Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• , 201002, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.44 Abstract The amyloid cascade hypothesis posits that amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) are the most neurotoxic species in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These oligomers, characterized by their high β-sheet content, have been shown to significantly disrupt cell membranes, induce

• into their potential for clinical application. This comprehensive overview highlights the current advancements in NM-based therapies for AD and outlines future research directions aimed at optimizing these innovative treatments. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; amyloid; amyloid-β oligomers; detection

• or amyloid fibrils have not demonstrated substantial improvements in patients’ cognitive behaviors; (ii) efficacy of oligomer-targeting drugs, that is, drug candidates that specifically target amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) have shown greater clinical effectiveness in treating AD patients; and (iii