Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• sensor using COMSOL Multiphysics whose active sensing material used is a carbon nanocomposite (i.e., 0.1 wt % of single-walled carbon nanotubes along with PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)) in an equal volume ratio of 1:1. Given the high cost associated with the

• development of these sensors, it becomes imperative to establish a mathematical model for economically predicting their behavior. The simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics is performed to obtain the surface coverage of the sensor by introducing carbon monoxide gas through a Gaussian pulse feed inlet at

• using the nanocomposite materials which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the gas sensors. Keywords: CO gas; COMSOL Multiphysics; gas sensor; surface coverage; SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS; Introduction The field of nanotechnology has brought significant advancements in various scientific and engineering

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• continuity, momentum, heat, and diffusion equations were solved numerically by the software COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method. The model allowed for the simulation of the key parameters of the HFCVD reactor. Also, a thermochemical study of the heterogeneous reaction between the

• , we focus on the simulation and analysis of key steps in a HFCVD deposition process to obtain SiOx films by means of continuity, momentum, heat, and diffusion equations, which were solved numerically by the software COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method; we also carry out a

• Simulations” explains the equations for the 0D and 2D models. Also, the hypothesis used to develop this study and the methodology for the use of COMSOL and FactSage are given. In section “Results and Discussion”, some theoretical results are compared with experimental ones. Further, the results obtained from

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• photonic band could be tuned for specific for real applications. Methodology The reflectance of the multilayer stack was evaluated by simulating it in COMSOL Multiphysics. Lithium niobate (n = 2.21) is placed in odd layers while TiO2 (n = 2.6) is in even layers. Figure 1 shows alternating PhC layers of LN

• for SiO2/LN). The simulations were done in the wave optics module in COMSOL Multiphysics [50]. The model-building process involved defining parameters and values, creating the geometry, assigning the materials to the created domains, setting boundary conditions, and implementing appropriate meshing

• . COMSOL Multiphysics utilizes a finite element analysis (FEM method) approach to simulate physical phenomena involving coupled multi-physics problems. Configuring solvers, running simulations, and the software iteratively solves the coupled system of equations numerically. The geometry has been built in

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• simulation was to recreate the strain state in an attempt to fully understand it and to find countermeasures for the resulting spacing in the RoI. The opMEMS were designed and modelled using the FEM software Comsol Multiphysics 6.1 (licence no. 17078442). In the simulation, opMEMS bridges were modelled using

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• milling speed but reduced heat damage. Keywords: biological sample; COMSOL; focused ion beam; forward time–centered space (FTCS); heat damage; SRIM; Introduction FIB-SEMs combine a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a focused ion beam (FIB) in a single instrument and are increasingly used to prepare

• investigated using the Monte Carlo simulation program SRIM [20], the program COMSOL (finite element analysis platform), and a numerical analysis using the forward time–centered space method to solve the 3D heat equation. This approach is discussed in detail elsewhere [17]. The results are experimentally tested

• into account, the SRIM simulations suggest that FIB processing should be three times faster when using a lower acceleration voltage of 5 kV instead of 30 kV. COMSOL simulations The heat induced by a single gallium ion impacting collagen as well as multiple ion impacts were studied using COMSOL

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• thermal expansion of Ag NWs and a substrate during heat treatment from room temperature to 673.15 K were simulated by FEM in Comsol Multiphysics 5.6. The structural configuration involved a pentagonal Ag NW positioned above a rectangular hole on an Si substrate. The NW was securely affixed to the

• substrate, while the overhanging segment retained freedom of movement in all directions. The elastic modulus values for the Ag NW and Si substrate were set to the built-in values in Comsol, accounting for their temperature-dependent nature. More technical details can be found in Supporting Information File

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• either the sideband-resolved or sideband-unresolved regime. For the given thickness, we simulate the eigenfrequencies of the cantilever using the finite-element method (FEM) implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics [31], with the boundary condition of a perfectly rigid clamp along the line where the plate

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• actuators of varying sizes, namely A, B, C, and D. Only one-quarter of the devices were mapped, considering their symmetry. The experiment focused on studying the size-dependent displacement of these devices. Simulations We used COMSOL Multiphysics for the finite element method (FEM) simulations of our

• linear profiles selected from b and c. Unit cell of the piezo/photodiode device as simulated in COMSOL. Device type-I corresponding color map of (a) light-induced displacement determined at each point of a predefined grid over the surface of the device. A total of 81 points on the surface active area of

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• . Acoustic-electric conversion performance In order to further validate theoretically the effectiveness of the experiment, we conducted simulations using COMSOL software to analyze the internal voltage distribution and stress distribution of the piezoelectric film. Figure 9a–f illustrates the results of the

• . Additionally, the authors wish to extend heartfelt gratitude to the School of Sciences at Hangzhou DIANZI University for their generous support in utilizing the COMSOL software for simulating the voltage distribution within the piezoelectric film.

Investigations on the optical forces from three mainstream optical resonances in all-dielectric nanostructure arrays

• Guangdong Wang and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 674–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.53

• . The transmission spectrum through a periodic disk array and the electromagnetic fields in resonance were numerically investigated by the finite element method (FEM) implemented in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. In all calculations, we investigated the generated optical forces on

Observation of multiple bulk bound states in the continuum modes in a photonic crystal cavity

• Rui Chen,
• Yi Zheng,
• Xingyu Huang,
• Qiaoling Lin,
• Chaochao Ye,
• Meng Xiong,
• Martijn Wubs,
• Yungui Ma,
• Minhao Pu and
• Sanshui Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 544–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.45

• influenced by both the radiative part Qr and a nonradiative part Qnr via 1/Q = 1/Qr + 1/Qnr provided that the material is lossless. Qnr incorporates defects such as structural disorder, surface roughness, and fabrication errors. The simulation of the unit cell was performed by COMSOL Multiphysics with

Quasi-guided modes resulting from the band folding effect in a photonic crystal slab for enhanced interactions of matters with free-space radiations

• Kaili Sun,
• Yangjian Cai,
• Uriel Levy and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 322–328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.27

• curve for the GMs along ΓΧ and XΜ directions in the FBZ supported by the square lattice with a = 400 nm, R1 = 100 nm, and t = 220 nm. The results were obtained by using the eigenfrequency analysis and lateral Fouquet boundary conditions implemented in the commercial finite-element method software Comsol

Characterisation of a micrometer-scale active plasmonic element by means of complementary computational and experimental methods

• Ciarán Barron,
• Giulia Di Fazio,
• Samuel Kenny,
• Silas O’Toole,
• Robin O’Reilly and
• Dominic Zerulla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 110–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.12

• software COMSOL Multiphysics has been used to predict and confirm the dynamic temperature distribution and the optical response of the system. Experimental The manufacturing of the active plasmonic elements employed in the present work is detailed in [5]. At first, a 48 ± 2 nm film of silver is deposited

• maximise the X-component of the LIA signal. SJEM measurements were performed for current densities of 45, 48.2, 51.8, 54, and 58 mA/μm2, the results of which can be found below. Simulations Finite element analysis simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 were employed to cross-verify the results obtained

• al. [34] were employed. The resulting tables, again one for each material, containing the spatial points and refractive indices were subsequently imported into COMSOL to define the heated materials. All values were evaluated at the selected operational wavelength λ = 561 nm. For reference, in the

The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG

• Yiru Wang,
• Xin Zhao,
• Yang Liu and
• Wenjun Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25

• %, and the improvement is not obvious (Figure 9). This is because the particle size distributions are too large. This can be seen intuitively in the COMSOL displacement simulation below in Figure 11. However, the charge density at the sharps tips is higher than that at the spherical strips, which is very

• types labeled “Struct. A” (pyramidal), “Struct. B” (strips), and “Struct. C” (spheroidal) (Figure 11). A COMSOL simulation can explain the differences in output performance caused by the different particle shapes. Taking pyramidal structures as an example, it can be seen in the simulated displacement

• with different shapes of nanoscale crystallites. (a1–c1) Models of pyramids, strips, and spheroids. (a2–c2) COMSOL simulation of the electric field distribution with a surface charge density of 12.5 μC·m−2 at the contact surface of PTFE. (a3–c3) COMSOL simulation of the displacement distribution under

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• Comsol Multiphysics. Below, we present simulations of thermal and radiative properties calculated using “Heat Transfer” and “RF” modules, respectively. The presented simulations contain several simplifications and, therefore, are not aiming to self-consistently predict the extent of self-heating, ΔT, or

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• area. Further, in order to eliminate the inevitable topological change during the actual movement of the TENG, an air gap was established in COMSOL to construct the two-dimensional model of the TENG. Based on the assumption that the surface charge density of the triboelectric nanogenerator is constant

• triboelectric materials approach, the electrons of the electrode on the lower surface will flow back to the electrode on the upper surface, forming a downward current until the two triboelectric materials contact each other. A simplified model of a two-dimensional TENG was set up in COMSOL (Figure 2). Two

• parameters are the same as in Figure 2, as shown in Figure 4. The three models were simulated and compared in COMSOL while ignoring edge effects. As can be seen from Figure 5a–c, the electric potential of the rectangle and the isosceles triangles is symmetrically distributed along the central axis, while

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• case, the volume of the glue in the simulation is approximately equal to the volume of the glue in the experiment. Figure 2d is a false-color representation of the total displacement levels. Warmer colors represent a larger displacement. All calculations were carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics

• the Z and X directions, respectively. Atip is equal to The angle between Atip and Ax is φ. The frequencies near fq are scanned by the frequency domain study in COMSOL to obtain the maximum values of Atfz, Ax, Az, and the output currents. Figure 5 shows the Atfz and the simulated output currents. Rise

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• which only particles with an eEEEC higher than the electric field magnitude along this line can pass. With this information obtained from the experiments, the eEEEC of each SPNP listed in Table 2 was calculated by simulating the electric field within a constriction using the COMSOL Multiphysics software

Ultrasensitive detection of cadmium ions using a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor for groundwater

• Dinesh Rotake,
• Anand Darji and
• Nitin Kale

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1242–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.108

• mN/m, which is well below the stiffness required for BioMEMS applications (1000 mN/m [41][42]). COMSOL 5.3 software is used to perform design and simulation of the piezoresistive sensor to optimize the dimensions for better stiffness and sensitivity [43]. The fabricated piezoresistive sensor layer

Transition from freestanding SnO₂ nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design

• Jasmin-Clara Bürger,
• Sebastian Gutsch and
• Margit Zacharias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69

• were simulated by means of the finite element method (FEM) software COMSOL multiphysics® [24]. Tube furnace simulations for the general growth of NWs have already been presented in literature, but have focused mainly on an improved understanding of the growth of ZnO NWs and are not specialized on the

Label-free highly sensitive probe detection with novel hierarchical SERS substrates fabricated by nanoindentation and chemical reaction methods

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Yongda Yan,
• Li Wang,
• Peng Miao,
• Yimin Han,
• Xinming Zhang,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Yanquan Geng,
• Zhankun Weng,
• Daniel Laipple and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2483–2496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.239

• solution on the Raman intensities of the SERS substrate with hierarchical structures are experimentally studied. The intensity and distribution of the electric field of single and multiple Ag nanoparticles on the surface of a plane and with multiple micro/nanostructures are studied with COMSOL software

• enhancement mechanism of the AgNPs/Cu nanostructures. The local electric field of the AgNPs/Cu nanostructures was calculated using commercial COMSOL software. Figure 9 shows the electric field distribution in the x–z plane of a single Ag nanoparticle at the air/Cu surface with an incident wavelength of 532 nm

• . In addition, the Raman intensity of R6G is higher with a feed of 2 μm in the x-direction and a feed of 2 μm in the y-direction on the different indentation structures. Third, the intensity and distribution of the electric field of Ag nanoparticles as calculated by Comsol software was shown in the

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• : The cantilevered beam bending experiments were simulated using the finite element method (FEM) with COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2 solid mechanics module. For this the linear elastic material model from COMSOL was chosen. The simulations were based on a recently developed segmented pentagonal NW model [29

Multiple Fano resonances with flexible tunablity based on symmetry-breaking resonators

• Xiao bin Ren,
• Kun Ren,
• Ying Zhang,
• Cheng guo Ming and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2459–2467, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.236

• , we have Tmax = 1. Results and Discussion Numerical simulations were performed by using COMSOL Multiphysics. The width of the waveguide is W0 = 50 nm, the gap between waveguide and resonator is g = 10 nm. The outer and inner radius of ring are R = 155 nm and r = 55 nm, respectively. The deviation

Deterministic placement of ultra-bright near-infrared color centers in arrays of silicon carbide micropillars

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Abdul Salam Al Atem,
• Faraz Ahmed Inam,
• Hans Jürgen von Bardeleben,
• Sophie Hameau,
• Ahmed Fahad Almutairi,
• Gérard Guillot,
• Shin-ichiro Sato,
• Alberto Boretti and
• Jean Marie Bluet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2383–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.229

• micropillars We model the emission of color centers in the pillars using the finite-element method COMSOL Multiphysics radio frequency module. A VSi color center is modeled as an oscillating point dipole located along the central axis of the SiC pillar. For calculations we used the index of refraction of the

• fabricated the samples and performed micro PL at low temperature. F.A.I. performed the COMSOL modeling and provided insight into the models' results. S.H. and H.v.B. performed the low-temperature micro PL experiment in the IR. A.F.A. performed micro PL at room temperature. S.-I.S. aided on the optimization

Liquid crystal tunable claddings for polymer integrated optical waveguides

• José M. Otón,
• Manuel Caño-García,
• Fernando Gordo,
• Eva Otón,
• Morten A. Geday and
• Xabier Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2163–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.209

• same LC structure was mounted on top of the MMIs. Modeling of mode propagation and electric field spatial distribution was performed employing the COMSOL® finite element suite loaded with electromagnetics modules. The electric field distribution in waveguides normal sections was calculated with a code

• developed by the authors using MatLab-R2018b along with a number of MatLab scripts from the WGModes package [17] from the University of Maryland [18]. COMSOL simulations of light propagation in a directional coupler and two MMIs, all having rectangular cross sections. The red dots show the distribution of