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Search for "template" in Full Text gives 273 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1609–1634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165
- concentration, GI50, percentage viable cells), and cell line information, though not consistently. Importing the data into eNanoMapper takes advantage of NanoWiki using Semantic MediaWiki and its template framework: all data relevant to NanoQSAR can be retrieved from the wiki as RDF, in the form of a RDF/XML
Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145
- of the template by chemical conjugation of peptides [16], poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [22], aniline [25][26], or succinamate [27] has been reported. Virus-based templates have gained especially important roles in the synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructures. They combine several
- and charge distribution of the surface of the core [22][26][27][63][64]. During the mineralization process, great effort is needed to avoid non-templated byproducts, as well as aggregation, re-organization and precipitation of the templates into extended superstructures of amorphous silica-template
- and plain TMVLys controls (and in some tests wildtype TMVwt) under equal conditions. The products were analyzed and compared to determine favorable TMV template–peptide combinations for specific silica mineralization. Results and Discussion Surface functionalization of TMVLys templates by conjugation
Formation of substrate-based gold nanocage chains through dealloying with nitric acid
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.140
- -enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), imaging [9], and catalysis [10][11]. Up to now, several methods, such as template-based methods, Kirkendall effect, Ostward ripening, and galvanic replacement, have been developed to synthesize hollow metal nanostructures [12][13][14]. Among them, the galvanic replacement
- quasi-spherical nanoparticles [3]. During the replacement reaction, Au atoms are deposited epitaxially on the surface of the Ag template. They nucleate and grow into small islands, and eventually evolve into a shell around the silver particles. The thin shell formed in the early stage is incomplete, and
- of nanocages In our previous reports [23][24][25], we have electro-deposited template silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on ITO substrates and carried out the galvanic replacement reactions. Figure 1 shows top-view and tilted-view SEM images of unreacted AgNP templates and those exposed to aqueous 0.1 mM
Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131
- including composition, dimension, and crystallinity. Therefore, to develop synthesis methods that guarantee a precise control of these properties is important. A powerful technique to synthesise nanowires with well-controlled morphological and crystallographic characteristics is the so-called template
- diameters as small as about 15 nm can be fabricated [18]. By choosing different types of polymer membranes the surface morphology of the nanowires can be varied [19][20]. Since the successful growth of Cu/Co and Ni/Cu multilayer nanowires back in the 1990s [1][2][21], the template method has allowed for the
- File 1. In a next step, a Au layer was sputtered on one side of the polymer template, serving as the cathode for the deposition. It was reinforced with Cu, electrodeposited at room temperature in a two electrode set-up at a potential of −0.5 V between the Cu anode and cathode. The electrodeposition of
Preparation of Ni/Cu composite nanowires
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1268–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.130
- characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. The method has notable advantages: It is template-free, inexpensive, easy-to-operate, and it only needs a short reaction time, which makes it suitable for large-scale preparation. Keywords: copper nanoparticles; nickel nanowires; Ni/Cu composite nanowires; Introduction In
- surface of nickel nanowires, named Ni/Cu composite nanowires, was developed for the first time. The synthetic process consisted of two steps. Firstly, pure nickel nanowires were prepared in solution without template by applying a weak external magnetic field. Secondly, the obtained nickel nanowires were
- synthesized Ni nanowires before being used as a special template is shown in Figure 1a. Figure 1b shows the SEM image of the prepared Ni/Cu nanowires under optimal conditions that can be achieved at present. Uniform Ni/Cu composite nanowires with an average size of approximately 200 nm in diameter and 80 µm
Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch2
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123
- plasmonic resonance; metal islands; metal nanostructures; metal polymer blend lithography (metal PBL); nano-patterned template; nanoscale discs; optical transmission; perforated metal film; polymer phase separation; poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA); polystyrene (PS); self-assembly; spin-coating; surface
From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105
Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 976–986, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.101
- required for a template pattering can be estimated to be on the order of hours or even tens of hours. Often, during such a long exposure, a pattern generator will produce an error due to a buffer overflow because of the large data exchange. Moreover, the main drawback of EBL is the exposure speed (usually
- method is very promising for fabrication of high-quality, artificial, spin-ice lattices [21][22], magnonic [23] and photonic [24] crystals on large scale. An important additional advantage of the proposed method is the fast patterning of a template as compared with the exposure time required for the
- reversed pattern on positive resist using conventional lithography techniques, where a sequential scan of the selected area is required. To fabricate a template in the form of an array of 25 × 25 (625 elements in total) equilateral triangles with a length of 210 nm and a line width of 40 nm, only 17.6 s
A simple approach to the synthesis of Cu1.8S dendrites with thiamine hydrochloride as a sulfur source and structure-directing agent
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 881–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.90
- Bi2S3 without a template [11]. Li et al. demonstrated that L-cysteine could assist the formation of snowflake-like patterns and flower-like microspheres as well as porous hollow microsphere CuS structures [12]. Thiamine, abundant and inexpensive, contains one sulfur atom and is supposed to be used as a
Microwave assisted synthesis and characterisation of a zinc oxide/tobacco mosaic virus hybrid material. An active hybrid semiconductor in a field-effect transistor device
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 785–791, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.81
- Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.6.81 Abstract Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been employed as a robust functional template for the fabrication of a TMV/zinc oxide field effect transistor (FET). A microwave based approach, under mild conditions
- light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GI-XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). TEM and DLS data confirm the formation of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles tethered on top of the virus template. GI-XRD investigations exhibit an orientated
- nature of the deposited ZnO film along the c-axis. FET devices fabricated using the zinc oxide mineralized virus template material demonstrates an operational transistor performance which was achieved without any high-temperature post-processing steps. Moreover, a further improvement in FET performance
Magnetic properties of self-organized Co dimer nanolines on Si/Ag(110)
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 777–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.80
- growth temperature, individual or regular arrays (with a pitch of 2 nm) of Si nanoribbons can be grown. Next, the Si/Ag(110) system is used as a novel one-dimensional Si template to guide the growth of Co dimer nanolines on top of the Si nanoribbons, taking advantage of the fact that the thermally
- transition metal nanostructures, it appears interesting to also study the growth of such objects on a non-metallic template. We underline that since self-organized growth allows the fabrication of a high-density of nanostructures with a narrow size distribution, this route of nanofabrication opens up the
- nanolines on top of the Si NRs, reproducing the 1D pattern of the Si template. This, however, is limited by defects induced by Co incorporation into the Si NRs [21]. In the experiments reported herein, Co was deposited at 220 K to kinetically block this Co incorporation process and obtain long, defect-free
Simple approach for the fabrication of PEDOT-coated Si nanowires
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 640–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.65
- morphology control by tuning the thickness and reaction rate. Template polymerization of PEDOT has already been investigated on nanostructures such as ZnO [17], TiO2 [18], GaAs [19], AAO [20]. However, using a SiNW array as template for PEDOT deposition is an unexplored research field with only a few
Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63
- template striping [43], our high resolution titanium 2p spectra in the region of 450–468 eV showed the characteristic Ti 2p spin-split doublet structure, with a separation of approximately 6 eV between the Ti 2p1/2 and Ti 2p3/2 peaks (Figure 1). The binding energies of the contributions within the Ti 2p3/2
Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57
- inside the silica spheres by using CTAB as template surfactant. Finally complexes of lanthanides, namely Eu3+, Tb3+ with nicotinic and isonicotinic acid were introduce inside silica. The characterization of these multifunctional nanostructures was achieved by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, XRD
- -functionalized CdTe QDs were conjugated with the magnetic NPs inside the silica shell. Finally, the silica-coated NPs were wrapped with thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) by a template polymerization process. The average diameter of silica-coated magnetic NPs was found to be 100 ± 10 nm as studied by
Filling of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 508–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.53
- is still very much prevalent today. The main advantages of using CNTs to produce metallic nanowires is that the CNTs act as a template for self-assembly of the nanowires [40][41] and the CNT structure can act as a protective sheath to protect the nanowire from being damaged by chemicals in harsh
- surface or alters their morphology in undesired ways (e.g., reduction in length). Due to this challenge, much research has been focussed on producing CNTs that are open at both ends. This has been achieved by using an anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) film as a template for the thermal decomposition of
- hydrocarbon gases, followed by removal of the template by etching in 46% HF solution [63][64]. This technique has since been refined to produce tailored CNTs of desired length and diameter [65] and to allow the template to be dissolved in NaOH (rather than concentrated HF) [66]. This method has also been
Hollow plasmonic antennas for broadband SERS spectroscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 492–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.50
- energy. It is also conceivable to vary the angle of the ion milling, leading to the formation of tilted antennas. Moreover, the possibility of covering the polymer template with different materials expands the range of novel applications for such structures. In this paper, we exploit this fabrication
Conformal SiO2 coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48
- a narrow size distribution of the cylindrical channels in the template. This result is further confirmed by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) of nanotubes released from the PC matrix by dissolving the polymer. The chemical composition of the deposited layer is analyzed by X-ray
- and subsequent dissolution of the polymer template. Most of the observed tubes are about 30 µm long, which corresponds to the initial thickness of the PC foil. This and the fact that the outer diameter is constant along the tubes evidence a conformal deposition process along the complete length of the
Electrical properties of single CdTe nanowires
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 444–450, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.45
- characteristics, in order to control the functionality of the nanowires. It is also important that the fabrication method leads to reproducible results and is highly scalable, thus increasing the efficiency of the preparation step. The template approach is a method which enables the fabrication of nanowires with
- excellent reproducibility and a narrow distribution of the geometrical characteristics [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The method typically makes use of a nanoporous membrane as a template along with a method for filling its pores. As templates, most used are polymer ion track membranes, anodic alumina and diblock
- , a template approach for fabricating CdTe nanowires by electrodeposition inside ion track polycarbonate nanoporous membranes was employed. It was recently proved that one can easily control the characteristic of the nanowires prepared in this way by controlling the electrodeposition overpotential [15
Multifunctional layered magnetic composites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 134–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.13
- SANS and VSANS experiments, therefore we conclude that the demineralized nacre matrix can be used as a template for the synthesis of the composite material, which is in agreement with earlier work on nacre retrosynthesis [13]. The distance between the layers is around 250–500 nm (see below in Figure 5d
- purple area next to the matrix in Figure 3d represents excess of gelatin on the sample surface. These studies reveal that the chitin–gelatin composite can be used as a template for the mineralization of magnetite and therefore act as a building block for the formation of a multifunctional composite
- ) and ferric ions (FeCl3 0.2 M) in a molar ratio of 1:2. After complete diffusion of the ions inside the hydrogel template magnetite is precipitated in the third step by introducing the template in a base (NaOH 0.1 M). The magnetite nanoparticles are synthesized through a so-called co-precipitation
Functionalization of α-synuclein fibrils
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 124–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.12
- tissue engineering [27][28], as well as use as a template for fibril metallization [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] or for the biomineralization of fibrils [36]. Nanostructures are usually designed by modifying proteins or peptides prior to fibril assembly [21][37][38][39][40][41]. Although post-assembly
- complex structures ordered by the amyloid template has been described [36]. Ries et al., recently developed a method for super resolution imaging of amyloid fibrils with binding-activated probes where unlabeled target structures (eg., α-synuclein fibrils) can be visualised after the amyloid-specific
Chemoselective silicification of synthetic peptides and polyamines
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 103–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.10
- nanostructure forms a template for the localized silicon dioxide precipitation in LCPA-rich but silaffin-poor areas [20]. From the numerous physical and experimental parameters, which differ from the literature experiments, only the chemical parameter of micro-heterogeneity is resolved in our experiments, which
- template is entrapped in the inorganic precipitate while the others remain in solution. This straightforward method identifies cooperativity of bioorganic templates in solution and can be easily transferred to other mineralization experiments. Experimental The NMR spectra were recorded at 300 MHz and the
Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9
- . synthesized BNNTs by means of microwave plasma at a temperature lower than 520 °C [40]. In this technique, a 6–100 nm pore size, aluminum oxide template was used along with microwave plasma. The BNNTs were grown on the surface of this template in the presence of B2H6/Ar and NH3/N2 at 10−4 Pa pressure at 520
- °C. The diameter of the synthesized BNNTs was the same as the pore size diameter of the aluminum oxide template. The BNNTs were synthesized in a stainless steel autoclave at 380 °C from amorphous boron, NaN3, and CH3CN for 14 h. The obtained product was washed with ethanol, dried and a 5% BNNTs yield
Exploring plasmonic coupling in hole-cap arrays
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.1
- the optical properties of short range ordered arrays of nanocap-holes coupled structures and interpret them in terms of hybridization of their more elementary components. We fabricate these structures utilizing colloidal monolayer masks as a template and compare experimental extinction data to finite
Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242
- graphene edges and converts the less stable scroll into a MWNT. This is an important step towards the controlled synthesis of carbon nanostructures. The interaction between graphene sheets and template molecules is expected to produce carbon nanostructures with well-defined properties such as diameter
- upon the addition of ferrocene aldehyde. Reprinted with permission from [30], copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. Slow-motion roll up of a graphene layer. Fc–CHO molecules template the rolling of the graphene sheet. Reprinted with permission from [31], copyright 2013 Wiley-VCH. Schematic
Biopolymer colloids for controlling and templating inorganic synthesis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2129–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.222
- , micelles, and vesicles, and on the other hand continuous scaffolds generated by gelling biopolymers. Keywords: biomacromolecules; biopolymer; colloid; nanoparticle; organic–inorganic hybrid; template; Introduction During the natural synthesis of inorganic matter in living organisms, referred to as
- process from 3-aminopropyltrimethyoxysilane (APTMS) or tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The structures after the removal of the template were proven to be suited for protein recognition. The synthesis process is depicted in Figure 4. When referring to polymer particles, the denomination “hard template” may sound
- network generated by the polymer and not on the surface or edges (as it is the case of the “supports” of the previous subsection), we label this type of templating as “scaffold”, being aware that the term is also used in a more general way – almost as a simple synonym for “template” – by other authors
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