Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• been reports of co-axial electrospinning of chitosan/PVA, although additional materials are usually added to aid the electrospinning of chitosan. Zhu et al. [111] used a chitosan/PCL blend as the sheath material and PVA as the core material for the production of guided bone generation membranes. Kuo et

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• , such as corticosteroids and azathioprine. Although these treatments help control inflammation and prevent disease progression, they often come with substantial side effects, including an increased risk of infections, bone density loss, diabetes, and hypertension. Recent advancements in AIH treatment

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• particles have been identified as 80–90% in the liver, 5–8% in the spleen, and 1–2% in the bone marrow [30]. One of the major organs where nanoparticles are likely to accumulate, depending on the route of administration, is the liver [31][32][33], where Kupffer cells can quickly uptake large nanoparticles

• reflects only the hepatic isoform (14.7 ± 0.17 U/L). However, against the backdrop of normal ALT values, an increase in ALP activity typically indicates a stagnation process in the bile ducts or a pathological process in the kidneys or bone tissue [56]. Comparing these data with the results of GGT activity

• in ALP activity may indirectly indicate the presence of a pathological process in other organs. Considering the fact that groups III and V received a combined administration with Fe3O4 NPs and the fact that many authors report the ability of these NPs to penetrate bone tissue, it can be assumed that

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• FDA-approved biodegradable polymer. The R406-PLGA NPs (particle size of 159.7 nm) showed a significant downregulation of major inflammatory markers (CCL2, IL-1α, and IL-6) in vitro in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. In an in vivo experiment using a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) mouse

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• tailored to the tissues where the implant will be placed [99]. Nevertheless, CNTs are able to regulate the cell proliferation better than other nanocarbon species. Patel et al. [100] coated polymer nanofibers with a 25 nm thick layer of MWCNTs modulating in vivo angiogenesis and bone regeneration

• , wherein the implant bears an excessive load, consequently, causing bone resorption [132]. Coating with nanostructured carbon is a strategy to both reduce wear and improve load across the implant region. As mentioned by Zhang et al. [133], a nano- or micrometric thick layer of CNTs induced the ability of

• bone tissues [137] to reduce wear. Such layers have been widely studied as coating agents onto several metal surfaces directly in contact with bone, including steel [138], titanium [139], and magnesium [140]. As reported by Deenoi et al. [141], CNT coatings on titanium nitride at the interface with

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• Istanbul Aydın University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.15.77 Abstract Bone, one of the hardest structures of the body, is the basic constituent of the skeletal system, which gives the shape to the body, provides mechanical support for

• muscles and soft tissues, and provides movement. Even if there is no damage, bone remodeling is a permanent process to preserve and renew the structural, biochemical, and biomechanical integrity of bone tissue. Apart from the remodeling, bone healing is the highly complicated process of repairing

• deficiencies of bone tissue by the harmonious operation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and bone lining cells. Various materials can be used to both trigger the bone healing process and to provide mechanical support to damaged bone. Nanofiber scaffolds are at the forefront of these types of systems

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• animals were documented postmortem using a stereo microscope (Nikon SMZ745T, Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Pictures were taken using a Sony DSC-RX0 (Sony Group Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a C-mount adapter using a RX0 Mod Kit (Back-Bone Gear Inc., Ontario, Canada). Frozen animals were

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• )/hydroxyapatite in orthopedics [1][2]. Biocompatible polymers are widely used in biomedical fields, such as stents, drug delivery systems in cancer therapy, bone repair, dentistry, joint prostheses, and tissue engineering [2][3][4][5][6]. Polymers have several advantageous properties for these applications as

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• potentially lethal condition that induces profound hemodynamic alterations [2]. Bisphosphonates are synthetic, nonhydrolyzable analogs of inorganic pyrophosphate [3] that are clinically employed to remove osteoclasts in the treatment of osteoporosis and tumors and reduce bone mineralization [4]. Interestingly

• , besides targeting areas of active bone remodeling and resorption [5] and osteoclasts, nitrogenous bisphosphonates have been reported to reduce vascular calcification, through direct or indirect interaction with the endothelium [1][6]. Alendronate sodium (ALN) (CAS 121268-17-5, 4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidine

• -1,1-bisphosphonic acid) is a nitrogenous bisphosphonate with high affinity for the bone matrix of hydroxyapatite, chelating capacity of divalent cations, and anti-osteoclast activity, widely used in clinical settings as an anti-resorptive agent in osteoporosis [7][8][9]. ALN is known to reduce

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• 21 days and inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were well attached and proliferated on the surface of the LAP/AMX functionalized PLA scaffolds, which provided a bacteria-free environment for bone differentiation in the

• treatment of bone defects [21]. In dentistry, anti-infective nanofiber-based drug-release systems have been investigated for periodontal disease control, endodontic therapy, cariogenic microorganism control, and tissue reconstruction [25]. Due to the controlled drug release, BBR-loaded nanofiber scaffolds

• exhibited excellent performance in repairing bone defects [3][26], healing diabetic foot ulcers [27], promoting hemostasis [28], acting as anti-leishmanial drugs [29], and inhibiting microbial agents [27][30]. Zhou et al. [31] developed hybrids of nanofibers and microparticles for dual-step controlled

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• , the intracellular uptake of bioactive molecules is especially hindered for hydrophobic molecules [64], making it difficult for the drug to reach the parasite. On the other hand, nanocarriers can target the interior of macrophages residing in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, effectively delivering

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• nanorods, gold nanostars have interesting properties because of their asymmetric spiky structure and narrow LSPR peaks [60]. Depciuch et al. synthesized three different gold nanostructures (spheres, rods, and bone-like rod structures) and compared their SPR peaks and their PCE properties. Though the SPR

• peaks were in the same wavelength range, the temperature increase was different (Figure 6A). It was also found that the bone-like structure produced the highest temperature of about 70 °C with 33% photo conversion efficiency [61]. Another fascinating class of gold nanostructures are branched or star

• ], Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, vol. 30, by J. Depciuch; M. Stec; M. Kandler; J. Baran; M. Parlinska-Wojtan, “From spherical to bone-shaped gold nanoparticles - Time factor in the formation of Au NPs, their optical and photothermal properties“, article no. 101670, Copyright (2020), with permission from

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• and transformations of nanoceria surfaces. Nanoceria within biological systems Nanoceria has been shown to accumulate and persist in rats and mice for 90 days and five months [26]. A significant amount was present within liver, spleen, and bone marrow [27][28]. Yokel et al. [29] discussed the uptake

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• responses after the presentation and delivery of leukemia membrane-associated antigens by APCs [59]. These bionanoparticles showed the advantage of multiple antigens and significantly prolonged survival. MM, a malignant proliferation of plasma cells derived from the bone marrow, is the second most common

• hematological malignancy [67]. Treatment attempts suffer from the inability to effectively target therapeutic drugs into the bone marrow to effectively kill MM cells [60]. MM cell membrane-encapsulated NPs loaded with the first-line treatment drug bortezomib have been designed to address deficiencies in the

• treatment process [60]. Utilizing membrane-associated proteins for immune evasion and tissues targeting, NPs could effectively target diseased tissues in the bone marrow in mouse models of MM, where they exerted a significant antitumor effect [60]. 3.3 Cardiovascular diseases Ischemic strokes are mainly

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• example of biomimetic NPs was described designed by Wang and co-workers. They used the natural tropism of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal cells (MSCs) for lung tumors for improved targeting of docetaxel (DTX) NPs (DTX-loaded polylactide-co-glycolide-b-poly(ethylene glycol); PLGA-b-PEG) loaded into the MSCs

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• nanoparticles have been proposed as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, high-precision biosensors, and carriers in magnetic-assisted drug delivery systems. Furthermore, they are used for tumor treatment via the hyperthermia method and in bone tissue regenerative medicine [5][6]. However, using iron

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• drawbacks. An ideal biomaterial to replace the bone tissue must integrate in the surrounding bone or soft tissue by stimulating osteoinduction and octeoconduction [1] at their interface in physiologic environment. Synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, although being very similar to the mineral

• composition of bone, has a low resorption in physiologic environment and, therefore, does not form a tough bond with the bone [2]. The development of hydroxyapatite–bioglass (HA-BG) composites aimed to overcome this problem [3][4][5]. In these composites, the biocompatibility of HA is combined with the

• bioactivity of the glass, which has a higher dissolution rate and promotes the formation of a carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) layer on its surface, which is responsible for implant–bone bonding [6]. The composition of the most famous bioglass, 45S5 Bioglass [7], includes the principal elements of the bone, Ca

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, South Korea 10.3762/bjnano.13.92 Abstract Biomimetic materials for better bone graft substitutes are a thrust area of research among researchers and clinicians. Autografts, allografts, and synthetic grafts are often utilized to repair and

• regenerate bone defects. Autografts are still considered the gold-standard method/material to treat bone-related issues with satisfactory outcomes. It is important that the material used for bone tissue repair is simultaneously osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic. To overcome this problem

• , researchers have tried several ways to develop different materials using chitosan-based nanocomposites of silver, copper, gold, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and biosilica. The combination of materials helps in the expression of ideal bone formation genes of alkaline

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• /nanohydroxyapatite composite hydrogels have been studied regarding bone tissue engineering [124]. Spider silk has also been widely used as a multifunctional material for fishing nets, wound coverings, and sutures for surgery for centuries in Australasia and Greece [108]. Since then, it came in focus of researchers

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• hierarchical structure of articular cartilage from its surface to the subchondral bone shows a depth-dependent transition and anisotropic integrity composed of four distinct zones; namely, superficial, middle, deep, and calcified cartilage [11][12] (Figure 2). The arrangement, composition, and content of the

• and vertical to the articular surface. Meanwhile, this zone provides the greatest resistance to compressive forces [6]. The calcified cartilage zone, which is presumed to be an interface layer between the upper cartilage layers and the rigid subchondral bone, contains chondrocytes, which usually

• expression profile of articular cartilage pose important challenges for TE. 3 Cartilage TE OA is a prevalent joint disease characterized by mechanical instability of the joints, cartilage destruction, subchondral bone thickening, inflammation of the synovium, osteophyte formation, degeneration of ligaments

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• fulfill the specifications of implantation technologies better than other metallic materials, such as stainless steel, CrCo alloys, and tantalum [10]. The growth and the volume of the bone surrounding the implant material are the major factors for successful implant treatment, minimizing infection or

• rejection [11]. TiO2 nanomaterials with tailored porosity have already been developed as an alternative orthopedic implantation material as they support cell adhesion, viability, growth, and differentiation, which are favorable in bone tissue growth and biological implant fixation [12]. Moreover, to

• integrin clustering and focal adhesion development. In this context, Chen et al. employed the adsorption of functional proteins (bone morphogenetic protein 2 and sclerostin antibody) to modify TiO2 nanotube arrays to repair bone fractures [35]. The PC alters biodistribution, biological identity and

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• bioactive products. Patel et al. fabricated bioactive electrospun nanocomposite scaffolds of poly(lactic acid) for bone tissue engineering by incorporating cellulose nanocrystals and observed that the nanohybrid has excellent properties in terms of mechanical strength and thermal stability compared to the

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• polymers to enhance, repair, or replace diseased, damaged, or defective tissue [2]. A few examples are tooth repair, peripheral nerve regeneration, nerve tissue engineering, bone and joint replacement and repair, and regeneration of bone defects, biological scaffolds, and wound healing [3][4][5][6][7][8

• ]. Although traditional materials provide good structural analogues for native bone and surrounding tissue, they are difficult to mimic the dynamics and complexity of the natural environment [9]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new generation of biomaterials to improve strategies for natural tissue

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• prospective rejuvenation applications for bone tissues have shown no cytotoxicity in vivo [97]. The non-cytotoxic nature of fluorapatite nanoparticles synthesized using reline (choline chloride/urea) in vitro has been also reported [98]. However, with the rising popularity of DESs due to biodegradability

• carrageenan gel retaining the antibacterial property [85]. A study based on an injectable composite of carrageenan and nanoscale hydroxyapatite as an injectable bone substitute showed good adhesion properties with no cytotoxicity in vitro, as shown in Figure 6 [116]. The nanocomposite also exhibited

• osteoblast cytotoxicity tests in cell lines (L02 and L929). Adapted from [116], J. I. González Ocampo et al., “Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of an injectable bone substitute of carrageenan and nano hydroxyapatite”, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A., with permission from John Wiley and Sons

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• of high-resolution AFM images, were used, that is “monomaterial” consisting of one ceramic sample, and “multimaterial” consisting of multiple samples of more complex nature (e.g., shell, bone, or nanoparticles). These were taken at various resolutions. The multimaterial set of images was six times