Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• some Bi2WO6/TiO2 composites, which were employed in various photocatalytic applications, such as degradation of organic pollutants [25], oxidation of methane [24], and production of hydrogen by water splitting [26]. According to these reports, Bi2WO6/TiO2 composites have better photocatalytic

• Scientific Ltd. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) was obtained from Fluorochem Co., Ltd. All chemicals were directly applied without further treatment. Filter paper for quantitative laboratory analysis (made from cotton) was purchased from Hangzhou Xinhua Paper Industry Co., Ltd. (China). Ultrapure water was

• spectrophotometer. The concentration of the Cr(VI) aqueous solution was determined by the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method as follows. 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (0.2 g) was dissolved in acetone/water (100.0 mL, v/v = 1:1) to form solution A, while H3PO4 (20.0 mL) and H2SO4 (20.0 mL) were homogeneously mixed in

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• the fabrication of a robust, nonenzymatic electrochemical-sensing electrode modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) to detect PT residues in environmental samples (e.g., soil, water) as well as in vegetables and cereals. The ERGO sensor shows a significantly affected

• level of PT residues in environmental samples, such as water, soil, crops, and vegetables. A straightforward and economic fabrication process with high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability with the lowest detection limit is the foremost advantage emerging from this study for the rapid on-site

• aforementioned solution, during which the solution temperature was increased to 35 °C. After 30 min of the addition of KMnO4, a brownish-grey paste was obtained. Deionized water (100 mL) was added to the paste under constant stirring at 90 °C for 30 min, followed by dropwise addition of 30% H2O2 (Merck, India

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 RBD spike protein (PDB ID: 6VYB) was selected for this study. The molecules bound to the protein receptor molecule were removed. The RBD spike protein was prepared using AutoDock Tools to add polar hydrogen atoms, Kollman charges, and to remove water molecules. The active

• , and water solubility for peptides were determined by the on-line software INNOVAGEN’s peptide calculator (PEPCALC). Almost all OAPs are soluble in aqueous media, independently on their isoelectric point, due to the high ratio between hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues, except the peptides

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• deionized water by horn sonication for 1 h. The suspension was filtered through a glass-fiber membrane (pore diameter of 1.2 μm) without any polymeric binder and conductive agent. The active area and mass loading of the cathode were 0.785 cm2 and 1.0 mg·cm−2, respectively. Porous Ni foam was placed on the

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• , Oviedo, Spain, Figure 2b). Using an automated pipette, the entire specific volume of the graphene dispersion in NMP was vertically dripped onto the surface of deionized water. Because the volumes ranged from 250 to 1000 µL, while the amount of graphene in that volume was kept fixed, the concentration of

• graphene was varied. As the film of graphene formed on the surface of the water, the LB method was used to deposit the film onto the target substrate [32]. Film characterization To study optical properties of the fabricated samples, UV–vis spectroscopy was performed (Thermo Fisher Scientific EVO 60

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• studies have shown evidence that BBR and its derivatives can also fight severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a current concern worldwide [21][22][23]. The water solubility of phytochemicals plays an important role in the effectiveness of disease treatment. A poor water

• of glycerol on the physicochemical properties of BBR NPs was investigated by UV–vis absorption and FTIR spectroscopy. The UV–vis absorption spectra of pure BBR and BBR NP solutions in distilled water at the same concentration are shown in Figure 1. Glycerol has no absorption band in the UV–vis

• explained by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the oxygen-containing groups (methoxy and furyl groups) of BBR and the –OH group of glycerol in water [38]. Morphology and size distribution of BBR NPs The SEM image (Figure 3a) shows that pure BBR forms tightly agglomerated rods with rectangular cross

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• , then rinsed in isopropanol (IPA) solution for 3 minutes. The final master MN array was carefully rinsed with deionized water and air-dried (Figure 1a). Manufacturing PDMS molds and MN replication The master MNs were subsequently used to make soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds for hot embossing the

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

• Adil Loya,
• Antash Najib,
• Fahad Aziz,
• Asif Khan,
• Guogang Ren and
• Kun Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54

• experimental data. Highly concurrent trends were achieved for the obtained results. According to the obtained results of MDS, adding CuO nanoparticles increased the thermal conductivity of water by 25% (from 0.6 to 0.75 W·m−1·K−1). However, by adding these nanoparticles to hydrocarbon-based fluids (i.e

• 100% growth). Chu et al. [26] tested the validity of RSM and ANN algorithms for predicting relative thermal conductivity and compared it with experimental data points. Only a 0.3% error was noted, which proves the effectiveness of both models. It was found that the thermal conductivity of water is

• increased by inducing CuO nanoparticles. A study was conducted in which it was observed that the CuO/water nanofluid had a positive impact, which resulted in an enhancement of thermal conductivity of about 12.4% as compared to distilled water. The KD2 thermal property analyzer was used for the measurements

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• ; Introduction Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been extensively studied for many potential applications in the environmental and energy fields, such as treatment of polluted water [1][2], air purification [3][4], and water splitting [5][6]. In recent years, the interest in the brookite phase of TiO2 has been

• 100 mL Teflon-lined autoclave and heated at 180 °C for 8 h. The white precipitate was collected by centrifugation (8000 rpm, 10 min), washed to a neutral pH with distilled water and absolute ethanol, and then dried at 80 °C. To inspect the effect of the calcinating temperature on the structure of the

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• analysis, 28–30 wt % solution of NH3 in water, Acros Organics). The preparation of the MNPs was performed by reverse precipitation, in which an aqueous solution (50 mL) of FeSO4 with the surfactant CTAB (2:1, mass ratio) was slowly dripped into a 50 mL basic solution of NaOH and NH4OH. The solution turned

• and washing with water, and it was air-dried at 70 °C overnight in an oven. The experimental tomographic series was acquired with a JEOL 2100 transmission electron microscope (TEM). The instrument was operated at a voltage of 200 kV and the images have been obtained in scanning transmission electron

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• Justin R. TSE [45]. In a nutshell, the cover glass with 25 mm diameter was uniformly covered with a thin layer of 0.1 M NaOH and dried. After 5 min of activation with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (ServiceBio, China), sterile water was use to wash the activated coverslips. The treated glass slides were

• sterile water, and stored at 4 °C. The stiffness of the hydrogels with different proportions were shown in Table 1. Next, the gels were coated with a sulfo-SANPAH solution and activated in UV light at 365 nm for 10 min. These gels were then coated with type I collagen (0.1 mg·mL−1) and incubated overnight

• at 4 °C. On the second day, the excess collagen solution was removed with sterile water, and then HPV-PZ-7 and PC-3 cells were inoculated onto PPA substrates with different stiffness for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The schematic diagram regarding this process is shown in Figure 1a. Cell death assay Cells

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• GSH stock solution (1 mM) prepared in deionized water was added into 300 μL of 13 nm GNPs solution for 0.5 h. Then, 2 mL of Rh6G2 stock solution (75 μM) were added to the reaction mixture at room temperature for 2 h to acquire GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2. GSH-Rh6G2 were prepared by a similar process, in which 150

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• obtained from Lach-Ner (Czech Republic). The solvents were purified and dried by a standard procedure before use. Aminopropan-2-ol (purified by vacuum distillation) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). 1,6-Diaminohexane, HBr 33 wt % in acetic acid, 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (w/w) in water

• a hot water/ethanol mixture. OxymaPure was purchased from Irish Biotech (Marktredwitz, Germany). PD-10 desalting columns (Sephadex G 25) were obtained from Amersham Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden). Na125I-radiolabeling solution (3 700 MBq/mL) was purchased from the Institute of Isotopes (Budapest

• nanogel was separated by centrifugation (11,000 rpm/20 min), washed three times with CHX, dispersed in CHX (20 mL) overnight, and again washed seven times with CHX to completely remove any residual surfactant. Then, the nanogel was dispersed in distilled water and dialyzed (molecular weight cut-off: <100

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• similar to that of (NH4)2MoS4 reported by Falola and co-workers [28]. The formation of MoS42− ions in the mixture solution is detailed in Equations 1–4 [27][28][29][30]: It should be noted that (NH4)2MoS4 is poorly soluble in water. Hence, the in situ synthesis of MoS42− from (NH4)6Mo7O24 (high solubility

• substrates were first cleaned in a 1% Hellmanex solution at 70 °C for 30 min in an ultrasonic bath, then washed three times in distilled water, dried by nitrogen flow, and finally treated in a UV ozone chamber for 5 min to obtain the cleaned FTO electrode. Precursor solutions were prepared by dissolving (NH4

• )6Mo7O24 (x mM) and Na2S (y g·L−1) in distilled water, the pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.0 using a 20% (v/v) H2SO4 solution, KCl (0.1 M) was used as the supporting electrolyte. The concentration ratio between (NH4)2Mo7O24 and Na2S was kept constant (x/y = 1:6) with different concentration levels

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• ]. Gelatinous substances can interact with water, which allows one to control various physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the artificial skin, such as hardness, and surface properties [24]. Therefore, agarose gel was utilized as artificial skin and was subsequently treated with inoculum of

• µm in depth and 50 µm base diameter were procured from Micropoint company, Singapore. Parafilm-M (thickness 0.13 mm) was purchased from Merck, Germany. HPLC-grade double-distilled water was used. O.C.T compound clear was obtained from Agar Scientific, UK. Analysis of ciprofloxacin content in needles

• microneedle arrays by thumb for 30 s, the microneedle heights were measured again. Preparation of artificial agarose skin Previously, agarose gel was utilized as an artificial skin model [28]. Briefly, 2.5 g of agarose was suspended in 100 mL water. The dispersion was then placed in the microwave to melt for

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• , MI, USA). Purified water was obtained from a water purification system (Evoqua Water Technologies, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Absolute ethanol was purchased from Anidrol (Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil). Preparation and characterization of PRP extracts Brazilian green propolis (PRP) was obtained from an apiary of

• was placed in a round-bottomed flask, added to 50.0 mL of purified water and subjected to simple distillation. The distillate was collected in a 50.0 mL volumetric flask and made up to volume with purified water. The distillate density was determined, and from the density the alcohol content was

• determined. The determination of the total polyphenol content was performed in 25.0 mL volumetric flasks, 10 mL of purified water were added and 10.0 μL of extract were added. Then, 1.0 mL of phosphomolybdotungstic reagent R (Folin–Ciocalteau) was added and the volume was made up with 14.06% (m/V) aqueous

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• , iontophoresis, needle-free injection, and microneedles are used [17]. As an alternative option, vesicular delivery systems are also effective systems to enhance the penetration of drugs through the skin. As an example, ethosomes (ETHs) are soft and malleable nanovesicles composed of phospholipids, water, and

• they contain sufficient water content in their structure [9]. In the literature, there is only one review study of nanocarriers in which ETHs, developed with natural compounds/plant extracts, are used in the field of cosmetics. In that study, information is given about the use of ETHs developed with

• transporters consisting of phospholipids, ethanol, and water. The intriguing properties of ETHs are due to their high ethanol content. They promote targeted penetration through the stratum corneum and in deep skin layers, which are advantageous features compared to conventional vesicular systems such as

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• combined with metal nanoparticles, resulting in enhanced photoactivity of Au-decorated ZnO nanocrystals for photoelectrochemical water splitting [9], improved photodetection performance of ZnO nanofibers decorated with Au NPs [10], or enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO doped with Au NPs [11]. Moreover

• HAuCl4 to controllably grow Au NPs on the ZnO nanorods and obtained effective substrates for the ultrasensitive detection of organic pollutants in water, which could be recycled multiple times [45]. Powdered ZnO–Au nanocomposites were synthesized via hydrothermal reactions, a simple, facile, and

• milli-Q water to the freshly prepared Ag nanowire solution [55]. A higher photocatalytic activity was shown for the Ag–ZnO core–shell particles compared to ZnO alone under solar light irradiation. SERS applications of ZnO-based nanostructures SERS is a powerful technique with promising applications for

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• supports [31][32], mechanical resonators [33], and dielectrics in nanocapacitors [34][35]. It has been shown that CNMs possess subnanometer pores, which can block the passage of most molecules and ions, but let water and helium pass through, enabling the use of CNMs in molecular filtration and ion

The role of sulfonate groups and hydrogen bonding in the proton conductivity of two coordination networks

• Ali Javed,
• Felix Steinke,
• Stephan Wöhlbrandt,
• Hana Bunzen,
• Norbert Stock and
• Michael Tiemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 437–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.36

• File 1, Figure S1) and magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2⋅6H2O) or lead acetate hydrate (Pb(OAc)3·H2O), respectively, under solvothermal reaction conditions, employing mixtures of water and ethanol as solvent. In the case of [Mg (H2O)2(H3L)]·H2O, sodium hydroxide was used as an additive [13

• ions, resulting in the formation of layers. This way, each phosphonate group is coordinating with two oxygen atoms, while the third one is protonated. The –C6H4-SO3 group points into the interlayer space. A network of hydrogen bonds between the sulfonate residues and coordinated water molecules as well

• as crystal water interconnect the layers into a three-dimensional network consisting of interlocked layers. In contrast, in the structure of [Pb2(HL)]·H2O, each sulfonate group is coordinating to several Pb2+ ions. A 2D inorganic building unit is observed and the coordination of the sulfonate groups

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• were ≥99.8% pure. Copper wire of 2 mm thickness (99.9% purity) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ag/AgCl wire was purchased from A-M Systems, USA. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) with ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) surface finish were purchased from Multi-CB (Germany). Distilled water was

• obtained in the laboratory. CuO layer synthesis on copper wires A smooth film coating of copper oxide was obtained by annealing the copper wire in an oxygen atmosphere. Before annealing, the copper wire was washed several times with water and ethanol to clean the surface of possible contamination. The wire

• obtained by a one-step chemical hydrothermal oxidation. For this, copper wire was rinsed with water and ethanol in order to clean the surface of possible contamination. To prepare the working solution, 10 mL of a 10 M NaOH solution, 5 mL of a 1 M (NH4)2S2O8 solution and 26 mL of H2O were combined. The wire

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• arrays were exposed to various relative humidity levels ranging from 20% to 80% (Figure 10). The obtained results show a decreasing sensor response with increasing RH% value. This change in response toward relative humidity is due to the adsorption of water molecules and an increase of charge

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• influence the elastic modulus of native cuticle specimens tested in bending. In the light of our data, we suggest that changes of the elastic modulus of cuticle are not solely due to changes of the water content. Our results provide a platform for more accurate measurements of cuticle properties. Keywords

• : biomimetics; cuticle; locust; material properties; mechanical testing; nanoindentation; water content; Introduction Cuticle is a lightweight material that forms the whole exoskeleton of insects, from the flexible intersegmental membrane to the stiff jaws and claws. Cuticle of each insect body part has

• materials. This is mostly because measuring the mechanical properties of insect cuticle is very challenging in practice. One of these challenges is associated with the rather fast desiccation rate of cuticle, as it loses its water shortly after removal from insect body [5]. Only small changes in the water

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of hyaline cartilage matrix [8]. Chondrocytes are embedded in a dense ECM composed mainly of water, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and collagen fibers. Collagen comprises 60–85% of adult articular cartilage and has a fibrous structure, which extensively contributes to

• and increased biocompatibility when human dermal fibroblasts were seeded on the scaffold or encapsulated in the hydrogel. Incorporation of HNTs into alginate hydrogel also yielded enhanced mechanical properties and scaffold density [147]. HNTs led to a decreased water swelling ratio of alginate

Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

• Ismael Abu-Baker and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30

• Ismael Abu-Baker Amy Szuchmacher Blum Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada 10.3762/bjnano.13.30 Abstract The self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein is significantly altered in alcohol–water mixtures. Alcohol cosolvents stabilize the disk aggregate

• effect glycine may have on the disk to rod transition. Lee et al. investigated the coagulation of TMV virions in alcohol–water–LiCl solutions [33]. They concluded that ethanol increases hydrophobic interactions between virions, and LiCl screens electrostatic repulsion, leading to significant aggregation

• small hydration shell of structured water molecules. As the alcohol content increases, the hydration shells begin to overlap, leading to an extensive hydrogen bonding network and significantly reduced mobility of water molecules. Beyond this point, alcohol molecules begin to cluster together, and