Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• remodeling of tissues or maturation [32]. Hemostasis After an injury, the first response is contraction blood vessels and coagulation of blood to reduce blood and fluid loss. Platelets play a key role in hemostasis function. Platelet receptors interact with ECM proteins, such as collagen, fibronectin, and

• von Willebrand factor, and promote adherence to the walls of blood vessels [33]. Thrombin activates the platelets and releases bioactive molecules that support coagulation [34]. An insoluble clot is formed by fibronectin, fibrin, vitronectin to prevent bleeding. This eschar also serves as shielding

• are cleared by macrophage efferocytosis, apoptosis, or return to blood vessels [40]. Proliferation Granulation tissue development, re-epithelialization, and neovascularization are features of the proliferative phase. This period may last several weeks [41]. Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, macrophages, and

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• addition, the cornea, an ocular tissue, is relatively “immune amnestied” because of the absence of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which reduces the patient’s immune response and inflammation and improves the safety and efficacy of photothermal nanomaterials therapy [12][13]. The small size of

• PAI contrast agents [195][196]. Gold nanorods [197], gold nanostars [198], hollow gold nanocages [199], chains of gold nanoparticles [200], and ultraminiature chain-like gold nanoparticle clusters [201] have been used for the detection of ocular structures such as retinal blood vessels, choroidal

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• driving passive NP delivery to tumors [4][5]. In this model, leaky blood vessels and a compromised lymphatic drainage system contribute to the preferential NP extravasation and accumulation within solid tumors. However, recent evidence challenges this paradigm, suggesting that NP extravasation into tumors

• incorporation of active targeting strategies is expected to further enhance the selectivity and performance of usNPs for cancer treatment. By designing usNPs to target surface receptors on cancer cells, tumor retention can be improved by minimizing particle intravasation back to tumor blood vessels. Active

• difference was attributed to easier tumor clearance (tumor intravasation back to blood vessels) of off-targeted 3 nm NPs compared to 30 nm ones. Common functional ligands employed in actively targeted usNPs encompass small molecules such as folate, aptamers, peptides, full antibodies, and antibody fragments

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• . Furthermore, the authors were able to fine-tune the topology of the CNT coating, reducing inflammatory events by down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophages. The coated polymeric nanofibers showed the ability to up-regulate the formation of new blood vessels and osteogenic pathways, proving the

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• house nerves, lymphatics, as well as the blood vessels that are responsible for the transport of nutrients necessary for the maintenance of bone cells and tissues. The hierarchical organization and the multichannel structure of bone tissue support both nutrition and metabolism, increase bone strength

• the body [11][12][13]. In addition to all these structural units of bone, the outer surface of bones is covered with a thin fibrous membrane called the periosteum. The periosteum is a well-vascularized tissue, containing many blood vessels that penetrate the bone to nourish the bone cells and

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• ) account for many disorder conditions of blood vessels and heart. Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of plaque within arterial walls, is a major factor in strokes and myocardial infarctions and remains a substantial global health challenge. In recent years

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• barriers besides cellular membranes need to be addressed. A few examples of these barriers are penetration in or permeation through mucus, skin penetration, overcoming the blood brain barrier, or extravasation from blood vessels. Another challenge is the accumulation of particulate drug delivery systems in

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• number of cardiovascular patients has continued to increase. Heart sounds are physiological signals generated by the movement of heart valves, myocardium, blood, and other parts of the heart. They provide a significant amount of information about the heart and blood vessels [2]. Therefore, cardiac

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• cells, the inner lining of blood vessels controls the two-way transport of molecules and ions circulating in the blood and protects the inner tissue environment from harmful and dangerous substances [1][2][3][4]. The endothelium secretes vasodilation factors (e.g., nitric oxide and prostacyclin) and

• in solid tumors that are responsible for the transport of NPs by the transcellular route. They referred to these cells as NP-transporting endothelial cells (N-TECs). Their results suggest that only 21% of tumor vascular endothelial cells, unequally distributed along the blood vessels, participate in

• transcellular transport. They supported their observations using PEGylated Au NPs of various sizes (15, 50, and 100 nm) in various tumor models. In addition, they characterized the morphology of blood vessels and demonstrated that the vessels with NP-transporting cells were longer and had a greater volume and

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• hydrogels, while they could not attach to unmodified eADF4(C16) hydrogels [174]. A previously published in vivo study of an arteriovenous loop model in rats showed that RGD-functionalized spider silk hydrogels significantly enhanced angiogenesis by forming new blood vessels compared to unmodified eADF4(C16

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• same position obtained using SEM. The images show that the cross-sectional shapes are all nearly elliptical, while all were basically hollow, similar to blood vessels. This structure provides support for the beetles in spreading their hind wings or during flight [40]. Comparing the cross sections of

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• with the depth of the master mold. This is related to solvent evaporation as described in the literature for other biopolymeric MNs prepared by solvent casting [37][38]. The above sizes allow the MNs to rupture the stratum corneum but not reach the blood vessels, creating ducts that facilitate the flow

Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement

• Zafar Javed,
• Lybah Rafiq,
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer,
• Saqib Siddiqui,
• Muhammad Babar Ramzan,
• Muhammad Qamar Khan and
• Muhammad Salman Naeem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14

• developing artificial organs and blood vessels, and in gene and drug delivery [35]. Monitoring joint angles through wearable systems enables human posture and gesture to be reconstructed as a support for physical rehabilitation both in clinics and at the patients’ home [36]. To date, wearable sensors used

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• acoustic waves, reflection from inclusions, walls or other interfaces, and spatial variations in the propagation velocity [101]. The biomedical significance of the ARF effect was first demonstrated in 1971 by Pond, Woodward, and Dyson, who discovered that red blood cells in the blood vessels in vivo could

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• the possibility to apply accurate drug delivery in peripheral blood vessels. Valdez‐Garduño et al. [36] proposed a new method that uses an external magnetic field to fix the direction of a micromotor and converts the ultrasound-induced oscillation motion of a Janus microstructure with asymmetric

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• the pressure. By collecting mechanical energy and biochemical energy in the environment of the human body, this sensor can stably and continuously collect pressure data from human blood vessels and other body fluid environments. The NGs can be used for human health monitoring and blood pressure data

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• porous tumor vasculature. In contrast, leukemic cells and leukemia stem cells are settled in the blood vessels and bone marrow (BM) and seem readily available to the intravenously administered NDDSs. Nevertheless, the abundance of normal cell populations in the blood and BM imposes the necessity of a

• , acquiring this targeted approach could enable the employment of higher doses that will result in a more effective therapy with fewer side effects. In vivo imaging of the epithelium of BM blood vessels revealed that the vasculature expresses the adhesion molecule E-selectin and the chemoattractant stromal

• system (RES) located in the liver and spleen. Such interactions will result in RES-induced sequestration of the NDDSs, drastically reducing its availability in the organ of interest (BM). Additionally, to effectively extravasate, a circulating NDDS firstly needs to drift to the margins of the blood

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• µm PI layers. The bifurcated flap shape was used to achieve good penetration and attachment to the cortical surface and avoid injuring blood vessels on the brain midline (Figure 5c, left). The width of the Au lines was designed to be 100 µm to reach a low impedance value and enhance the signal-to

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• absence of an external magnetic field [11][12]. This can be a potential problem when ferrofluids are used in medical applications, since nanoparticle agglomeration and sedimentation can create thrombi inside the blood vessels [13]. Controlling nanoparticle agglomeration is essential to improve the

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• to take into consideration for those materials that are intended for medical applications. The formation of nanoparticle agglomerates can cause severe side effects that may induce occlusion of blood vessels and thrombotic events. Additionally, nanoparticles can interfere with the coagulation cascade

• . Platelet adhesion Activated platelets are physiologically programmed to adhere to the endothelial wall of damaged blood vessels. The VWF anchored to damaged endothelial cells plays a major role in this process, encouraging platelets to tether, roll and finally adhere at the site of damage. Dynamic platelet

• and size modulate a platelet-independent aggregation potential of particles in blood. Platelet aggregation is a complex process modulated by several chemical and physical parameters. Ordinarily platelets circulate in blood in a quiescent state near the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• silencing is expected to influence the formation of new blood vessels. HUVECs have been extensively used to monitor the effects of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. HUVECs respond to serum starvation by enhancing the expression of HIF-1α, which activates VEGF. This is manifested by distinct

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• circulation time for the smaller NPs as these NPs had less chances of adhesion to the walls of the blood vessels, which was observed in some cases of in vitro experiments. The Brownian adhesion dynamics also plays an important role in NP binding compared to microscale structures [33]. Recently, we have

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• cuttlefish-bone-derived Hap has a superior porous structure [15]. This porous structure allows the blood vessels, which grow inside the biomaterial, to receive the required minerals and oxygen [16]. Additionally, the porous morphology in nanometer-sized Hap provides unique properties, such as high drug

• blood cells and inhibiting them [52]. Further, the length of the nanorods and their aggregation inside the blood vessels also may be the reason for its concentration dependent hemolytic activity [53]. Furthermore, Han et al. (2012) showed that the size and surface charge of Hap nanoparticles are

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• triggered the mechanical opening of the DNA nanomachine, followed by the release of the cargo protease from the inner cavity to the targeted area. In vivo studies in mice demonstrated that the intravenously injected nanorobot could effectively deliver thrombin to tumor-associated blood vessels. The targeted

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• membrane, which have a diameter of about 50–100 nm. They were described for the first time in the early 1950s, as present in many cell types [89]. Caveolae were assumed to be mediators in the transport of serum proteins to tissues across the endothelium of blood vessels. Nowadays, caveolae are known to