrothermal synthesis of a BiIO4/Bi2MoO6 hybrid photocatalyst for photodegradation of RhB dye [56]. Under visible-light irradiation
  • applications [62]. A very good micro-/nanoscale hierarchical Bi7O9I3/NTC photocatalyst was created in a one-step, easy, and environmentally friendly way by Hou et al., who used an in situ ion exchange–recrystallization approach [63]. The used buffer provided a relatively stable environment for producing
  • intermediates from the synthesis process into photocatalysts to alter the energy band structure and increase photocatalytic activity [89]. A simple two-step technique was used to develop a novel compound photocatalyst of Bi/BiOBr-Bi5+ [90]. X-ray diffraction, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and
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Published 11 Nov 2022

Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

  • Man-Ping Chang,
  • Shang-Jui Lin and
  • Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

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  • program error termination. The atoms at the bottom of the Al substrates were the fixed atoms, and the atoms on the top of the Ni punch were the actuation atoms. The nano-punching process was performed by implementing a constant displacement of the Ni punch, which was set to 0.2 Å per step, and the
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Published 10 Nov 2022

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

  • Ke Xu and
  • Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

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  • a homemade cantilevered non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) system. As the first step of tip sharpening, the focus is on the controlled extraction of individual clusters. The experimental results show that controlled extraction of individual clusters induces a change in tip sharpness, which
  • channel structures. A faster, one-step technique for growing gold nanowires at the tips of commercial conductive AFM is proposed compared to the above methods. Bakhti et al. [35] grew gold nanowires at the tips of conductive AFM nanoprobes by electroreduction direct deposition based on the deposition of
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Published 03 Nov 2022

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

  • Patrick Weiser,
  • Robin Kietz,
  • Marc Schneider,
  • Matthias Worgull and
  • Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

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  • sandblasted steel-plates as mold inserts. It is an interesting feature of this procedure that a surface with nanostructures is realized without elaborate and costly lithography. Nanofur can be hot-pulled from several types of polymers [16]. Nonetheless, the surface area per process step is limited to some
  • universal process steps. First, a thin polymer foil is extruded on a sacrificial layer (Figure 1a). In a second step, the nanofur is hot-pulled from this extruded film in a R2R machine with a sandblasted roller. Subsequently, the nanofur film can be peeled of the sacrificial layer (Figure 1b). This
  • sacrificial film is needed to provide the suitable process stability during the hot-pulling step. For comparably thick and stable polymer films (thicker than 1 mm) it is also possible to omit this support layer. In the following, however, we focus on thin nanofur films fabricated with a sacrificial layer
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Published 31 Oct 2022

A super-oscillatory step-zoom metalens for visible light

  • Yi Zhou,
  • Chao Yan,
  • Peng Tian,
  • Zhu Li,
  • Yu He,
  • Bin Fan,
  • Zhiyong Wang,
  • Yao Deng and
  • Dongliang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.101

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  • materials still have issues regarding dynamic tunability and inflexibility. Therefore, it is vital to develop a flexible and tunable modulation approach for super-oscillatory lenses. In this paper, we propose a super-oscillatory step-zoom lens based on the geometric phase principle, which can switch between
  • tool for label-free super-resolution microscopic imaging and optical precision machining. Keywords: geometric phase; phase-change material; step-zoom lens; super-oscillatory; Introduction Due to the diffraction limit, conventional optical imaging systems are unable to surpass a theoretical resolution
  • target rapidly within the field of view after switching to the super-oscillatory lens. Although dynamically tunable super-oscillatory lenses could be realized by utilizing phase-change materials [23], the problem of inflexibility still exists. Here, we propose a super-oscillatory step-zoom lens (SSL
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Published 28 Oct 2022

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

  • Yinglin Ma,
  • Xiangyun Xiao and
  • Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

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  • MA (Figure 1) [26]. The immobilization of ʟ-Phe on QCM sensors was through a two-step assembling process. A 4-aminothiophenol (ATP) monolayer was firstly adsorbed on the QCM surface by chemical Au–S bonding. Then, 4-NH2-ʟ-Phe was bound by a diazo-coupling reaction to form a monolayer with ʟ-Phe. The
  • -amino acids on metal crystals of Ag, Cu, Pt and alloys by density functional theory (DFT) simulations. They revealed that Pt(531) with a step–kink metal surface has better enantiospecificity for eight α-amino acids (alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, cysteine, and 3
  • -aminoalanine) [141][142]. The step–kink structure can provide more adsorption sites for chiral molecules, thus promoting the separation of the two isomers. Although based on simulation studies, the chiral metal surface may induce different conformational strains with enantiomers and exhibit distinct adsorption
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Published 27 Oct 2022

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

  • Jia-Cheng Feng and
  • Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

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  • Debye screening length, about 9 nm for aqueous electrolytes [11][12][13][14]: where κ is the Debye screening length, εm is the permittivity of medium, kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and NA is the Avogadro number. In addition, the “two-step” model between liquid and solid proposed by
  • Wang et al. also provides a valuable explanation and deeper understanding of solid–liquid interactions. Compared to the traditional model, Wang’s model suggests that electron transfer between liquid molecules and solid surface atoms is the initial step and is followed by ion transfer due to electronic
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Published 25 Oct 2022

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

  • Piotr Gadziński,
  • Anna Froelich,
  • Monika Wojtyłko,
  • Antoni Białek,
  • Julia Krysztofiak and
  • Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

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  • next step the formulation is dried and the drug precipitates inside the pores. Upon application, the drug dissolves in a physiological fluid and, in this form, can permeate to the deeper tissues [161]. In the techniques involving polymers applied to obtain solid microneedles, the drug may be dissolved
  • puncturing a biological membrane and forming pores, which are further used as canals for drug delivery. In the next step, MNs are removed and the pores are filled with a drug-loaded formulation. (ii) Drug-coated MNs with a drug-loaded layer deposited on the surface; the coating layer dissolves in
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Published 24 Oct 2022

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

  • Minh-Thuan Pham,
  • Duyen P. H. Tran,
  • Xuan-Thanh Bui and
  • Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

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  • heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized by one-step pyrolysis of MgO and urea at 550 °C for two hours. The photocatalytic NO removal efficiency of the MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions was significantly improved and reached a maximum value of 75.4% under visible light irradiation. Differential reflectance
  • the fabrication of the MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunction via one-step pyrolysis nor on the photocatalytic pathway of the MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunction for photocatalytic NO removal under visible light. In this study, a MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunction was synthesized via a one-step pyrolysis method using commercial MgO
  • indicate that MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunction structures have been successfully synthesized with high photocatalytic NO degradation efficiency under visible light by one-step pyrolysis (see Table 1 for a comparison of the photocatalytic NO removal efficiency values). Also, the AQE has been calculated according
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Published 18 Oct 2022
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