Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• , A2033), poloxamer 407 (16758), calcium chloride, and mucin from porcine stomach (M1778) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Sunflower oil and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) were from TCI Chemicals, USA. For in vitro studies, high-glucose DMEM and Pen-Step solution were purchased from Sartorius

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• from the mold. There are various surface treatment methods available, including oxygen plasma, UV/ozone, corona oxidizer, and plasma pen [46][47]. In this study, we employed a previously reported chemical treatment method that uses 1 M NaOH solution for 24 h [48]. Although this method takes longer, it

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• out of the structured PP film (Figure 8a). This is done with a round punch. Afterwards, the film is perforated. This can be done with various types of needles [17]. However, in order to speed up this process step, we used a Derma pen (DRS Dermaroller System) with 42 needles with a diameter of 100 µm

• are perforated by punching holes with a needle pen. A soft underlay guarantees that the needles penetrate the film completely. (c) Two cut-outs are filled with oil-absorbing material, placed between polyimide masks, and heat-welded using a heated brass tool. Finally, the uneven edge is cut off with a

• circular punch giving the nanopad a round shape. Fabrication of nanopads from polypropylene nanofur film. (a) In the first step, circular pieces are cut from nanofur film with a circular punch. Subsequently, tiny holes are pierced in the nanofur film using a needle pen. The needles have a diameter of about

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• and manufactured to address current limitations for mimicking skin in vivo conditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) was developed to simulate single MN insertion into a multilayered skin model and validated experimentally using a commercial Pen Needle as a model for the thermoplastic MNs. Margins of

• insertion tests were designed to measure the insertion force during the experiments. To facilitate the force recordings during MN insertions on porcine skin, BD Ultra-Fine™ 4 mm Pen Needles were used (Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA), having similar geometry to the fabricated MN array projections described

• above. The main reason for using PEN needles was their greater length (4 mm) which prevents early attachment of skin to the base plate, which is a common phenomenon when testing the MNs. The force of insertion is directly proportional to the square of the MN base diameter (Equation 1). Compared to other

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• /titanium dioxide nanocomposites against biofilm-forming and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [95]. In another novel approach, dip pen nanolithography and soft lithography were used to form a micropattern of a silica sol modified with TiO2 (5% and 10

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• 10% FBS and 1% pen–strep. After 24 h of incubation, cells were exposed to different concentrations of PSS-coated GNRs and were allowed to incubate at 37 °C for additional 24 h. Viability was measured by the MTT assay [40]. Hemolysis assay All human blood samples in this study were from healthy

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• ) and 100 IU/mL pen/strep (Gibco by Life Technologies), respectively [62]. Briefly, a carbon-coated copper grid (300 mesh; Agar scientific) was placed into a clear plastic centrifuge tube and 4 mL of sample was added into the tube very slowly. The tube was covered by parafilm and ultracentrifuged for 1

Impact of fluorination on interface energetics and growth of pentacene on Ag(111)

• Qi Wang,
• Meng-Ting Chen,
• Antoni Franco-Cañellas,
• Bin Shen,
• Thomas Geiger,
• Holger F. Bettinger,
• Frank Schreiber,
• Ingo Salzmann,
• Alexander Gerlach and
• Steffen Duhm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1361–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.120

• ][21], which in turn affects the IEs. Overall, predicting the impact of fluorination on the energetics at organic–metal interfaces still remains a challenge. In this context, pentacene (PEN) and perfluorinated pentacene (PFP) are frequently-studied model compounds [9][18][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29

• ][30][31][32][33][34][35]. PEN and PFP have almost identical optical gaps in thin films (1.85 eV and 1.75 eV, respectively) [36][37], and the experimental gas phase IEs (measured by UPS) are 6.59 eV [38] and 7.50 eV [39], respectively. This trend of the IEs is also found for thin films comprised of PEN

• [40][41][42][43][44]. However, in thin films comprised of molecules in a standing orientation on SiO2 (long molecular axis perpendicular to the substrate), the IE of PEN decreases to 4.90 eV and the IE of PFP increases to 6.65 eV [45]. The opposite trend of the orientation dependency of the IEs has

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• Nanosciences) [45][46]. Prior to use, the cantilevers were activated by oxygen plasma (10 sccm O2, 0.2 mbar, 100 W, 2 min) and used immediately. The pen reservoir was filled with 0.2 μL of ink solution. For all patterns, a probe dwell time of 0.1 s was applied. Spotting was performed at an optimized relative

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• structuring techniques are required. Among several candidates, molecular self-assembly and self-organization of structures represent the so-called bottom-up approach. Nanoindentation, thermal scanning probe lithography, local oxidation lithography, dip-pen lithography, extreme UV lithography or X-ray

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• ][60]. Recently, other methods emerged with the aim of producing SERS substrates at low cost, enabling their large-scale production. These methods include inkjet-printing and pen-on-paper approaches [61][62]. Plasma treatment has been widely used for the last decades for microelectronics and surface

High-throughput micro-nanostructuring by microdroplet inkjet printing

• Hendrikje R. Neumann and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2372–2380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.222

• nanoparticle structures is dip-pen nanolithography [7]. Although all these methods are highly precise, it would be expensive and time consuming to use them to coat large areas on the centimeter scale. A convenient, high-throughput method to achieve hexagonal patterns of metal nanoparticles with a well-defined

Heterostuctures of 4-(chloromethyl)phenyltrichlorosilane and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography: Nanoscale characterization of the main steps of nanopatterning

• Phillip C. Chambers and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1211–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.112

• interfaces has been studied using layer-by-layer assembly that incorporates organosilane or organothiol monolayers to functionalize a surface to form multilayer films [2][3]. Dip-pen nanolithography was applied to pattern porphyrazines onto a polycrystalline gold surface to align horizontally or vertically

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• above techniques summarized in Table 1, there are other less widespread methods such as the dip-pen nanolithography technique [116], uniaxial pressure technique [117][118] and the use of femtosecond laser pulses [119], which are not presented here. Evaluating the arrangement and alignment of CNTs After

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• ; Introduction Electron microscopes, typically used for imaging and analysis, can be turned into a platform for nanoscale chemical synthesis using electron beam induced chemistry. The electron beam can act as a pen or an eraser on any solid sample, using a technique called focused electron beam induced

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• -/microstructures [35]. Similarly, direct writing using a scanning probe microscopy-based nanolithographic technique (dip-pen nanolithography, DPN) was used to deliver chemical substances with submicrometer features on a wide range of poly(p-xylylene) deposited substrates [36]. An array of micro-sized plasma was

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• strategy to fabricate arrays of back-gated Gr-FETs on poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) substrates. These devices present a large-area graphene channel fully exposed to the external environment, in order to be suitable for sensing applications, and the channel conductivity is efficiently modulated by a

• buried gate contact under a thin Al2O3 insulating film. In order to be compatible with the use of the PEN substrate, optimized deposition conditions of the Al2O3 film by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) at a low temperature (100 °C) have been developed without any relevant degradation of

• devices performance. A low temperature (100 °C) deposition process to obtain a high quality dielectric film is essential in order to be compatible with common plastic substrates, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) or poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), which is also the case of our study. Atomic

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• [58][156], dip-pen nanolithography [157][158], and block copolymer micelle nanolithography [159]. All these methods are just exemplary techniques allowing the (bio)chemical modification of structured surfaces for in vitro cell studies. Despite the precision of the modification that many of these

Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• metal or semiconductor nanopatterns, such as electron beam lithography [7][8][9], nanosphere lithography [10][11][12][13], laser interference lithography [14][15], AFM-based dip-pen lithography [16], and more. Masuda and his colleagues used anodic porous alumina as lithographic mask for the fabrication

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• skin samples were cleaned in wash solution (PBS containing 5 × Pen/Strep with antimycotics/antifungal (5 × PBS)) and any fat removed. Full approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the clinic and University for the use of this tissue. Skin was cut into 0.5 × 1.0 cm pieces then placed in 0.1

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• from [15][16] and A549 (human lung carcinoma cell line) purchased from ATCC (CCL-185, Promochem, Wesel, Germany) were grown in RPMI 1640 with GlutaMaxTM supplement (Gibco 61870-010), 10% FCS and Pen/Strep (100 U/100 µg/mL) and cultivated at 37 °C, 5% CO2. ISO-HAS-1 and A549 were passaged every third

• ). The A549 cells were seeded with a density of 3.2 × 104 cells/well on 96-well plates and 7.7 × 104 cells/well on ibidi µ-slides (ibiTreat, tissue culture treated, #80826) in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco) with GlutaMaxTM supplemented with 10% FCS and Pen/Strep (100 U/100 µg/mL) and cultivated at 37 °C, 5

• placed on the top side of the membrane. The cells were cultured for about 7 d in RPMI 1640 medium with LGlutaMaxTM supplemented with 5% FCS, Pen/Strep (100 U/100 µg/mL). From day 3 of cultivation the A549 were treated with dexamethasone (1 µM) until day 7. Due to the longer culture period of about 7 to

Boosting the local anodic oxidation of silicon through carbon nanofiber atomic force microscopy probes

• Gemma Rius,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Soichiro Matsui,
• Masaki Tanemura and
• Francesc Perez-Murano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 215–222, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.20

• –sample direct mechanical contact or long range interactions, such as based on van der Waals or electrostatic forces. Because of this, AFM-based SPL can be achieved through oxidation, indentation, as well as various other implementations such as dip-pen nanolithography [5]. Early works on AFM-based SPL

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• mineralization of carbohydrates with various calcium phosphates. Falini and coworkers used β-chitin from a squid pen for mineralization of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) [14][15]. They found a distinct change of the chitin fiber organization on OCP mineralization. Moreover, the OCP–HAP

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• American Type Culture Collection (ATCC HTB-37 and ATCC HTB-38, Rochville, USA) and grown in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37 °C in DMEM medium (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA) supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% L-glutamine and 1% Pen/Strep (100 U/100 μg/mL) as described in [47]. 24 h prior to ASP exposure

Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition

• Sheng Zhong,
• Thomas Koch,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Harald Rösner,
• Eberhard Nold,
• Aaron Kobler,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Di Wang,
• Christian Kübel,
• Mu Wang,
• Horst Hahn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1285–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.142

• ]. Yet the AAM-mediated nanowires are often inhomogeneous in morphology, poly-crystalline in structure, and fragile in their mechanical properties. This is also true for nanowires fabricated with the tip of an atomic force microscope used as a mechano-electrochemical pen [25]. As reported recently, this