Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• , each with distinct chemical structures and biological activities [4][5]. Phytochemicals have captured the interest of the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry alike because of their extensive therapeutic potential. They function as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, anticancer

• scavenging capability of the developed formulation was comparable to that of standard antioxidants such as vitamins C and E. The antioxidant capabilities of RVT and the developed PLHNPs were further assessed by determining improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in lipopolysaccharide-induced J774A.1

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• Antioxidants play an important role in the prevention of oxidative stress and have been widely used in medicine and healthcare. However, natural antioxidants have several limitations such as low stability, difficult long-term storage, and high cost of large-scale production. Along with significant advances in

• nanotechnology, nanomaterials have emerged as a promising solution to improve the limitations of natural antioxidants because of their high stability, easy storage, time effectiveness, and low cost. Among various types of nanomaterials exhibiting antioxidant activity, metal-based nanoantioxidants show excellent

• , and cancers [1][2]. The human body naturally defends itself against oxidative stress by using antioxidant biomolecules. With the excellent ROS scavenging effect, antioxidants significantly contribute to the balance of ROS and protect the human body from free radicals, which are produced either by

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively. Interestingly, this dose had no impact on the indole acetic acid (IAA) content. Conversely, the use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs in the same medium led to a significant reduction

• observed in common beans upon the application of ZnO NPs at a concentration of 10 ppm [44]. Therefore, it is apparent that Zn is a positive stimulator of carbohydrates, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and antioxidants synthesis in R. sativus at 1000 mg/L of ZnO NP without causing any toxicity. Zn content in

• , resulting in crystalline, spherical particles with an average diameter of 70 nm. Application of these ZnO NPs to radish plants in coir with a dose of 1000 mg/L showed no toxicity in terms of soluble protein content, carbohydrates, plant pigments, and antioxidants while significantly enhancing them compared

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• enhanced activity of chitosan-stabilized Ag NPs in comparison to colloidal Ag NPs, and the cytotoxicity was inversely proportional to the size of chitosan-stabilized Ag NPs, but directly proportional to their concentrations. In another recent study, antioxidants–chitosan–silver nanoparticles have been

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• peroxides and free oxygen radicals increase. Damage to phospholipids, which contain large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and are sensitive to degradation by hydroxyl radicals, deteriorates the structure of the cell membrane [3]. Antioxidants are compounds that capture and stabilize free radicals and

• circulation [11][12]. Topical application of many antioxidants via cosmetics is one of several approaches to reduce oxidative damage in the skin. However, antioxidants are generally unstable and may degrade upon light exposure. Therefore, it is important to properly formulate antioxidants in order to overcome

• residence time of cosmetic active compounds in the stratum corneum and epidermis, allowing them to easily penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin. In addition, these systems have been proven to protect the skin from exogenous oxidants by preserving the structure of antioxidants with low stability and

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• antioxidative reagents is an important strategy to alleviate chronic diseases and maintain the redox balance in cells. Small-molecule bioactive compounds have exhibited huge therapeutic potential as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Myricetin (Myr), a well-known natural flavonoid, has drawn wide

• offers a new design to harness stable, sustainable antioxidant nanoparticles with high loading capacity, high bioavailability, and good biocompatibility as antioxidants. Keywords: antioxidant; co-assembly; glutathione; myricetin; nanoarchitectonics; Introduction Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance

• , cysteine, and glutamic acid. The cysteine residue plays a pivotal role in protecting the body from oxidation damage; however, GSH is easily metabolized by enzymes [23]. In this work, we employed a facile co-assembly strategy to design hybrid nanoparticles as antioxidants [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• the phytochemical compounds simplifies the process. Various parts of plants such as roots, fruits, seeds, needles, and aerial parts may be used for extraction of phytochemicals [321]. These extracts contain a substantial amount of polyphenols which are strong antioxidants [140][186] with significant

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• ). This strategy also revealed not to be always appropriate for ROS production and in the case of vinylpyridinium-based block copolymers (with both the pH-insensitive 4-vinilpyridinium and the positively charged N-methyl-2-vinylpyridinium iodide), the PIC micelles are even proposed as antioxidants due to

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• multifunctional theranostic applications, whereby the nanocomposite may be further engineered with biocompatible polymers, antioxidants and drugs. Powder XRD patterns of CuFe2O4/HYPS with different Cu concentrations (x = 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15 and 0.17). BET adsorption–desorption isotherm and pore size

BergaCare SmartLipids: commercial lipophilic active concentrates for improved performance of dermal products

• Florence Olechowski,
• Rainer H. Müller and
• Sung Min Pyo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.208

• be used before due to lack of penetration, e.g., certain antioxidants; controlled and prolonged release in order to avoid too high concentrations on the skin that may cause irritancy (e.g., retinol and tretinoin); composition preferentially of natural or naturally derived and modified raw materials

• ); modified with permission from [17], copyright 2017 Elsevier. Storage study with retinol loaded SmartLipids particles over six months. Remaining retinol content in SmartLipids formulation P (left) and R (right) before and after incorporation of lipophilic antioxidants Tinogard TT and BHT at 40°C (upper) and

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• antioxidant capacity was assessed by calculating the IC50 value, which was determined by using the DPPH assay [34]. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) is a free radical that can be reduced by antioxidants. Upon reduction the colour of the free radical changes and thus the amount of

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• found that antioxidants play a key role in the regulation of the deleterious activity exerted by CS in humans, nevertheless CS alters the requirements of antioxidants, such as vitamins E and A [9][10][11][12][13][14]. In this respect, quitting smoking does not always resolve the issue, since even more

• suitable for cutaneous administration of antioxidants, different lipid compositions have been considered, as reported in Table 1 and Table 2. The selection of the lipid composition has been performed by choosing nottoxic, commercial lipids with similar chemical composition and different carbon chain

• and concentration (Figure 1C and 1D). In order to avoid agglomeration phenomena and to control the mean size, only NLCs have been considered for antioxidant loading. Production and characterization of NLCs containing antioxidants To produce antioxidant-containing NLCs, different amounts of TOC and RA

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• . Active agents that are poorly soluble in water but soluble in lipophilic media can easily be formulated as creams or gels (e.g., the popular coenzyme Q10). The problems start when the active agents are poorly soluble both in aqueous and lipophilic/organic media. Classical examples are antioxidants (e.g

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• . In conclusion, the high cellular uptake and the antioxidant properties associated with the phenolic moieties in the modified particles allow for a potential application in biomedical areas. Keywords: antioxidants; chitosan; maghemite nanoparticles; oxidative stress; phenolic compound; Introduction

• ][10][11]. To enhance the antioxidant properties of inorganic particles, they should be surface-modified with antioxidants or antioxidant-modified polymers. These types of polymers include chitosan, which is a product of chitin deacetylation and is composed of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

• induce oxidative stress in living organisms via the Fenton reaction. Therefore, it is crucially important in biological applications of iron oxide nanoparticles to counteract this undesirable effect by antioxidants. The combination of magnetic targetability with antioxidant properties is an interesting

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• ]. Raised intracellular levels of ROS cause oxidative stress in cells [40]. Aerobic organisms alleviate the damaging effects of ROS with antioxidant systems comprising enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants [41]. Our research aims to determine the oxidative stress induced through the administration of PEG

• generating free radicals [49]. These free radicals can attack the surrounding biological molecules such as proteins, lipids and even DNA, which could result in a loss or damage of their biological function. In the body of mammals, there are antioxidants to counter these free radicals and protect tissues from

• damaging effects. These antioxidants include both enzymes such as GST, catalase and SOD, and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, vitamin E and many polyphenolic compounds. This study aimed to examine the oxidative stress, which is a major cause of organ damage after the administration

Co-intercalated layered double hydroxides as thermal and photo-oxidation stabilizers for polypropylene

• Qian Zhang,
• Qiyu Gu,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pinggui Tang,
• Dianqing Li and
• Yongjun Feng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2980–2988, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.277

• with the desired properties [11][12][13][14]. In our previous work, a series of intercalated antioxidants and photo-oxidation stabilizers with a single active component have been prepared by coprecipitation. In these polymer/LDH compounds, the resistance against aging was significantly improved [15][16

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• , 2001 [107]. This indicates that extensive studies should be carried out amongst workers of demolition sites to identify the ill-effect of particles that are dissipated. Nanoparticles in biomedical and healthcare products: NMs are incorporated in cosmetics and sunscreens as antioxidants [108] and

Voltammetric determination of polyphenolic content in pomegranate juice using a poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

• Refat Abdel-Hamid and
• Emad F. Newair

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1104–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.103

• , pomegranate juice has attracted more scientific attention because of its valuable health effects; especially due to its high content of phenolic compounds [17]. It is a complex drink and a rich source of antioxidants such as phenolic acids, tannins, anthocyanins, procyanidins, and flavonol glycosides [18

• ]. Due to the positive effects of polyphenol antioxidants on human health, the improvement of sensitive and robust methods for their determination gains more importance. Consequently, the measurement of the total polyphenolic content (TPC) is a good representation of the level of antioxidants that exist

• in a sample [19][20][21]. The selective and sensitive determination of TPC (GA equivalent, mg GAE L−1) is a difficult task, thus simple and fast techniques are still needed for these purposes. Therefore, in continuation of our previous work on the electrochemical study of antioxidants [15][22][23][24

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• metabolism [15][16]. However, these free radicals can interact within biological systems, resulting in oxidative damage to the organism. These harmful effects can be counteracted by biological antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the expression

• of which needs to be coordinately regulated with the onset of OS [17][18]. If this balance is interrupted, levels of NPs-activated OS surpass the capacity of the biological antioxidants, potentially resulting in toxic oxidative stress. As a result, central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions might

Electrochemical behavior of polypyrrol/AuNP composites deposited by different electrochemical methods: sensing properties towards catechol

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Cristina Medina-Plaza,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• Yolanda Blanco,
• José Antonio de Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2052–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.209

• , electrodes chemically modified with a variety of sensing materials (e.g., phthalocyanines or conducting polymers) have been successfully used as voltammetric sensors for the detection of antioxidants [27]. It has also been demonstrated that the combined use of electrocatalytic materials such as

Fulleropeptide esters as potential self-assembled antioxidants

• Mira S. Bjelaković,
• Tatjana J. Kop,
• Jelena Đorđević and
• Dragana R. Milić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1065–1071, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.107

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• . Reported studies on nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress use different read-outs for radical production including fluorochromic assays [39], depletion of antioxidants [40], enzyme activity (e.g., catalase [41], superoxide dismutase), or oxidative DNA damage. For example, reactive oxygen species-mediated

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

• Mildred Quintana,
• Jesús Iván Tapia and
• Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

• with different physical and chemical properties. This flexibility allows the incorporation of additives such as surfactants [8], antioxidants [9], and polymers [10] during the ultrasonication process, while increasing the affinity for the solvent, the quality of the resulting graphene layers, or their